human behaviour in emergency condions...showstop • emergency condions at an event can occur at...
TRANSCRIPT
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HumanBehaviourinEmergencyCondi4onsPresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
www.crowdsafety.org
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SteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
• 25YearsCrowdandEventSafetyExperience‘NormalandEmergency’
• DegreeCrowdandSafetyManagement
• CharteredHealthandSafetyConsultant
• OccupaFonalSafetyandHealthConsultantsRegister–RegisteredConsultant
• CharteredFireSafetyConsultant
• FormerRoyalNavyFire-Fighter
• FormerDirectorofSecurityandSafety:Oasis,Eminem,RedHotChiliPeppers,Kasabian,RollingStones(UKOnly),BeasKeBoys,LedZeppelin,Shakira,Stereophonics,DixieChicks,BeadyEye,LionelRichie
• RetailSector,VariousEvents,Venues,StudentUnions,GradBalls,FesFval’sandotherMajorEventsworldwideincludingWorldTitleBoxing,Motorsports,RoyalEvents,FireworksandeventsofnaFonalsignificantimportance
• VirginGroup–EventSafetyConsultant
• Purple/MauveGuide–AcknowledgedContributor
• AustralianlivePerformance–AuthoroftheAudienceSafetyChapter
• EventWorkingPartyforUSTechnicalStandardsversionofthePurpleGuide
• ManagingCrowdsSafely(HSG154)–Reviewed2016forUKCMA
• Pioneerofthe“ShowstopProcedure”(UsedgloballyandrecognisedbyHSE)
• ConsultantnaFonallyandworldwideforeventsafety/security,crowdmanagementandFireSafety
• FireRiskAssessorforleisure,eventandretailsectors
www.crowdsafety.org
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Showstop
• EmergencycondiKonsataneventcanoccuratwithoutanynoKce,thoughother’scanbedeemedasforeseeable.
• TheShowstopProcedureservestofocustheaudience,reducethelikelihoodofinjuryandpre-movementKmeintheeventofanevacuaKon.
www.crowdsafety.org
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TerrorismCrowdedSpaces
www.crowdsafety.org
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SomeCrowdDisasterslast6years
• 2016:-50–600DeadStampedeEthiopia
• 2015:-2442Dead&1028injured
• 2014:-106Dead&262Injured
• 2013:-470Dead&757injured
www.crowdsafety.org
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WitnessQuote-Hillsborough• I had no choice in the matter, I just
got carried along with it .. and where I ended up I ended up…..there was no choice, well, you know, ‘right, I’m gonna stand over there’….. you had no choice. You went where the crowd took you.. as everybody else did .. it was that scary, it was terrifying, but as I said once blind panic has set in, I I would think that was that was the main part, everyone really panicked, sheer panic, the police panicked, the crowd panicked, everyone panicked……..
www.crowdsafety.org
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Whydocrowdcrusheshappen?
• WearetryingtoservicemorepeopleinlessFme….
• Toomanypeopleintoolihlespace
• Bohlenecks• PoorPlanning/LackofTraining• PoorDesign• InformaFon
• Management
www.crowdsafety.org
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PrimaryInfluencer’s
• Design–Barriertypes,eventfootprint,sitecapacity,ingress/egressflowrates,areaanddensity,anydelaysaroundthesite(toilets/bars/merchandising/amusementsetc)
• Informa4on–AdvanceinformaKon,Signage,communicaKonsystems,VMS,websites,socialmedia,rumour’s
• Management–Processes,planning,communicaKons,protocols,chainofcommand,briefings,redflagindicators(normalandemergency),competencyofplanners,assessorsandcriKcaldecisionmakers…
www.crowdsafety.org
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InformaFonDelivery
www.crowdsafety.org
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3PrimaryReasonstoprevent
• Moral
• Legal
• Financial
www.crowdsafety.org
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ManchesterUnitedEvacuaFon
• TheblunderissettocostManchesterUnited£3millionasitisforcedtoshellouttodisappointedfans.
www.crowdsafety.org
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The biggest risks of all are….
People!!!
www.crowdsafety.org
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CrowdDensity-FluidMoFon
• Whencrowdsarelessdenselypacked,lessthan4people/persquaremeter,theyhaveKmetomakedecisions,theydonothaveinvoluntarymovementasone,almostlikeafluid…..
www.crowdsafety.org
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CrowdDensityConsideraFons…
• Mostcrowdrelatedissuesarebasedupontoomanypeopleintooli`lespace…..
• Bohlenecks• Anthropometry• Bulkybags• Coats• Pushchairs/Prams• Wheelchairs• Peoplelayingdown• Furniture/SeaFngTables
www.crowdsafety.org
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CrowdDensity
• Densitycanbedescribedasthenumberofpeopleinaprescribedspace.
• Forexample2Persons/persquaremetre
www.crowdsafety.org
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AddiFonalFactors
www.crowdsafety.org
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5Persons/persquaremetre
www.crowdsafety.org
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IndividualsDensityPercepFon
• TherelaFonshipwiththepeopleinvolved
• TheduraFonoftheexperience
• Thephysicalcontextoftheexperience
• Themeaningoftheexperience
www.crowdsafety.org
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SpaFalandSocialDensity
Spa4alDensity
• Thesamenumberofpeoplebutthespacealters…
SocialDensity
• Occurswhenthenumberofpeoplealters,butthespaceremainsthesame….
www.crowdsafety.org
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CrowdDensity–SocialDensity
www.crowdsafety.org
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CrowdDensityDemonstraFon
www.crowdsafety.org
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Maledominatedcrowds
• MaledominatedcrowdshaveagreaterpotenKaltobehaveinamoreaggressivemannerincomparisontofemaledominatedcrowdswithahighproporKonoffamilygroups….
www.crowdsafety.org
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EgressandDispersal
• Crowds’egressenmasse,innormalandemergencycondiFons.
• OunlowmustnotbeobstructedandneedssufficientSPACEtopreventanyblockageswhichwouldincreasedensityandandsafetyconsideraFonsfurther.
• Considerwherepersonsaredispersingtoo…
www.crowdsafety.org
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FlowRateConsideraFon’s
• UniFlow
• BiDirecFonalFlow
• MulFFlow
• Ounlow
www.crowdsafety.org
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Perception of Risk
www.crowdsafety.org
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The Crowds’ Expectation’s
• If we were to split crowds into two groups, we could perhaps suggest that they were in fact:
– Compliant
– Non Compliant
www.crowdsafety.org
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BradfordFireOverview(32yrsago)
• May1985
• BradfordCityvLincoln• 56Killed• Over265Injuries• Fanshadtobreakdownlockedexitstoescape
• ManyreceivedpolicecommendaFonsforbravery
www.crowdsafety.org
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SummerlandLeisureCentre1973• Circa53deaths
• Startedby3youngboyssmoking
• LockedFireExits
• CrowdCrushatmainentrance
• ChildrenacKviKes1stFloor
• Parentswentupstairstocollectchildren
• ChangestobuildinglegislaKonpostthisincident
www.crowdsafety.org
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SocialMedia–15minsoffame
www.crowdsafety.org
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Pre - Movement Time
• The time taken from the embryonic phase of an incident…
• Through to detection
• Response to the incident
• Movement of the crowd to a Place of Safety (pre-determined)
www.crowdsafety.org
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Extended Pre-Movement time can lead to
• The loss of life
• Catastrophic brand damage,
• International condemnation
• Media onslaught
• Loss of Liberty
www.crowdsafety.org
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Sime’sGeneralRule25-50-25
• 25%MoveCloser
• 50%Stayput
• 25%Movetoexits
www.crowdsafety.org
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StaFonNightclubFire-2003
• 100Died
• 232Injuries
• Cause–IndoorPyro
• FlammableSoundproofing
• ThisincidentestablishednewstandardsacrosstheUSA
www.crowdsafety.org
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www.crowdsafety.org
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HerdingBehaviour
www.crowdsafety.org
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NextImageisGraphic….
www.crowdsafety.org
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HerdingBehaviourinEmergency
www.crowdsafety.org
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ArchingEffectFranciscoEnrique
• Bohlenecks
• Archingeffectascrowdstrytoflowthroughanarrowpoint
www.crowdsafety.org
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ConsideraFons
• 9outof10peoplewillleavethewaytheyentered
• Familiesandgroupswillleavetogether
• ChildrenacFviFesshouldbeposiFonedatstreetlevelwherepossible
www.crowdsafety.org
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Panic-RealityorMyth
www.crowdsafety.org
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Panic-Suddenuncontrollablefearoranxiety,ocencausingwildlyunthinkingbehaviour….
Source:OxfordDicKonary
www.crowdsafety.org
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3-TypesofsituaFons
• Tangible
• Intangible
• Rumour
www.crowdsafety.org
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Rumour
www.crowdsafety.org
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www.crowdsafety.org
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ThinkPoint…
• Atgroundlevel,crowdscannotseebeyondafewmetre’sinfrontoftheirposiKon….
www.crowdsafety.org
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www.crowdsafety.org
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RomanianFire–ColecFvClub
• 27pluskilled• VictorLonescu,whowasatthe
clubwithhisgirlfriend,paintedagraphicpictureoftheconfusionandpanicasthefiresweptthroughthebuilding.
• “PeoplewerefainKngfromthesmoke.Itwastotalchaos,peopleweretramplingoneachother”hesaid
www.crowdsafety.org
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EvacuaFon
• HumanResponse
• PeerPressure• StaffResponse• PerformerResponse
• Obstacles• Possessions• FriendsandFamily
• InvacuaFon?????
www.crowdsafety.org
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7/7BombingsLondon
• Manyreportsofpanicandfearfromindividualsthatwerethere…
www.crowdsafety.org
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Panic–Wasnotrecordedatthese
• BradfordFire1985• KingsCrossFire1987• Hillsborough1989• 911WTC
• TheproblemispeopleocennottakingthesituaKonasseriouslyasitactuallyis…
www.crowdsafety.org
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SoluFons
•
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SystemWideApproach
• Ifsafetyandsuccessaretobemaximised,thewholesystem,includingindividualworkers,contractors,technology,audience,processes,designsetc,shouldbeconsideredasasinglesystem…Hendrick1997
www.crowdsafety.org
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EmergencyPlan&CrowdRA
www.crowdsafety.org
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KeyConsideraFons
• ConductevacuaKon/invacuaKonanalysis• IdenKfyyourcrowddemographic
• RecognisetheInterpretaKon,preperaKonandacKon(pre-movement)Kme
• ProvideclearandaccurateinformaKonduringtheemergency.
• RecogniseCrowdswillwanttousefamiliarroutes
• Understandthatcrowdswillwanttogroupwithfamily/friends
• Considerthedispersalarrangements
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BriefingsandTraining
• OnInducFon• Regularrefreshertraining
• Asanynewthreats/informaFoncometolight
• Intheeventofanyworksbeingcarriedoutatyoursite
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RolesandResponsibiliFes
• Clearlydefinedroles
• StafffullyawareofwhoisulFmatelyresponsible
• OrganisaFonawareoftheramificaFonsoftheeventgoingwrong
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“WhatIf”Scenarios
Thefullscopeof“whatif”scenariostoidenFfypotenFalproblemsandtestoutthesuitabilityandsufficiencyoftheplansinplace.
AwiderangeofscenariosshouldbetestednotonlyforterrorismbutalsolessdramaFcsuchastriphazards,bohlenecks,technologyfailiure’s,weatherandevennaturaldisaster’s.
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Thankyou
PresentedbySteveAllenFdAMIFireEFIIRSMMIFSM
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