human development ppt psych

8/3/2019 Human Development PPT PSYCH

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Psych 1


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The umbilical cord in an unborn child helps getthe nutrients to the child and helps get rid ofthe waste from the child. Before the placenta is

developed the blastocyst receives its nutrientsfrom the yolk sac, which is contained withinthe blastocyst.


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There are no universal definitions for termsof age-related physical development

stages, but following are someapproximate age ranges:


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Prenatal - fertilization to birth

Embryo - fertilization to 8 weeks of gestationalphase

Zygote - the point of conception, fertilization

Blastocyst the period between conception andembryonic stages

Embryo - the embryonic period starts at threeweeks and continues until the end of the 8thweek of pregnancy


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Fetus - 8 weeks of gestational phase until birth


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Adult hands holding the foot of ababy(Childbirth)

Elementary school age (also called middlechildhood) (4-9years)

Preadolescence (preteen, or late childhood. The

child

inth

is a

nd the prev

ious phase are calledschoolchild (schoolboy or schoolgirl), when still

of primary school age.) (10 12 years)


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Puberty (13 19 years)

Adult (20+ years)

Early adulthood (20 39 years)

Middle adulthood (40 59 years)Advanced adulthood/Senior citizen (60+years)

Death (occurs at various ages, depending onperson)

Decomposition (breakdown of the body afterdeath)


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Ability to lift and control the orientation of thehead

Crawling begins

Walking begins Speech begins

Voice lowers in pitch (especially noticeable inboys)

Pubic hair appears Genitals and reproductive organs mature

Menstrual cycle begins (females)

Body hair and facial hair appears


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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitivedevelopment described how children representand reason about the world.

Neo-Pi

ageti

an

theori

es of cogni

ti

ve developmen

t Michael Commons' Model of Hierarchical

Complexity.

Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocialdevelopment expanded on Freud's psychosexualstages, he defined eight stages that describe howindividuals relate to their social world.

James W. Fowler's stages of faithdevelopment theory.


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Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual stages describedthe progression of anindividual's unconsciousdesires.

Lawren

ce Kohlberg'

s stages of moraldevelopment described how individualsdeveloped moral reasoning.

Jane Loevinger, Stages of ego development.

Margaret Mahler's separation-individuation theoryof child development contained three phasesregarding the child's object relations.

James Marcia's theory of identity achievement andidentity status.


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Rudolf Steiner's seven-year phases, similar toPiaget's stage theory but extending into adulthood.

Maria Montessori's sensitive periods of

development. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

Clare W. Graves' Emergent Cyclic Levels ofExistence Theory.

Judith Rich Harris' Modular theory of socialdevelopment.

Don Beck and Chris Cowan, Spiral Dynamics.


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Those psychologists who supportthe continuous view of development

suggest that development involvesgradual and ongoing changesthroughout the life span, with

behaviour in the earlier stages ofdevelopment providing the basis ofskills and abilities required for then

ext stages.


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Not all psychologists, however, agree thatdevelopment is a continuous process. Someview development as

a discontinuous process. They believedevelopment involves distinct and separatestages with different kinds of behaviour

occurrin

gin

each stage. Thi

s suggests thatthe development of certain abilities in eachstage, such as specific emotions or ways ofthinking, have a definite starting and

ending point.


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Erik Erikson, psychoanalyst, describesthe physical, emotional andpsychological stages of development andrelates specific issues, or developmentalwork or tasks, to each stage.

For example, if aninfant's physical and

emotional needs are met sufficiently, theinfant completes his/her task --developing the ability to trust others.


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Stage Ages Basic

Conflict

Important

Event

Summary

1. Oral-Sensory Birth to

12 to 18

months

Trust vs.

Mistrust

Feeding The infant must form a

first loving, trusting

relationship (bond) with

the caregiver, or develop

a sense of mistrust.

2. Muscular-Anal 18

months

to 3years

Autonomy vs.

Shame/Doubt

Toilet training The child's energies are

directed toward the

development of physicalskills, including walking,

grasping, and rectal

sphincter control. The

child learns control but

may develop shame and

doubt if not handled well.


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Stage Ages Basic

Conflict

Important

Event

Summary

3. Locomotor 3 to 6

years

Initiative vs.

Guilt

Independence The child continues to

become more assertive

and to take more

initiative, but may be too

forceful, leading

to guilt feelings.

4. Latency 6 to 12

years

Industry vs.

Inferiority

School The child must deal with

demands to learn newskills or risk a sense of

inferiority, failure, and

incompetence.


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Stage Ages Basic

Conflict

Important

Event

Summary

5. Adolescence 12 to

18years

Identity vs.

Roleconfusion

Peer relation-

ships

The teenager must

achieve a sense ofidentity in occupation,

sex roles, poli-tics, and

religion.

6. Young

Adulthood

19 to

40

years

Intimacy vs.

Isolation

Love relation-

ships

The young adult must

develop intimate

relationships or suffer

feelings of isolation.


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Stage Ages Basic

Conflict

Important

Event

Summary

7. Middle

Adulthood

40 to 65

years

Generativity vs.

Stagnation

Parenting Each adult must find

some way to satisfy and

support the next genera-

tion.

8. Maturity 65 to

death

Ego Integrity vs.

Despair

Reflection on

and acceptance

of one's life

The culmination is a

sense of oneself as one

is, and of feeling fulfilled.


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