human development concept and approach by dr. k seeta prabhu senior advisor, undp india
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Human Development Concept And Approach by Dr. K Seeta Prabhu Senior Advisor, UNDP India PMRDF Training Programme TISS, Hyderabad 30 April 2012. LEARNING OUTCOMES. Understand reasons for emergence of HD approach Define Human Development HD, Human Rights and Human Security - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Human Development Concept And
Approach
byDr. K Seeta Prabhu
Senior Advisor, UNDP India
PMRDF Training ProgrammeTISS, Hyderabad
30 April 2012
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Understand reasons for emergence of HD approach
Define Human Development
HD, Human Rights and Human Security
HD and Economic Growth
HD and other approaches-HRD, Basic Needs
Characteristics and Principles of HD
MDGs and HD
Operationalising HD
DEFINING DEVELOPMENT
How do we define development?
Identify three defining characteristics
Film on Evolution of HD Approach
DEFINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
"The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.“ Mahbub ul Haq
Human achievements – key indicators of progress - not merely per capita income which is not a reliable indicator –
People may value non-income parameters like peace and security, gender equality, satisfying leisure hours, sense of participation
FUNCTIONINGS AND CAPABILITIES
Capabilities and functionings form conceptual foundations of the HD Approach
Functionings - valuable ‘beings and doings’ of people Elementary functionings –being healthy and nourished
Complex functionings – ability to contribute to community
life, achieving self respect, ability to ‘appear in publik
without shame’
Developmental Goal: to enhance people’s potential ‘to be & to do’
Combination of functionings – capabilities One more way of looking at these concepts
Potential ‘beings and doings’ are capabilities Actual ‘beings and doings’ are functionings
DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM
Freedom to choose functionings is crucial
People as ‘Agents’ – not recipients of welfare and benefits
Amartya Sen - Development as Freedom Freedom has intrinsic value
valuable in itself Freedom has instrumental value
as a means to other thingsFreedom ‘from’ is as important as
freedom ‘to’
HD AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Both guarantee basic freedoms Compatible and complementary – both
required to enhance well being
Emphasis in HD enhancement of choices & capabilities -
focus on duty bearers and public policies –
Emphasis in HR entitlements of claim holders – emphasis on
legal change, social movements to generate demand
Human Rights initially viewed as political rights- now includes social, cultural and economic rights
HD AND HUMAN SECURITY
Human Development Report 1994 defined human security as ‘Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear’
Human Security concept goes beyond concerns of national security and threats of conflicts to focus on the individual
Not merely physical security but ability to secure minimum requirements
7 components of human security Economic Food Health Environmental Personal Community Political
Acts as a bridge between concepts of human rights and human development
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HD
Growth advocates believe:
Expanding income is an end in itself
Growth does trickle down
HD advocates believe: income a means- end
is enhancing people’s capabilities
Simultaneous expansion of choices in dimensions other than economic– social, cultural, political,environmental
No automatic link –trickle down cannot be relied upon
HD IS ABOUT…
People- “how” and for “whom” -not just “what” to do
Emphasis from “are we doing things right” to -“are we doing the right
things”
Go beyond income to ensure growth is not jobless, voiceless, rootless, ruthless, futureless
-1996 Global HDR
WHAT HD IS NOT….
HD and Human Resource Development Evolved in 1960s from Schultz’s concept of human capital Powerful implications – human beings resources/inputs in
production process – not ends in themselves Education and health means of enhancing human capital Rates of return important
Basic Needs Approach Evolved in 1970s from ILO focus on providing basic needs for
poor – food, shelter, clothing, health care, water etc Focus on provision of goods Ignores choices and underplays freedom Ignores ‘agency’ aspect of individuals – people treated more as
beneficiaries
` Human Development
Economic Growth
Human Resource Development
Basic Needs Approach
People Instrumental and intrinsic value-agency
Instrumental
Factor of Production - instrumental
Beneficiaries
End-goals Formation of human capabilities and use of acquired capabilities
Creation of wealth
Maximizing human productivity
Welfare
Indicators Human liberty and choices
GDP per capita
Labor productivity
Eradication of Poverty
Orientation
Ethical Economic Utilitarian Protectionist
COMPARING APPROACHES
CHARACTERISTICS OF HD
Under Construction
Multidimensional
Inter-disciplinary
Pragmatic
FOUR PILLARS OF HD
Equity
Efficiency
Participation
Sustainability
MILLENNIUM DECLARATION AND MDG
Millennium Summit of United Nations General Assembly in September 2000- 189 member States adopted the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Declaration reaffirms values including equality, mutual respect, and shared responsibility for the condition of all peoples
8 Goals – 21 Targets and 60 indicators to be achieved by 2015
Lends specificity to HD approach
Roadmap to ensure Human Development
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than one dollar a day Target 2: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Target 3: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Target 4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Target 5: Reduce by two thirds, the under five mortality rate
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Target 6: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Target 7: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Target 8: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Target 9: Integrate the principles of sustainable and reverse the loss of development into country policies and programmes environmental resources Target 10: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water Target 11 By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development
Target 12: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Target 13: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Target 14: Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing States
Target 15: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Target 16: In co-operation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth
Target 17: In co-operation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable, essential drugs in developing countries
Target 18: In co-operation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
MDG GOALS AND TARGETS
WHY MEASURE HD?
Measuring HD important for
assessment of HD situation in country
monitoring of HD situation
evidence based policy making
HD multi-dimensional – quantitative and
qualitative data on various dimensions
MDGs have lent specificity to HD – the indicators
are measurable and can be monitored at
disaggregated level
NEED FOR HDI
HDI arose out of need to evolve suitable alternative to per capita GDP as an indicator
Needed an index that was Simple to compute Measures both economic and social dimensions Enables national and international comparisons
HDI measures achievements in Longevity Knowledge Decent standard of living
CALCULATING THE HDI
Human Development Index used as an important composite measure of HD - combined index of three choices reflected in indicators
Long lasting and healthy life Life Expectancy at Birth
Access to knowledge Adult Literacy Rate, Combined Enrolment Ratio
Resources for a decent life GDP per capita
Refined methodology since 2010 – same dimensions but better specified indicators and methodology
Concept of HD is much broader than HDI
Includes both economic and social choices
HDI uses limited indicators to keep index simple
HD AND MDGs
Key Capabilities for HD
Corresponding MDG
Living a long and healthy life Goals 4 ,5, 6 reducing child mortality improving maternal health and combating major diseases
Being educated Goals 2 and 3: Achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality
Having a decent standard of living
Goal 1,7: Reducing poverty and hunger and ensuring environmental sustainability
Enjoying political and civil freedoms to participate in the life of one’s community
Not a goal but an important global objective included in the Millennium Declaration
INEQUALITY ADJUSTED HDI
IHDI introduced in 2010 HDR - calculated for each dimension separately and when aggregated indicates loss in HDI value due to inequality
• Addresses criticism that HDI looks only at average achievements and does not take into account inequlaity
GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Three dimensions, five indicators
Methodology: Focus on gender inequality – replaces the Gender
related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
Combines indicators of development and empowerment
MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX
UNDERSTANDING THE MPI
Interpretation Identifies the share of the population suffers
multiple deprivations at the same time, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations suffered
Value added
Uses data from the same survey and thus identifying people who are poor in multiple dimensions at the same time
Can be decomposed to show extent to which different groups suffer multidimensional poverty and each deprivation
INDIA- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STATUS
In 2011- India’s HDI value 0.547
Rank 134 among 187 countries – middle HD
country
India’s 2011 HDI value lower than the 1990 HDI
value of - Brazil, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Thailand
and South Africa
China’s life expectancy in 1990 – 68.3 years
India’s life expectancy in 2011 – 65.4 years
INDIA- IHDI AND GII
Aggregate human development status masks
pervasive inequalities in India
IHDI value- 0.392 - India loses 28.7% of its HDI
value on account of inequalities
Highest loss is in education dimension - 40.6%
followed by health 27.1% and income 14.7%
India ranks 129 on GII out of 146 countries
India ranks lower than all South Asian countries
on the GII except Afghanistan
MULTIDIMENTIONAL POVERTY IN INDIA
MPI value- 0.283
612 million or 53.7% of India’s
population is multidimensionally poor
28.6% of the population severely poor
India has the largest concentration of
multidimensional poor people in the
world
DIMENSIONS OF DEPRIVATION
Given India’s size, dimensions of deprivation huge
Number of income poor – 407 million –equal to total population of Brazil 185 million and Japan 127 million
Population of poor in India’s 8 poorest States equal to population of 26 African States
233 million undernourished = total population of Indonesia 216 million + Ghana 20 million
India’s performance will have impact on MDGs globally
DISAGGREGATING THE HDI - THE NEED
Need to assess and monitor human development at disaggregated level
Disaggregated HDIs helps highlight significant disparities and gaps and redirect policy/budget
Can be used for local communities as pressure tool, for participatory planning, accountability, etc.
Used in several countries for studying disparities across regions and social groups
PROGRAMMES FOR HD
Must enlarge ‘range of people’s choices’
Must improve equity, efficiency, participation simultaneously to ensure sustainability
HD is development ‘by the people for the people’
THANK YOU!