human cell types powerpoint (h) tcm4-664862

8/11/2019 Human Cell Types PowerPoint (H) Tcm4-664862

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Higher Human Biology

Human Cell Types


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Introduction

The human body is made

up of many specialised

cells that perform

specificfunctions.

Specialised cells arise

from the differentiation

of unspecialised cells

during embryologicaldevelopment.


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Stem cellswhat do you know

already?Use the questions below to help you complete a KWL chart to show the followinginformation:

K what you know already

W what you want to learn about stem cells during this unit

L complete this at the end of the unit to summarise what you have learned

Some questions to think about

What is a cell?

What varieties of cell exist?

What is a tissue? Give some examples.

What is an organ? Give some examples.

What is a system? Give some examples. What is a stem cell?

What are some different types of stem cells?

What is the purpose of stem cell research?

What are some ways that stem cells have been successfully used in medicine?

What are some of the issues in stem cell research?

What are some of the misconceptions that people have about stem cell research?


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What are stem cells?

Stem cells are unspecialisedcells that have the ability toreproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of

specialised cells.


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Types of stem cells

Embryonic Adult


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Embryonic stem cells

Embryonic stem cellsare derived from anembryo about 45days old (bastocyst).

These cells have theability to differentiate

into all of the celltypes that make up anorganism.


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Adult (tissue) stem cells

Adult or tissue stem cells are foundin small numbers in the tissues and

organs of adults and children,

including the brain, bonemarrow,

skeletal muscleand skin.

These cells give rise to a much

more limited range of cell types

and will tend to develop into cell

types that are closely related to the

tissue in which they are found.

These cells replenish

differentiated cells that need

replacedin the tissues in which

they are found.


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Other types of stem cells

Stem cells can alsobe taken from theumbilical cord of newbabies.

Like adult stem cells,these cells can

differentiate into alimited range ofspecialised cells.


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Induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells are adult cells that

have been genetically reprogrammed to anembryonic stem cell-like state.


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Somatic cells

Somatic cells are the differentiated cells that formthe different types of body tissue that exist.


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Somatic cells

B Lymphocyte

Hyaline cartilage

Smooth muscle


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Somatic cells

Ciliated epithelial cell

Red blood cellplatelets

neutrophil


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Somatic cells

Cardiac muscle

Nerve cells

Squamous epithelial

cells

T lymphocyte


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Germline cells

Germline cells include the gametes and the cells that

produce the gametes.


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Division of germline cells

Germline cells can

divide by mitosisto

produce more

germline cells.

Gamete mother cells

divide by meiosisto

produce gametes.


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Stem cell research

Stem cell research provides us with awealth of information and can be studied in

a variety of ways, including:

how cell processes such as growth,

differentiation and gene regulation work the study of diseases and their

development

drug testing

therapeutic uses in the treatment of

diseases such as leukaemia (bonemarrow transplant), Hunters disease and

heart disease

therapeutic uses in medicine, including

skin grafts for burns and stem cell grafts

for cornea repair.


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For example, stem cells could be turned into new bonecells and then injected into weak or broken bones.

Skin cells could replace burnt skin, and braincells could help people who have suffered braindamage.

Or they could become nerve cells that could healspinal cord injuries.

Stem cells could be taken from someone with heart diseaseand be turned into heart cells, which can gather in a dish andthrob! They could then be injected back into the patient torebuild their heart tissue and combat heart disease.


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Parkinson's is a very common disease starting with mild symptoms, amask-like face, stiffness and tremors until sufferers eventually becomeimmobile. It is caused by a slow deterioration of certain brain cells (neurons)and there's no cure.

Replacing the affected brain cells seems more hopeful than finding better

drugs. Many people think that stem cells could be grown into new braincells that could help to treat or even cure Parkinson's.

Parkinson's disease


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Therapeutic stem cell cloning


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Presentation task

Using what you have learned already and adding further research,

create a presentation that covers the following aspects of stem cells:

the biology of stem cellswhat is a stem cell, types of stem cells

the potential of stem cellsdetails of one or two research projects

involving stem cells that you have found particularly interesting,details of potential therapies

stem cell dilemmasexplore the moral and ethical issues

surrounding stem cell research (personal points of view can be

expressed if desired).

You will be assessed using all three of the above criteria as well as on

the overall quality of your presentation.


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Not in our back yard!

Should a business license be issued to ESC lifeworks Inc. by the city of

Glasgow?
http://www.glasgowonvideo.co.uk/


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Cancer cells

Cancer cells have many

characteristics that make themdifferent from normal cells:

Cancer cells continue toreproduceto produce a mass of

abnormal cells (a benigntumour).

They do not respond to normalregulatory signalsthat wouldinstruct them to stop dividingwhen necessary.

They lose the molecules on theirsurface that would normally holdthem in place and can thereforebe detached from theirneighbours, causing the cells tospread(malignant tumour).

Skin cancer cells (melanoma)


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HPV

Certain strains of the

human papilloma virus

(HPV) have been shown

to cause cervical cancer.

The routine immunisation

programme in Scotland is

for girls aged 12 and 13

(S2). There is also a one-off, three-year catch-up

programme for older girls.


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Your task

Produce an information leaflet designed to answerthe questions of a patient recently diagnosed with

cancer. Points to consider:

How are cancer cells different from other cells?

What is a tumour?

How will I know if my cancer has spread?

What is the difference between a malignant

tumour and a benign tumour?

How will my cancer be treated?

human cell types powerpoint (h) tcm4-664862

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