1. 1. Human Development Skyline College Psych 100 Meghan Fraley, PhD
2. 2. Objectives for Day Review & Reflect on Social Psychology Topics Community Psychology & Psychology in Action Project Human Development What interests you about human development?
3. 3. REVIEW & REFLECT Social Psychology
4. 4. Group Check-In 1. Discuss Assignments: 1. Journal on implicit bias 2. Articles on Milgram and Zimbardo 2. Review Social Psychology Key Terms 1. Help each other complete the main list 2. Strategize way to complete and master key term list with group
5. 5. Revisiting Milgram and Zimbardo question science more and that not everything that is said by scientist is true. question authority and how I see figures with powers. It makes me think for myself before listening to a command. It made me think more critically; maybe authority figures today do not have the best ideas or intentions, and we must question why. To me, it can exemplify how easily authoritative power can be greatly abused and how people can be ruthless. This makes me slightly more suspicious of authority figures (sometimes).
6. 6. COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
7. 7. Community Psychology Expand helping beyond psychotherapy Action-oriented Collaborative relationship with community Fight oppression, promote empowerment
8. 8. Community Psychology Social justice. Action-oriented research. Global in nature. Influencing public policy. Working for empowerment. Multidisciplinary in focus. Celebrating culture. Preventing harm. Behavior in context. Social action. Supporting community strengths. Reducing oppression. Promoting well-being.
9. 9. Promoting Social Change First-order change: Changing individuals in the environment to promote change Second-order change: Attending to systems and structures to adjust the person- environment fit
10. 10. WORKING IN COMMUNITY CREATING AND MAINTAINING PARTNERSHIPS ASSESSING COMMUNITY NEEDS AND RESOURCES EMPOWER EFFORTS BUILDING LEADERSHIP INCREASING PARTICIPATION AND MEMBERSHIP ENHANCING CULTURAL COMPETENCE MODELING CHANGE AND SOLUTION FINDING ANALYZING PROBLEMS AND GOALS DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK OR MODEL OF CHANGE DEVELOPING STRATEGIC AND ACTION PLANS DEVELOPING AN INTERVENTION POLICY WORK ADVOCATING FOR CHANGE INFLUENCING POLICY DEVELOPMENT EVALUATING THE INITIATIVE IMPLEMENTING A SOCIAL MARKETING EFFORT SUSTAINING THE WORK WRITING A GRANT APPLICATION FOR FUNDING IMPROVING ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINING THE WORK OR INITIATIVE COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY TOOLS
11. 11. Strategic Planning VMOSA V Vision M Mission O Objectives S Strategies A Action Plans
12. 12. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
13. 13. Whats so Interesting about Human Development? 1. Studying development helps you better understand yourself. 2. It also helps you learn more about your children. 3. You'll better understand how to interact with kids. 4. And you'll gain a greater appreciation of development throughout life. 5. It allows us to understand what's normal, and what's not.
14. 14. MILESTONES
15. 15. How do we develop? Nature vs. Nurture Is it nature or nurture? Or is the question, itself, misleading? Individual Differences How come we begin life as babies, who are so similar to one another, and yet we grow into such distinct adults? Social Context How do we come to understand ourselves and our relationships with others? Is our social learning experience different from the way we learn about the physical world? Passive vs. Active Child Are children passive recipients of experience, or do we actively construct the way we develop? Quantitatve Change vs. Qualitative Stages Are we almost different people at different phases of our lives, or are we always about the same with more experience to go by?
16. 16. Developmental Psychology Who are we? Why are we the way we are? Physical Socio- emotional Cognitive Moral The three goals of developmental psychology are to describe, explain, and to optimize development (Baltes, Reese, & Lipsitt, 1980).
17. 17. Physical Development
18. 18. Teratogens & Prenatal Development Agents that can cause birth defects. May cause birth defects most during which period? Maternal disease Environmental hazards: radiation, pollution Alcohol, meth, cocaine
19. 19. Reflexes Moro Extending limbs, arching back Rooting Turning head, sucking movements Babinski Spreading toes, twisting foot Grasp Firm fist
20. 20. Studying Perceptual Development Preference technique Study how long baby attends to a particular stimulus. Habituation/dishabituation Study loss of interest in particular stimulus after repeated exposures. Operant conditioning Vary the stimulus and study the learned responses.
21. 21. Depth Perception A Walk on the Wild SideAlmost Visual Cliff: Gibson and Walk (1960) Initial findings: 6-month- old babies would not cross the visual cliff. Recent findings: 3- month-olds have some depth perception.
22. 22. Cognitive Development How does your mind grow over time?
23. 23. What is the Goal of Education?
24. 24. The Growth of Knowledge
25. 25. How does knowledge grow? 1. Organization: Organize knowledge with schemata, mental representations/organized patterns of behavior 2. Adaptation Assimilation: Incorporate new into existing cognitive structure Accommodation: Adjust reality demands by modfiying existing cognitive structure 3. Equilibration Need/striving toward equilibrium
26. 26. Piagets Constructivist Approach Assimilation and Accommodation: Horizontal Decalage Progressive acquisition of related skills within same stage of development. Predictable order
27. 27. Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
28. 28. Achieving Concrete Operational Thought Operational Thought Reason Follow Rules Conservation Ability to recognize that even when form and shape change, objects conserve characteristics
29. 29. Theory of Mind
30. 30. We Become Ourselves Through Others Vygotsky: Scaffolding & The Zone of Proximal Development
31. 31. Socioemotional Development
32. 32. Emotions: Early emotions BIRTH PrimaryEmotions Interest Sadness Disgust Distress HALFYEAR 6-8Months Anger Joy Surprise Fear 2YEARS 18-24Months:Self-ConsciousEmotions Use social standards Jealousy Empathy Embarassment 3YEARS: 30-36months Shame Guilt Pride At 3 months can imitate caregiver expressions,Emotional Contagion: Detect emotions first few weeks
33. 33. Attachment
34. 34. How important is attachment?
35. 35. Early Bonds are an Integral Part of Human Nature
36. 36. Harlows Monkeys Important for development of attachment Infant monkeys attached to terrycloth mums over mother that produced food
37. 37. Harlow and Contact Comfort Important for development of attachment Infant monkeys attached to terrycloth mums over mother that produced food
38. 38. Internal Working Model (Bowlby) Understanding of the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood of providing support during times of stress
39. 39. What Creates Secure Attachment? The Strange Situation
40. 40. Signs of Attachment Social Referencing 6months Separation anxiety 6-8months Peaks at 14-18 months Decline over next 2 to 3 years Stranger Anxiety 8 to 10 months Negative reaction to strangers Peaks at 18mo Declines over next year
41. 41. Attachment Patterns Secure Anxious Avoidant Anxious/Ambivalent Disorganized/Disoriented
42. 42. Social Dev: Parenting Patterns of Parenting Working Mothers Gay and Lesbian Parents Single Parents
43. 43. Baumrinds Parenting Styles What kind of style and what kind of child? Authoritarian Parents: Low responsivity and high in demandingness Children: Timid, insecure, socially incompetent, lacking in motivation and curiosity. Most detrimental for white middle class boys Authoritative Parents: High in responsivity and demandingness Children: Popular, better in school Permissive Parents: high in responsivity, low in demandingness Children: Difficult controlling impulses, uninvolved in school Rejecting/Neglecting Parents: low in responsivity and low in demandingness Children: Juvenile delinquency, hostile/indifferent parent child relationship, attachment is broke, low self esteem, moody, impulsive, and aggressive
44. 44. Perfect Parents, Perfect Kids? Which of the following factors do you think would show a strong correlation (positive OR negative!) with academic test scores between kindergarten and fifth grade? From Freakonomics by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, William Morrow, 2005) Which correlate with academic scores? The child has highly educated parents. The childs family is intact. The childs parents have high socioeconomic status. The childs parents recently moved into a better neighborhood. The childs mother was thirty or older at the time of her first childs birth. The childs mother didnt work between birth and kindergarten. The child had low birthweight. The child attended Head Start. The childs parents speak English in the home. The childs parents regularly take him to museums. The child is adopted. The child is regularly spanked. The childs parents are involved in the PTA. The child frequently watches television. The child has many books in his home. The childs parents read to him nearly every day.
45. 45. Social Dev: Development of Racial Awareness Age 3 to 4 children become aware of differences based on racial or ethnic background By age four, realize differences have social meaning Age 10, social connotations of racial differences
46. 46. Who Teaches Prejudice?
47. 47. Morality
48. 48. Moral Development Main theorists: Piaget Kohlberg Gilligan
49. 49. The Heinz Dilemma
50. 50. Moral Reasoning Preconventional: Avoid punishments, get rewards 1. Punishment and Obedience 2. Instrumental Hedonism Conventional: Social approval 1. Good Boy/Good Girl 2. Law and Order Postconventional: Whats Right, Fair, & Just 1. Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws 2. Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
51. 51. Discuss Does moral judgment match moral behavior? Is justice the most fundamental moral principle?
52. 52. Gilligan emphasizes compassion as a moral value Gilligan criticized Kohlberg for giving higher moral place to male values Justice Perspective (Kohlberg, men) Women: Compassion, responsibility for others Caring Perspective Level 1: Orientation of Individual Survival Level 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice Level 3: Morality of nonviolence
53. 53. FAMILY AND PEERS
54. 54. Bullying Non-normative Aggression in child predicts future violent behavior Victim also more likely to be violent Victims are peer rejected
55. 55. School Issues: Rosenthal Effect Rosenthal Effect: Self-fulfilling prophecy Effect Told teachers some of their students were bloomers or inadequate performance
56. 56. Teachers and Student Gender Teachers tend to attribute poor performance of boys to low effort and poor performance of girls to low aptitude
57. 57. THE END