Human Biology 11

A Block

Room 211

Mr. A. White

Alphabet

• http://www.apples4theteacher.com/elibrary/bodybook.html

• V- Vagina

• W- Wrist

• X- X chromosome, Xifoid process (sternum)

• Y- Y chromosome

• Z- Z Discs (muscle tissue)

Careers related to Human Biology

• Cosmetology

• Massage Therapy

• Physiotherapy

• Counseling

• Fitness Trainer

• Medical Careers

Living vs. Non-Living

• List as many characteristics of living things as you can:

• Brainstorm

• Let’s look at all your ideas and see what ones fit the criteria!

Properties of Life

• Made of Cells• Obtain and use Energy• Grow and Develop• Reproduce• Respond to their environment• Adapt to their environment

• An object must exhibit all of the above to be considered a “living thing”

Living vs. Non-Living

• Label the following as living or non-living

• Lady bug Can of Coke

• Ant Clouds

• Bear Rock

• Goldfish Wooden Table

• Mushroom Water

In-Class Assignment

• Compare the human body to an object with similar or the same components.

Organization of the Human Body

Organism- Person

• Systems- Digestive System

• Organs- Stomach

• Tissues- Muscle Tissue

• Cells- Muscle Cell

• Atoms- Molecules (DNA)

Atoms

• Atoms- come from the foods you eat, the liquids you drink, and air you breathe.

• H2O- Hydrogen and Oxygen

• Fat- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

The Cell

• The cell is the basic unit of all living things• There are over 100 elements that make up the

body. Seven of them make up 99% (Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium)

• Cells vary in size and shape - Red Blood cells- round for O2- Nerve Cells- long extensions to carry impulses- Skin Cells- thin & flat to cover the surface of the

body

Vocabulary: The Cell

• Make 3 Big Circles:

• Label #1 Vocabulary I know

• Label #2 Vocabulary I think I know

• Label #3 Vocabulary I don’t know

Vocabulary Cont.

• Place the following words in one of the circles:• Cytoplasm Golgi Body• Nucleus Lysosome• Nucleolus Centriole • Chromatin Plasma Membrane• Ribosome Mitochondria• Chloroplast Organelle• Nuclear Membrane Cell Wall• Microfilaments Vacuole

The Parts of the Cell

• See Word

Cell Review

• Tell me one thing you learned about the cell!

Cell Structure

Handouts

• The magic of cells

• Cell Structures and Functions pg.11

• Cell Structures and Functions pg.12

• Cell Structures and Functions pg.13

• Cell Structures and Functions pg.14

• Cell Structures and Functions pg.15

Cell Project

• See handout

Quiz

1) What is the outside of a cell called?

2) What are lysosomes responsible for?

3) What part of the cell helps to create energy?

4) What is the area inside the cell called?

5) How many cells does the average person have?

Quiz (cont.)

6) List 3 characteristics of a living thing?

7) What are the smallest particles of the human body (smaller than the cell)?

8) What is the main purpose of a muscle cell?

9) What is the main purpose of a blood cell?

Quiz (cont)

10) Draw and label a cell with the following:

Cell Membrane, Mitochondria, Nucleus, and Cytoplasm

Crossword Puzzles

• Cell Structure Handout

• Human Body Handout

Tissues

• Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together

-Epithelial (skin, digestive tract)

-Connective tissue bind and pack together (blood cells and bone tissue)

What's the biggest organ in your body?

• The Skin• Without skin, people's muscles, bones,

and organs would be hanging out all over the place

• Skin holds everything together as well as:• Protects our bodies • Helps keep our bodies at just the right

temperature • Allows us to have the sense of touch

Skin (cont)

• The skin is made up of three layers, each with its own important parts.

• The layer on the outside is called the epidermis.

• The epidermis is the part of your skin you can see.

Skin (cont)

Most of the cells in your epidermis (95%) work to make new skin cells.

• Your epidermis is always making new skin cells that rise to the top to replace the old ones.

• And what about the other 5%? They make a substance called melanin.

• Melanin gives skin its color.

Skin (cont)

• The Dermis Is Under the Epidermis

• The next layer down is the dermis.

• You can't see your dermis because it's hidden under your epidermis.

• The dermis contains nerve endings, blood vessels, oil glands, and sweat glands.

• It also contains collagen and elastin, which are tough and stretchy.

Dermis

• Your dermis is also full of tiny blood vessels. • These keep your skin cells healthy by bringing

them the oxygen and nutrients they need and by taking away waste.

• These blood vessels are hard to see in kids, but you might get a better look if you check out your grandparents' skin.

• As the dermis gets older, it gets thinner and easier to see through.

Sweat Glands

• You also have sweat glands on your epidermis.

• Even though you can't feel it, you actually sweat a tiny bit all the time.

• The sweat comes up through pores tiny holes in the skin that allow it to escape.

• When the sebum meets the sweat, they form a protective film that's a bit sticky.

Subcutaneous Fat

• The third and bottom layer of the skin is called the subcutaneous layer.

• It is made mostly of fat and helps your body stay warm and absorb shocks, like if you bang into something or fall down.

• The subcutaneous layer also helps hold your skin to all the tissues underneath it.

Subcutaneous Fat

• This layer is where you'll find the start of hair, too.

• Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube in the skin called a follicle

• You have hair follicles all over your body, except on your lips, the palms of your hands, and the soles of your feet.

• And you have more hair follicles in some places than in others - there are more than 100,000 follicles on your head alone!

Skin

Skin Functions

• Arteries- Carry blood from the heart to the skin

• Veins- Carry blood away from the skin to the heart

• The Erector Muscle contracts to lift the hair upright.

• The Nerve Cells respond to stimuli of touch, pressure, heat, cold and pain.

Skin Functions (cont)

• The Sebaceous Gland opens into the hair follicle and produces an oily substance.

• When Sweat evaporates from the skin’s surface, the body cools down.

• The Sweat Glands take up water from the capillaries when the body temperature is too high and secrets it.

• O2 and Food is brought to the skin by the Blood.• The Papilla is the very bottom portion of the hair

follicle that contains the blood supply and the matrix.

Skin Health and Hygiene

• 1. Wash skin frequently with warm, soapy water

• 2. Clean any wound or break in the skin and use lotion.

• 3. Treat burns seriously

• 4. Don’t fuss with blemishes.

Acne

• Caused by bacteria which infect a blocked hair follicle.

• Sex hormones (androgens) are the cause.

• Gentle cleansing of the skin, plus a healthy diet and lifestyle will help.

• Severe cases should be treated by a physician.

Boils

• Round, tender reddened areas of the skin containing a central core of pus and bacteria

• Some erupt, some disappear.

• Should not be sqeezed as they may infect other areas.

Athlete’s Foot

• A fungal infection that begins in the area between the toes.

• It causes painful itching or burning sensations.

• To prevent it, keep feet dry.

Skin Cancer

• Symptoms include:

• Sores that do not heal

• Changes in the size and color of moles or warts

• Unusual patches of colored skin

• Many skin cancers can be cured if treated early.

Dandruff

• Caused by the shedding of outer layers of the scalp.

• It may be promoted by infections, poor diet, lack of washing, strong shampoos, or insufficient rinsing of the hair.

Hair Care

• Only the root of the hair is living.

• Dead tissue cannot acquire nourishment

• Only the root can acquire nourishment because blood vessels bring nutrients to it.

Hair Care

• The Ph (Acidic Level) of hair is 5-6.• If you use shampoo that is too basic, it can

cause outer layers of hair to swell and become softer leading to dull, lifeless hair with little curl.

• Acidic products will harden and shrink the cuticle producing bounce and shine, but also brittleness and broken hair shafts (split ends)

Good Hair Care

• Wash hair regularly and not necessarily everyday as this removes natural oils and can make hair dry and brittle.

• Use mild shampoos with little detergent so not all oils are removed.

• Be skeptical about cures for hair ailments.

• Massage the scalp, this stimulates the skin and hair roots.

Good Hair Care

• Be gentle drying your hair. Use heat appliances sparingly

• Eat a balanced diet with lots of fruit and vegetables.

• Brush hair regularly to distribute natural oils.

• Limit exposure to the sun as it dries the hair and makes it brittle.

Shampoos

• Shampoos that are more acidic than others will result in hair that appears to be frayed and dried as the hair is stripped of important oils.

• Regular shampoos like this can easily result in damaged hair.

• Basic Shampoos are more likely to make hair look (above 5.5) thicker and dull due to the fact that they cause the cuticle of hair to swell.

Group Work

• In groups of 4-5, discuss and answer the following:• What shampoos are most commonly used in the

group/class/your friends?• Compare hair luster, broken ends and other

characteristics of hair and see if there are differences. • Example: Expensive shampoo meant more luster, less

broken ends• Compare the use of heat (hair dryers, straighteners,

rollers etc.) and see if there are any differences.• Example: Constant heat leads to more split ends, less

split ends

Ads

• Examine ads: Look at the photos and language used.

• Analyze information given:• Hypothesis as to what the shampoo is

actually doing to your hair.• Is this product claim supported by what

you know? • Would you buy this product? Why or why

not?

Summary

• Removing natural oils can make hair dry and brittle.

• Acidic products will harden and shrink the cuticle producing bounce and shine

• Acidic products will also produce brittleness and split ends

• Shampoos that are too basic can cause hair to swell leading to lifeless hair with little curl.

ZOOT

• Get into 3 groups, pick a captain and team name.

• One team goes first, sending a student to pick an envelope.

• The envelope will tell you how many points the question is worth.

• The team will have 15 secs. and then the team captain will answer the question.

ZOOT

• If that team answers correctly they win that many points.

• They then get to choose to go again or let another team go.

• Most envelopes have point values in them. But some have ZOOT cards.

• If you pick a ZOOT card you LOSE ALL YOUR POINTS!

• Team with the most points wins!

Bones

• There are 206 bones in the human body.

• Act’s as the body’s support system.

• Bone is a living tissue

• The bones are supplied with blood vessels.

Functions of the Bones

• Provide a framework for the attachment of muscles

• Protect delicate organs

• Produce blood cells

• Store minerals (calcium)

• Shock Absorption

Categories of Bones

• Flat: Used for Protection, ie. Skull

• Long: Support and Strength ie. Arms,Legs

• Short: Flexibility, ie. Wrist and Ankles

• Irregular: Specialized Functions, ie. Vertebrae

Types of Bone Tissue

1) Compact:

• Hard and Strong

2) Spongy:

Light weight, full of spaces.

Contains more blood vessels than compact bone.

Tissues in Bone

• Marrow: Made of Blood Vessels, fat cells, and blood forming tissue

• Epiphyseal Cartilage: Where new bone is formed to increase the length of the bone

• Periosteum: Thin double membrane that contains blood vessels, nerves, and bone forming cells.

• Articular Cartilage: Provides shock absorption as bones move against each other.

Bone Formation

• Ossification: Bone formation

• Forming of bone is done by cells called osteocytes.

• Most ossification occurs during the first 20 years of life.

• As bone cells develop they are intermixed with minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

Osteoporosis

• Disorder in which bone spaces become larger causing the bones to weaken.

• Sometimes the bone is too weak and may break from the pressure of standing.

• Cause of the disease is the loss of calcium

• Calcium may be lost by hormonal changes (menopause), smoking, and lack of excersie

Muscles

• There are 3 types of muscles:

• A) Skeletal

• B) Smooth

• C) Cardiac

Skeletal

• Attached to bone. • All movements that are under voluntary

control are produced by this kind of muscle.

• Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the vertebrate body

• Skeletal muscle makes up about 36% of the mass of a girl and 42% of the mass of a boy.

Smooth

• Found in internal organs.• Involuntary Muscles, we do not have

control over this type of muscle movement.

• Examples:• The movement of food through your

digestive tract, the opening and closing of blood vessels and the contractions of the uterus during birth.

Cardiac

• Muscle forming the heart

• Also Involuntary (not under conscious control)

Muscle Action

• Muscle tissue is composed of long cylindrical cells.

• These cells form the fibers of a muscle.

• Muscle cells cannot partially contract.

• Over 400 muscles are associated with the bones of your body.

• Many of these muscles work in opposite pairs. (ie. Bicep, Triceps)

Muscle Action (cont)

• One member of the pair tightens and moves a bone in one direction.

• To return the bone to its original position, the second muscle must contract and pull the bone back.

• Muscle cells only contract and relax.

Muscle

Functions of Skeletal Muscle

• A) Body Movement

• B) Maintenance of posture

• C) Production of body heat

• D) Communication

Muscle Movement

• A) Flexion and Extension:• This pair of actions occurs about a

transverse axis through a joint.• The movement at a joint which decreases

the angle between two adjacent body segments is known as flexion.

• The opposite action is extension, where the angle between body segments is increased.

Muscle Movements

• Abduction and Adduction:

• A movement of a body part away from the midline, either of the body as a whole or that of the hand or foot, is termed abduction. (to carry away)

• A movement of the body part back toward the midline is known as adduction. (add to body)

Muscle Movements

• Lateral/Medial Rotation:

• Rotation occurs about the vertical axis passing through a joint and through the length of the bone distal to it.

• Lateral rotation is the opposite action. A point is moved laterally away from the body midline.

Muscle Facts

• Muscle does not reproduce easily

• You have approximately the same number of muscle cells as when you were a baby.

• Muscle increases in size.

• Muscles are always in a state of slight contraction.

• This is called muscle tone.

Making Muscles Stronger

• Athletes exercise vigorously enough to have their muscle burn while