human body systems part 1. the levels of organization in the human body:
TRANSCRIPT
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Human Body
Systems Part 1
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The levels of organization in the
human body:
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Connective and Epithelial Tissue
•Connective Tissue– Provides support for the body and
connects its partsExample: blood, bone, cartilage, fat
•Epithelial Tissue– Covers interior and exterior body
surfaces; protects, absorbs, filters, and secretes
Example: skin, blood vessels
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Muscle and Nervous Tissue
•Muscle Tissue-provides movement with help from the skeleton (contracts) Example: heart, biceps, stomach
•Nervous Tissue–Transmits and processes information in the body
Example: brain, sciatic nerve
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TissuesOrganOrgan SystemsHuman body has 11 organ systems:
– Nervous– Integumentary– Respiratory– Digestive– Excretory– Skeletal– Muscular– Endocrine– Reproductive– Lymphatic– Immune
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Homeostasis
• All 11 body systems interact to maintain homeostasis.– The Nervous system coordinates the body
functions to maintain homeostasis.
• Feedback inhibition/Negative feedback: a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.– Ex: body temperature and home heating unit
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Fun Facts about… the Nervous System
• The number of neurons in our body is more than the number of stars in the Milky Way.
• The speed of message transmission to the brain can be as high as 180 miles per hour.
• The human brain alone consists of about a 100 billion neurons. If all these neurons were to be lined up, it would form a 600 mile long line.
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Nervous System
• Function: controls and coordinates functions throughout the body. Responds to external and internal stimuli.
• Neurotransmitters – chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell
• Nervous cells are called neurons.– 3 types:
• Sensory (sends msgs TO brain)
• Motor (sends msgs FROM brain)
• Interneurons (connects neurons)
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Typical Neuron
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Explaining Nerve impulses
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Two Divisions of Nervous System
1) Central Nervous System (CNS)– Relays messages,
processes and analyzes information
– Includes brain and spinal cord
• Brain: Cerebrum (voluntary activity, thinking, learning, judgement), cerebellum (coordinates muscles), brain stem (involuntary activity i.e. breathing, heart rate)
2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– Receives information from environment and relays commands from CNS to organs and glands.
– Includes nerves and associated cells not part of CNS
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How is the spinal cord like a telephone line?
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PNS is so BIG – It’s divided into 2 divisions
1) Sensory: transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS**Eyes, ears,
tongue, etc..5 Senses:
Touch, Taste, Smell, Hearing, Sight
2) Motor: transmits impulses from CNS to muscles or glands•Divided into 2 divisions:
1)Somatic NS: regulates activities under conscious control
Ex: moving skeletal muscles
2)Autonomic NS: regulates activities that are automatic, or involuntary
Ex: breathing
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Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
SensoryMotor
Somatic Autonomic
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Drugs and the Nervous System
• Stimulants: Increase heart rate, blood pressure and breathing rate. Increase neurotransmitters– Ex: amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine
• Depressants: slow down heart and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles and relieve tension– Ex: alcohol, heroin
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Fun Facts about… the Integumentary System
• It contains your body’s largest organ… your skin.
• An average adult's skin spans 21 square feet, weighs nine pounds, and contains more than 11 miles of blood vessels.
• The skin releases as much as three gallons of sweat a day in hot weather
• In a lifetime, the average person sheds enough skin cells to fill an entire 2 story house. In one minute, you can lose between 30,000 and 40,000 skin cells.
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Integumentary System
• “To Cover”• Includes skin, hair, nails, and glands• HAIR AND NAILS:
– Made of keratin (protein)– Hair: covers the body, gives warmth,
protects eyes and nose, develops from hair follicles
– Nails: develop at the nail root
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Skin
• Function: barrier between infection and injury; regulates body temperature; protects from UV rays; removes waste
• 2 layers:– Epidermis: outer layer (keratin/melanin)
• No blood vessels• Made of flat dead cells
– Dermis: beneath epidermis• Sweat glands: reduce heat• Oil glands: keep skin flexible and waterproof
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Fun facts about… the Muscular System
• The busiest muscles in your body are the eye muscles, which approximately move more than 100,000 times in a day
• Muscles cannot push, they can only pull.
• There are approximately 640 muscles in the body.– The largest is your gluteus maximus.– The smallest are in your middle ear.
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Muscular System
• ALL a muscle can do is contract (get shorter)– Ex: moving forearm
(uses muscle pairs)
• 3 Types:– Skeletal– Smooth– Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle• Attached to bones• Voluntary
movements• Striated• Controlled by the
CNS
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Smooth Muscle
• Involuntary• Not striated• Controlled by the
PNS• Found in walls of
stomach, blood vessels, intestines, etc;
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Cardiac Muscle
• In heart• Striated (like
skeletal)• Involuntary (like
smooth)• Controlled by the
PNS
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Muscular System Cont’d
** The more you use it the stronger it gets
** Tendons connect muscle to bone** Muscles work in pairs – one
contracts while the other relaxes
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Fun Facts about…the Skeletal System
• A baby is born with 300 bones, but an adult only has 206.
• 54 of those bones are in your hands.
• Humans and giraffes have the same number of bones, but giraffes’ vertebras are much longer.
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Skeletal System• Function: supports
the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation as well as a place for muscles to attach
• FACT: There are 206 bones in the human body.
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Two parts of the skeletal system
1) Axial Skeleton: skull, vertebral column, rib cage**Protects organs**
2) Appendicular skeleton: bones of arms and legs, pelvis, and shoulder area**Involved in movement**
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Bones
• Bones are made of living and nonliving tissue
• Red marrow- makes new red blood cells, white blood cells, and some platelets
• Early bone starts as cartilage.• Ossification – process of bone formation
– Osteoblasts: build up bone– Osteoclasts: break down bone
• Why do we need both??
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Joints
• Ligaments hold bones together at joints• Joint-place where two bones meet• 3 TYPES:
– Immovable: no movement (ex: skull)
– Slightly Movable: restricted movement (ex: bones in lower leg, joints between vertebrae)
– Freely Movable: movement in one or more direction(ex: Ball-and-socket, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints)
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Fun Facts about… the Digestive System
• We eat about 500kg of food per year. 1.7 liters of saliva is produced each day.
• The stomach must create a new lining of mucous every 2 weeks, otherwise it would digest itself.
• An adult stomach can hold 1.5 liters of food.
• In an average person, it takes 8 seconds for food to move through the esophagus, 1-3 hours in the stomach, 3-5 hours in the small intestine, and 3-4 days in the large intestine.
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Why is it important?
The digestive system’s
function is to help convert
food into simpler molecules that
can be absorbed and used by the cells of the body.
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Step 1. The Mouth
• Teeth– Chewing begins
the process of mechanical
digestion• The physical
breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces called a BOLUS
• Saliva– Begins the
process of chemical digestion
• The enzyme AMYLASE breaks down carbohydrates
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Step 2. The Esophagus
• Food tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
• The bolus moves through the esophagus by PERISTALIS– Muscles in the walls of
the esophagus contract in waves, which pushes the bolus until it reaches the stomach
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“Help Me”! My food went down the wrong pipe!
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Step 3. The Stomach
• Chemical Digestion:– The stomach contains hydrochloric
acid– This acid activates an enzyme,
PEPSIN•Pepsin is responsible for breaking down
protein
– Chemical digestion of carbohydrates stops while in the stomach
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The Stomach
• Mechanical Digestion:– Stomach muscles
contract to churn and mix the stomach acid and food to create CHYME
– After about an hour of churning, the chyme begins to flow into the small intestine
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Step 4. The Small Intestine
• Most of chemical digestion and absorption of food you eat occurs in the small intestine.
• As chyme enters the S.I., it mixes with enzymes and digestive juices from the pancreas and liver.
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How does the Small Intestine Work?
• In the lining of the small intestine, there are folds that are covered in fingerlike projections called VILLI and microvilli
• Carbohydrates and protein products are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi.
• After the small intestine, the only things remaining are water, cellulose, and other indigestible substances
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Step 5. The Large Intestine
• The large intestine’s main role is to remove water from the undigested material that is left.
• The concentrated waste material that remains after the water has been removed passes through the rectum and is eliminated from the body.
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Accessory Structures:The Pancreas
• Functions:– Produces hormones
that regulate blood sugar
– Produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
– Neutralizes stomach acid that allows the enzymes to be effective
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Accessory Structures:The Liver
• Organ located just above and to the right of the stomach
• Function:– Produces BILE
• Helps dissolved droplets of fat found in the small intestine
• Extra bile is stored in the gall bladder
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Digestive System