Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 1

I.Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­____________________=­the­study­of­the­structure­and­shape­of­the­body­and­its­parts­and­their­relationships­to­one­another…..large­body­structures---gross­anatomy­

• v.__________________anatomy(too­small­to­be­seen­w/o­a­microscope)

Anatomy

Microscopic

• _______________________study­of­how­body­and­its­parts­work­or­function­in­nature….many­subdivisions,like_______________________­and­______________________________

• Relationships­between­Anatomy­and­Physiology• ---The­2­are­always­related…Structures­determine­what­functions­can­take­place

Physiology Neuron-physiology Cardiac­physiology

II. Levels of Structural Organization

• At­the­______________________level­atoms­combine­to­make­____________________.

• At­the­__________________­level,__________are­composed­of­molecules.

• At­the­_______________________,­it­is­made­of­the­same­type­of­cells,functioning­together.

chemical molecules

cellular cells Tissue­level

• At­the­____________________level,different­tissues­work­together­for­a­common­function.

• At­the­organ­system­level­different­organs­work­together­closely.

• the­highest­level­is­the­organism­

organ

A.Organ­System­Overview

– ___________________________________=external­covering­of­the­body;waterproofs,cushions­and­protects:excretes­salts­and­urea­in­perspiration­and­helps­­regulate­body­________________.Temp,pressure­and­pain­receptors­in­the­skin­alert­us­at­the­body­surface­.

Integumentary­system

temperature

• __________________________________=consists­of­bones,cartilage,ligaments­and­joints.-supports­body­and­provides­framework­for­skeletal­muscle-also­protects….___________________-----formation­of­blood­cells­takes­place­in­bone­marrow­;also­storehouse­for­minerals

Skeletal­System

Hematopoiesis

– _______________________________=Contract­or­shorten­to­produce­movement­of­body­-skeletal­muscles-or­w/in­organs-cardiac­or­smooth­muscles

– _______________________________=has­brain,spinal­cord­,nerves­and­sensory­receptors­as­control­system

Muscular­system

Nervous­system

• _______________=­controls­body­­through­hormonal­control.Endocrine­release­hormones-chemicals-into­the­blood­and­they­go­to­a­target­organ.These­glands­inc.­the­pituitary,thyroid,parathyroid,adrenals,thymus,pancreas,pineal,ovaries,and­testesWhat­is­controlled­includes­growth,reproduction­and­food­used­by­cells.

Endocrine­System­

– ____________includes­the­heart­and­blood­vessels­and­blood,transporting­oxygen­and­nutrients,hormones,etc….wbcs-protect

– Lymphatic­System-­inc.­lymphatic­vessels,lymph­nodes­organs­,such­as­the­spleen­and­tonsils.The­vessels­return­fluid­leaked­from­the­blood­back­to­blood…the­nodes­help­clean­the­blood­and­are­involved­in­immunity.

Cardiovascular System

• ________________-Basically­a­tube­running­through­the­body­from­mouth­to­anus-inc.­mouth,esophagus,stomach,sm.­and­lg.­intestine,and­rectum—Break­down­food­and­deliver­the­products­to­blood­so­it­will­go­to­cells---undigested­returns­to­be­eliminated­as­feces

Digestive­System

– Urinary­System-removes nitrogen containing wastes from blood and excretes as urine---maintains body’s water and salt balance—inc. kidneys,ureters,bladder,urethra

– Reproductive­System-to produce offspring-----testes male/ovaries-female

Respiratory­system-exchanges­gases,keeping­blood,hence­body­supplied­w/O2-lungs,trachea…Mediastinum-separates­thoracic­cavity

III. Maintaining Life

• LIFE­FUNCTIONS_• Maintaining­Boundaries-keep­inside­separate­from­outside– Cells­have­membranes– Body­is­surrounded­by­_________________­as­will­as­does­the­internal­organs.

Integumentary­system

• B.Movement.­–promoted by muscular system- walking,etc….using fingers….and bones provide support– Movement also happens

as________________________________are propelled through the organs

Substances­such­as­blood,foodstuffs,and­urine

• C.____________________-or­Irritability­is­the­ablity­to­sense­changes­(stimuli)­in­environment)­and­react

• Nerve­cells­highly­irritable• Other­parts­of­your­body­respond­to­stimuli

responsiveness

• D.Digestion-breaking down food into simple molecules to be absorbed into the blood,which goes to your body cells

• E.___________-refers­to­all­chemical­reactions­that­occur­w/in­body­cells---makes­nutrients­and­oxygen­available­to­the­blood­and­on­the­cardiovascular­system­to­distribute­needed­substances­throughout­the­body---regulated­greatly­by­hormones;_________

metabolism

Depends on digestive and respiratory systems

• F.Excretion-process­of­removing­wastes­from­body-removes­nonuseful­substances­produced­during­digestion­and­metabolism-feces­from­_____________digestion­leftovers________________

• G._______________-Production­of­offspring• H.__________is­an­increase­in­size—cells­must­be­created­taster­than­destroyed

indigestable

reproductiongrowth

Urine­gets­rid­of­N-containing­metabolic­wastes

SURVIVAL NEEDS

• The­goal­of­most­body­systems­is­to­__________________.These­fragile­____________________­include­the­following:– 1-_______________---body­takes­in­as­food­and­chemical­reactions­release­energy­from­it­using­O2.Carb’s­are­the­main­energy­source…..Proteins­provide­nutrients­and­fats­build­cell­structures­,a­last­source­for­energy­and­cushion­organs .

Maintain­life

Survival­needs nutrients

– 2-________________­is­necessary­to­derive­most­energy----It­is­required­in­Cellular­respiration…..it­is­in­20%­of­the­air­we­breathe..It­is­also­circulated­to­blood­and­cells­by­respiratory­and­cardiovascular­systems

• 3--Water-is­60-80­%­body­weight-most­important­molecule­in­the­body­and­is­the­solvents­for­secretions­and­excretions….comes­mostly­from­ingested­foods­and­liquids­and­lost­by­evaporation­from­lungs­and­skin­and­excretions­

O2

Temperature

– 4--_____________________must remain at around 37 degrees C (98 F).If it is too slow,metabolism stops and too high,proteins break down…..death occurs at either extreme.

– 5--Atmospheric­Pressure--­is the force on the surface of the body by the weight of air---atmospheric pressure----Too high altitudes may have gas exchange too low for metabolism

IV.­HOMEOSTASIS—body’s­ability­to­maintain­stable­internal­conditions(even­though­outside­world­

changes)

• The­body­is­DYNAMIC­within­narrow­limits• All­organ­systems­involved----­examples;Nutrient­blood­levels,heart­activity­and­blood­pressure,,waste­eliminated­and­body­temp.

• Homeostatic­Control­Mechanisms:• ------3­components­--what­is­regulated­is­called­the­variable

• 1-_______________________sensor­that­monitors­and­changes­in­environment---_(place­a­blank­in­your­notes­here_________2-_______________________-Flows­to­here­along­afferent­pathway-determines­appropriate­response­or­reaction.

• 3-Effector-provides­output­to­stimulus---along­efferent­pathway----results­feed­back­to­influence­stimulus----turning­off----NEGATIVE­or­turn­on---positive­feed­back­­­­­­Most­body­mechanism­are­negative­feed­back.

receptorControl­center

called­stimuli

******A­disturbance­of­internal­balance­is­called___________________-Source­of­disease,disorder,death

Homeostatic­Imbalance

Directional­terms-­allow­medical­personal­to­describe­exactly­where­one­structure­is­in­relationship­to­

another.They­include­the­following:

• Superior-(cranial or cephalad)toward head or upper part• Inferior- away from head or lower part• Ventral-(anterior)front of body----front of• Dorsal-(posterior)backof body-back of

• Medial- toward or at body midline;inner side• __________________________________________• Lateral- away from midline;on the outer side• proximal-close to origin of body part or where it is attached• distal-farther from origin• superficial(external)---toward or at body surface• Deep(internal) away from body surface-more internal

INTERMEDIATE-between­more­medial­and­more­lateral

Regional­Terms-Visible­body­landmarks----see­figure­1.5­p.16----label­in­notes

• ANTERIOR____– Abdominal ---anterior trunk below ribs– Acromial----(Point) of shoulder– Antebrachial-forearm– Antecubital-ant. Surface of elbow– Axillary-armpit– Brachial-arm– Buccal-cheek– Carpal-wrist– Cervical --neck region– Coxal-hip– Crural-leg– Deltoid-curve of shoulder formed by lg deltoid muscle– Digital—fingers,toes

– Femoral---thigh– Fibular---lateral part of leg– Frontal­–forehead– ________________________________________– Inguinal-groin– Nasal– Oral– Orbital-eye– Patellar-knee– Pelvic-area­overlying­pelvis­anteriorly– Pubic-genital– Sternal- breastbone– Tarsal-ankle– Thoracic-chest– Umbilical-naval

Mental-chin

POSTERIOR____

• Calcaneal-heel• Cephalic-head• Femoral-thigh• Gluteal-buttock• Lumbar---back area between ribs and hips• Occipital-back of head• Olecranal-post. Surface of elbow• Popliteal-post. Knee area• Sacral-area between hips• Scapular---shoulder blades• ___________• ____________• ______________

Sural-post.­Calf;vertebral-spinal;plantar-sole

.Cervical

Abdominal

Pubic­(genital)

PelvicInguinal(groin)

(a)­Anterior/Ventral

KEY:

(b)­Posterior/Dorsal

Gluteal

Sacral

Lumbar

Vertebral

Back­(dorsal)­Scapular

Cervical­

CephalicOccipital­(back­­­of­head)­Acromial

DeltoidBrachial­(arm)

Antecubital

Olecranal

Antebrachial(forearm)

Carpal­(wrist)

Manus­(hand)Digital

Lower­limbCoxal­(hip)

Femoral­(thigh)

Patellar

Popliteal

Crural­(leg)

Sural­(calf)

Fibular

Pedal­(foot)Tarsal­(ankle)

Calcaneal

Digital

Plantar

Upper­limbOrbitalFrontal

NasalBuccalOralMental

ThoracicSternalAxillary

Thorax

Abdomen

Back­(Dorsum)

­Umbilical

BODY­PLANES­AND­SECTIONS

• In­anatomy­,students­make­sections-or­cuts---it­is­made­along­an­imaginary­line­or­__________.......being­3-D,we­consider­3­types­of­planes– Sagittal­section­is­lengthwise­or­longitudinally----If­the­right­and­left­parts­are­equal­it­is­median­or­midgasittal

– Frontal­section­is­lengthwise­into­ant.­And­post­parts----also­called­coronal

– a­Tranverse­Section­is­cut­along­a­horizontal­plane,making­superior­and­inferior­parts----also­called­cross-section

plane

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table­1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table­1.1­(cont)

BODY­CAVITIES

• Dorsal­cavity has 2 subdivisions:

• cranial-in skull and

• spinal cavity-extends from cranial to end of vertebral column

• Ventral­body­Cavity-• Much­larger;contains­all­in­chest­and­abdomen

– Thoracic­cavity(lungs,heart….-separated­by­diaphragm------MEDIASTINUM-serarates­right­and­left­cavities

–Abdominopelvic­cavity---stomach,liver,intestines--(superior)

• ---­• inferior-Pelvic­cavity---reproductive­organs

Other Body Cavities

• _______________

• _________________

• __________________

• __________________

ORAL­AND­DIGESTIVENasalOrbitalMIDDLE­EAR

• List­the­9­separate­regions­separated­by­4­planes• ____________________• _____________________• ________________________• _____________________• ________________________• ___________________________• _____________________________• _____________________________• _________________________________

Umbilical­region

Epigastric­region

Hypogastric(pubic­)region

Right­and­left­iliac­or­inguinal­region

Right­and­left­lumbar­regions

Right­and­left­hypochondriac­regions