human anatomy & physiology skeletal system muscular system nervous system special senses
TRANSCRIPT
Human Anatomy & Physiology
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Special Senses
Skeletal System
• Anatomy of Bone– Diaphysis
– Epiphysis• Red marrow
– Compact bone• Lamellar bone
– Spongy bone• Trabecular bone
– Medullary cavity• Yellow marrow
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
– Articular cartilage
– Epiphyseal plate
• Functions of the skeletal system• Framework of body
• Protection of body
• Movement (when combined with muscular system)
• Production of blood cells» Hemopoiesis
• Calcium storage
• Axial skeleton– 80 bones– Skull– Spine– Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton– 126 bones– Shoulder girdle + arm– Hip girdle + leg
206 bones
• Cranium– Frontal– Parietal– Occipital– Temporal– Sphenoid– Ethmoid
• Face– Zygomatic– Maxillary – Mandible– Palatine– Lacrimal– Hyoid Bone
• Ribs (rib = costal) [12 pairs]
• True (7)• False (3)• Floating (2)
• Sternum– Manubrium– Body– Xiphoid
• Shoulder– Clavicle– Scapula
• Arm– Humerus– Radius– Ulna ( & olecranon process)
• Wrists & Hands– Carpals
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges
• Spine– Vertebrae
• Cervical (7)• Thoracic (12)• Lumbar (5)• Sacrum
– Coccyx – Intervertebral
Discs
• Pelvic Girdle (hip) (coxa)– Ilium– Ischium– Pubis– Sacrum– Acetabulum
• Legs– Femur– Patella– Tibia– Fibula
• Ankle & foot– Tarsals
• Talus• Calcaneus
– Metatarsals– Phalanges
Fontanels of the Skull at Birth
• Dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces(soft spots)
• Unossified at birth but close early in a child's life• Close by 2 yrs
• Fetal skull passes through the birth canal.
• Rapid growth of thebrain during infancy
Joints (Articulations)Joints (Articulations)
• Functional classification based upon movement: – immovable = synarthrosis– slightly movable = amphiarthrosis– freely movable = diarthrosis
• Most are diarthrosis– Also called synovial joints
• Joints
• Synovial Membrane
• Synovial Fluid
• Bursa
• Articulations
• Ligaments(compare to
tendons)
Skeletal Pathology• Fractures
– Simple– Compound
• Abnormal spine curvatures
• Ruptured(herniated) intervertebral disc
Scoliosis Kyphosis Lordosis
Muscular SystemProperties of Muscle Tissue
• Excitability – respond to chemicals released from nerve cells– These called neurotransmitters
• Acetylcholine (ACh) = main one of skeletal muscle
– This area called neuromuscular junction
• Contractility– ability to shorten and generate force
• Extensibility– ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
• Elasticity– ability to return to original shape after being stretched
Physiology of Muscular System
• Body Movement - prime mover(agonist), synergist, antagonist
• Storing & moving substances within body» Muscle associated with organs (involuntary)
• Posture – Tonic Contraction - only a few fibers contract at one time;
- get NO movement» Tonic contractions maintain tone» Compare to Clonic contraction» Generalized seizure = “tonic-clonic” contraction
– Proprioception relies on tonic contractions
• Heat production - for body homeostasis
• Guard entrances & exits
• Masseter• Sternocleidomastoid• Pectoralis major• Biceps• brachioradialis• Serratus anterior• External oblique• Rectus abdominis• Adductor longus• Sartorius• Rectus femoris • Vastus lateralis• Tibialis anterior
Major Muscles of the Body
• Trapezius• Deltoid• Triceps• Latissimus dorsi• Gluteus maximus• Hamstrings• Gastrocnemius
• Types of muscle movement– Abduction/
adduction– Flexion/ extension– Rotation/
circumduction– Supination/
pronation– Dorsiflexion/
Plantar flexion
Nervous System
3 divisions of nervous system
• Central Nervous System ( CNS)
- brain & spinal cord• Peripheral Nervous System ( PNS) - cranial nerves(12 pairs)
- spinal nerves (31 pairs)
• Autonomic Nervous System ( ANS) -sympathetic (adrenergic)
-parasympathetic (cholinergic)
• Neurons – Transmit nerve impulses
– 3 parts
• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axons
– Axons = long & slender
• Myelin
• “Nerves”– Only bundled axons– “Tracts” in CNS
• Nerves = bundled axons– Afferent = to = sensory
– Efferent = away = motor
– Associative = connecting
• Synapse• Neurotransmitters
• Brain– Brain stem
• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
– Cerebellum – Diencephalon
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
– Cerebrum • Frontal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Meninges– Dura mater
– Arachnoid
– Pia mater
• Cerebral spinal fluid– Surrounds outside CNS
• Arachnoid villi
– Inside in ventricles
• Choroid plexus
Special Senses
• Eye
• Ear
• Smell
• Taste
Eye• Lacrimal gland• Conjunctiva • Sclera = white of eye• 3 coats
– Fibrous = sclera/cornea
– Vascular = choroid/ iris
– Neural = retina
• Lens – Anterior chamber
• Aqueous humor
– Posterior chamber
• Vitreous humor
Ear• Outer ear
– Pinna (auricle)
• Middle ear– Tympanic membrane
– Bones
– Eustachian tube
• Inner ear– Vestibule– Cochlea
• Organ of Corti
Smell
• Olfaction = smell
Taste• 4 major tastes
– Sweet
– Salt
– Sour (acids)
– Bitter (bases)
• Taste buds– In papillae