Human Development

LI:- to understand the influence of genetics and environment on human development

Human Development - BehaviourPro-social behaviour

• Cooperation• Working together• Helping and caring behaviours• In children this includes sharing, taking turns, responding to the needs of others

Anti-social Behaviour

•Difficulty in getting on with others•Aggressive & disruptive•In children this includes hitting,bullying, teasing, verbal abuse.• hostile• non-cooperative

Human Development – Gender What differencesare there betweengirls and boys behaviour?

What makes boys and girlsbehave differently?

What stereotypes are there ofFemale/male behaviour & appearance?

Gender Differences• More risk taking• More aggressive• More physical• Rough & tumble play• Better mathematical

Skills & spatial ability (map reading!)

• Higher verbal ability• Higher spelling

conversational ability.• Less Physical• ‘Caring’ less

aggressive.

Gender differences

• Clear Biological differences• Occupational choice differs• Playtime differs in children• To what extent do media stereotypes affect the

development of gender?• To what extent do parenting styles affect the

development of gender?

Human Development - Personality

• A unique set of characteristics• Relatively stable over time• What factors affect how our personality is shaped?

What factors influence human Development?

Factors that affect development

Genetics Environment

Genetics

www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/exhibitions/genes/41.asp

Genetics• Family traits, physical appearance,

similarities, height, hair colour, eye colour

Genotype

•The genetic pattern anindividual inherits.• Every human has 23 pairs ofchromosomes, half inheritedfrom the mother and half from the Father. These combine to forma UNIQUE gene pattern known asyour GENOTYPE.

Genes alone do not predict development….

Mental illness & Environment

Cognitive Development &Deprivation

Obesity & Envirnoment

PHENOTYPE

The outcome of the interaction between GENES and the ENVIRONMENTExperienced is known as our PHENOTYPE

Genetic patterned behaviour – behaviours we are born with.

Genetic patterned behaviour…..

Attachment in humans, Imprinting in animals – both behaviours promote survival

Konrad Lorenz (1952)• Demonstrated that animal’s don’t hatch with an

image of their parents. • He took a clutch of gosling eggs and divided them

into 2 groups. • Group1 stayed with their mother.• Group 2 were placed in a incubator, and the first

moving thing they say was Lorenz. • The followed him around as if he was their mother.• They had imprinted on him. • He tested this idea by using various objects

including a rubber glove.• Imprinting is important for survival as the parents

offers protection and food for the infant initially.

How does this apply to humans?• Humans do not imprint… we become attached.“ Attachment is an emotional bond between two

people. It is a two way process and endures over time. It leads to certain behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking, and serves the function of protecting an infant”

MATURATION – a timetable of development built into a person’s genotype

• Walking

• Language

• PubertyThese are all UNIVERSAL and happen

at roughly the same time. Variation in

timings may be due to environmental

influences e.g. nutrition.

Human Development - LanguageNon verbal stage (babbling)

Single word stage

2/3 word sentences

Using grammar (adding ‘s’ for plural)

More complex speech

Ability to read and write

Environmental Factors

• What environmental factors affect development?

Environmental Factors

• Income• Housing• Nutrition• Education • Access to health facilities

• TASK: Using the text book/internet resources, put together a presentation/report/leaflet, describing the environmental affect the

above factors have on human development.

Environmental Factors

• Parenting Styles

• Play Opportunities

Parenting Styles• http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/DLiT/2002/family/

parent.htm

Parent Influence

• Behaviour

• Attachment

• Gender roles

• Language

Parenting Styles (Sears 1957 p.34)

Sears aimed to investigate if there was a relationship between parenting style and aggressive behaviour in children.

YOUR TASK: Write a report with the title ‘Parenting Styles’, address each of the following areas in your report:

1. What 3 styles were identified, describe each of them.

2. What were their findings for each style?

3. What limitations were there in this research?

4. Summarise the follow up study by Baumrind.

AuthoritarianStyle

COLD CHILD HASLIITLE CHOICE

UNAFFECTIONATE

STRICT RULES FREQUENTPUNISHMENT

Democratic

Style

Emotionally Warm Encourages Self-reliance

Frequent guidance Explains rules

Punishes serious wrong-doings

Shares decision making

PERMISSIVE STYLE

Little guidance Emotionally warm

Does not apply rules or allows the child to do what he/she wants Inconsistent

Parenting styles – ‘Things to consider’ worksheet.

Factors affecting Human Development Summary

Access to Health Services Genetics

Education Sense of ‘self’

Income Interaction withothers

Nutrition(pre & post-natal) Parenting Styles

Housing

Summary

• Because someone is born into a low income environment, does NOT mean they will grow up to be poor & disadvantaged.

• It is important to understand that a person’s sense of ‘SELF’ influences their development and the CHOICES they make gives them more CONTROL over their environment.

• A person’s ability is strongly influenced by their GENOTYPE and the ENVIRONMENT.