human body chapter 2 basic chemistry. chemistry in the human body the food that we eat is composed...
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Human Body
Chapter 2Basic Chemistry
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Chemistry in the Human Body
• The food that we eat is composed of chemicals
• The medicines that we take are composed of chemicals
• The entire body is composed of chemicals• Chemical rxns underlie all body processes
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Concepts of Matter and Energy
• Matter= the “stuff” of the universe• Anything that occupies space and has mass• Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous state– Ex. Solids= bones and teeth– Ex. Liquids= blood plasma and interstitial fluid– Ex. Gases= air that we breathe
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Changes in Matter
• Physical Changes- do not alter the basic nature of a substance.– Ice melting to become water, cutting food into
smaller pieces
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Changes in Matter
• Chemical Changes- do alter the composition of a substance– Fermenting grapes to make wine, digestion of
food
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Energy
• No mass and does not take up space• It can only be measured by its effects on
matter• The ability to do work or to put matter into
motion
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Types of Energy
• Kinetic Energy-when energy is actually doing work
• Potential Energy- inactive or stored energy
• All forms of energy exhibit both kinetic and potential work capacites.
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Forms of Energy
1. Chemical Energy- energy that is stored in the bonds of chemical substances
**All body activities are “run” by the chemical energy harvested from the foods we eat.
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Forms of Energy
2. Electrical Energy-energy that results from the movement of charged particles.
-An electrical current is generated when charged particles (ions) move across cell membranes
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Forms of Energy
3. Mechanical Energy- is directly involved in moving matter.
-As the muscles in your legs shorten, they pull on your bones, causing your limbs to move.
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Forms of Energy
4. Radiant Energy- energy that travels in waves, energy of the electromagnetic spectrum.
-includes x-rays, ultraviolet waves
-Ultraviolent waves are responsible for the suntan we get at the beach but also stimulate our bodies to make vitamin D.
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Energy Form Conversions
• Ex. The chemical of foods is trapped in the bonds of high energy molecules called ATPs.
• ATPs energy can be transformed into the electrical energy of a nerve impulse or mechanical energy of shortening muscles.
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Energy Form Conversions
• Energy conversions are very inefficient.• Some initial energy is lost as heat(ex. Light
bulb is losing some energy as heat and not all of it is used as light energy.
• Humans have a high body temp. that influences the rxns in the body
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Composition of Matter
• All matter is composed of a limited number of fundamental substances called ELEMENTS.
• Element-a unique substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.
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Composition of Matter
• A complete listing of elements appears in the Periodic Table.
• The most abundant elements in the Human Body are listed in Table 2.1.
• The building block of matter=ATOM• Atoms of each element will differ from those
of all the other atoms.
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Composition of Matter
• Atomic Symbol=a one or two letter chemical shorthand that is used to identify each element.– Ex. O=oxygen, Ca=Calcium, Ag=Silver(sometimes the symbol is taken from the Latin
name of the elements)
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Atomic Structure
Subatomic Particles1) Protons-are found in the nucleus of the atom
and carry a positive charge.2) Neutrons- are found in the nucleus of the
atom and carry a neutral charge.3) Electrons- are found in the energy shells
orbiting the nucleus and carry a negative charge.
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Atomic Structure
• Atomic Number= the number of protons
• Atomic Mass Number= the number of the protons + the number of neutrons
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Isotopes
• Almost all elements have at least two or more structural variations.
• Isotopes have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
• Isotopes of the same element will have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
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Molecules
• A molecule is formed when two or more atoms are combined chemically.– Ex. O+O=O2
• When two or more atoms of different elements join together a Compound is formed.– Ex. H+ O= H2O
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• Occur whenever atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms.
• A chemical bond is not a physical structure but an energy relationship that involves the interactions between the electrons of the reacting elements.
Chemical Rxns
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Chemical Bonds
• Ionic Bonds-form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
• Atoms are neutral but when they gain or lose electrons they become charged.
• Ions=charged particles
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Chemical Bonds
• Covalent Bonds- when electrons are shared between atoms.
**The point of bonds is for atoms to become stable***
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Hydrogen Bonds
• Extremely weak bonds formed when a Hydrogen atom gives an electron to another element.
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Patterns of Chemical Rxns
• Chemical rxns involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms.
Three Types of Rxns1) Synthesis Rxns2) Decomposition Rxns3) Exchange Rxns
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Synthesis Rxns
• Occur when two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule.
• Always involve bond formation
• Energy absorbing rxns
• Underlie all anabolic activities that occur in body cells. Really important for growth and repair of worn out and damaged cells.
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Decomposition Rxns.
• Occur when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms, or ions.
• Synthesis rxns in reverse
• As bonds are broken energy is released
• Underlie all catabolic processes that occur in the body.
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Exchange Rxns
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