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XVTHE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

By PROFESSOR E. HULTZSCH, Ph.D.TI1HE fact that in the fourteenth century of our era the

Pandya country with its capital Madura was ruledover by Musalman princes, is known from the Travelsof Ibn Batuta.1 The Madras Journal of Literatureand Science for 1888 - 9 contained an article byMrs. L. Fletcher on " Ibn Batfitah in Southern India",to which Mr. L. White King and Captain R. II. C. Tufnellappended a

"Note on the Coins of the MuhainmadanViceroys in Southern India" (p. 55 ft'.). This Note wasreprinted in the Appendix to Captain Tufnell's Hintsto Goin-Golleetors in Southern India, (Madras, 1889),p. 66 ff. It was accompanied by a plate figuring fifteencoins of the Sultans of Madura, all of which had beenhitherto unpublished and unidentified. A number of coinsof the same class, collected in the Madura district bythe Rev. J. E. Tracy and forwarded by him to the latelamented Mr. C. J. Rodgers, enabled this experiencednumismatist to rectify and supplement Captain Tufnell'sreadings and conclusions.2 Finally, a few coins of thesame description were briefly noticed by Messrs. T. M.llanga Chari and T. Desika Chari in the Indian

Antiquary, vol. 31 (1902), p. 232.The coins of the Sultans of Madura are of considerablehistorical interest, as they supply a well-connected seriesof Hijra dates from 735 to 779, and as in several respects

1Dofremery et Sanguinetti, Voyages d'lbn fiatoutah, vol. 4, p. 187 flCompare also Dr. Caldwell's History of Tinnevelly, p. 42, and Mr. SewelFsLists of Antiquities, vol. 2, p. 222 f.

2 Coins of theMusalmdn Kings of Ma1 bar : with two plates : Journ. As.Soc. Bengal, vol. 64 (1895), pt. 1, p. 49 ff.

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668 THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA

they confirm and add to the information furnished byIbn Batuta. I therefore do not consider it superfluousto reproduce the specimens collected by myself in Madura,inserting in my list all the coins published by my predecessors. The following abbreviations will be used :?

Thomas = Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Dchli,London, 1871.

British Museum = Coins of the Sultans of Dehli in theBritish Museum, London, 1884.

T. = Tufnell.R. = Rodgers.D. = Ranga Chari and Desika Chari.H. = Hultzsch.The capital of the princes with whom we are here

concerned was Madura.1 I call them "Sultans of Madura",instead of "kings of Ma'bar" as Mr. Rodgers did, becausethe Musalinan writers seem to have employed the termMa'bar not only for the Pandya country, but for the wholeCoromandel coast, including Nellore and Kulbarga, and forthe Malabar coast from Quilon to Cape Comorin.2The Pandya kingdom had been added to the empireof Delhi during the reign of 'Ala'u-d-din Khilji. A warbetween two pretenders to the throne of Madura offeredan opportunity for interference. In a.d. 1310 SundaraPandya, having killed his father "Kales Dewar"(i.e. Kulasekharadeva), and having been defeated by hisbrother Vira-Pandya, fled to Delhi/3 In 1311 'Alau-d-din'sgeneral, Malik Na'ib Kafur, proceeded to Madura, whichhe found deserted by Vira-Pandya. He destroyed thetemple, and carried away many elephants and horsesand an enormous amount of gold and jewels.4

1 Voyages d'Ibn fiatoulak, vol. 4, pp. 192, 190, 200.2 Elliot and Dowson's History of India, vol. 1, p. 09; vol. 3, pp. 32and 339.3 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 52 ff.4 Ibid., pp. 91 f. and 204 ; Dr. Caldwell's Comparative Grammar,p. 540; Briggs, Feriskta, vol. 1, p. 374.

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THE COINAGE OV THE SULTANS OF MADURA 669

The laborious calculations of dates made by my latefriend Professor Kielhorn have now settled the period ofreign of a number of Pandya kings. The Sundara-Pandyawho fled to Delhi in 1310 is of course different from,and later than, that Sundara-Pandya who is mentionedby Marco Polo in 1292, and who died in 1293.1 Thisearlier Sundara-Pandya has to be identified with Jatavarman alias Sundara-Pandyadeva II, who ascended thethrone in A.D. 1275-6.2 The Kulasekharadeva who wasmurdered by his son Sundara-Pandya in 1310, must beidentical with Maravarman alias Kulasekharadeva I, whoreigned from 1268 to at least 1308.3 He has two slightlylater namesakes. The first is the Kerala king llavivarmanalias Kulasekharadeva, whose inscription at Tiruvadi4 isdated in 1313, two years after Malik Nfi'ib Kaffir'ssacking of Madura. The second is the Pandya kingMaravarman alias Kulasekharadeva II, who reigned from1314 to at least 1325/' He may be the Kulasekharamentioned in the 90th chapter of the Malmvaihsa,verse 47.? Finally, Vira-Pandya, the third contemporaryof Malik Naib Kaffir, also had a living namesake inVira-Pandyadeva of Venadu 7 or Travancore, who seemsto have been defeated by Ravivarman of Kerala.8

Although parts of Southern India were certainly in thepossession of Kulasekharadeva II and other Hindu kings,Madura itself seems to have remained a dependency ofDelhi until the earlier portion of Mulmmmad bin Tughlag'sreign. This may be gathered from the narrative of Ibn

1Elliots History oj India, vol. 1, p. 69 f. ; vol. 3, pp. 32 and 34.2 Ep. Ind., vol. 6, p. 314, and vol. 0, p. 228. On a previous occasion(Ind. Ant., vol. 21, p. 122) I had tentatively identified him with Jatavarmanalias Sundara-Pandyadeva I.3Ep. Ind., vol.* 6, p. 314, and vol. 1), p. 227.4 Ibid., vol. 8, p. 8.5 Ibid., vol. 6, p. 315, and vol. 9, p. 228.* See Dr. Caldwell's Comparative Grammar, p. 537.

7 Professor Kielhorn's Lists of Southern Inscriptions, No. 957.8 Ep. Iiui., vol. 4, p. 146, n. 4.

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Batuta,1 and is confirmed by the existence of certaincoins which, as stated by Mr. Rodgers,2 are of southernfabric and are not found in the bazars of Northern India.To the two types figured by Mr. Rodgers I am able toadd a third, hitherto unpublished (No. 3).

I. Southern issues of Muhammad rin Tughlaq.No. la.

Thomas, 210 (copper).

He who puts his trust in Muliammad bin Tughlaqthe help of God. a.h.730. Shah.No. lb.

H., 34 grammes (impure silver); R., 32 (copper).Same as No. la, but date 733. Fig. 1.

No. le.H., 3*4 grammes (silver).

Same as Nos. la and 16, but date 734. Fig. 2.No. 2.

H., 3*6 and 3*2 grammes (copper); T., pi. iii, 36 (copper) ;R,, I, 2, 3 (mixed metal and copper).

The just Imam. Muhammad bin TughlaqShah. Fig. 3.No. 3.

H., *9grammes (copper).

The just Sultan. Fig. 4.This coin I venture to assign to Mul.iammad bin Tughlaq,1Vol. 3, p. 328, and vol. 4, p. 189. See also Elliot's Histoiy of India,

vol. 3, p. 243.2 Loc. cit., p. 51.3 Read thus instead of ^omj .4 In the accompanying plate the reverse of this coin is lying on its left

side, and its legend must he read from the top to the bottom of the page.

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THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA 671on two of whose early coins (Thomas, 189 ; British Museum,280, 281) the same title occurs; compare also the similarepithet on the coin No. 2.The name of the governor of Ma'bar who threw off hisallegiance to the throne of Delhi, and thus led to theestablishment of a series of Musalman rulers at Madura,was Jalalu-d-din Ahsan Shah.1 He was the father-in-lawof the traveller Ibn Batuta, who had married at Delhi2his daughter llur-Nasab:?" She was very pious, wakedthe whole night, and was incessantly occupied in prayingto God. She had a daughter by me; but I do not knowwhat has become of either of them. The mother couldread, but she had not learnt to write." 3

Ahsan Shah made Madura his capital4 and reigned forfive years.5 As A.H. 740 is both the latest date on hisown coins and the only date on those of his two successors,he must have declared his independence in A.H. 735. Heclaimed to be a descendant of the Prophet. AccordinglyJbn Batuta prefixes the title "Sharif" to his name0 and tothat of his son Ibrahim,7 and once he uses the synonymousterm "Saiyid".8 Both Ziya'u-d-din Barni and Firishtacall Ahsan Shah erroneously "Saiyid Hasan ".?When Muhammad bin Tughlaq received news of AhsanShah's revolt, he started in person to quell it.10 But onreaching Orangal he was forced by an epidemic of cholera,which broke out in his army, to return to Daulatabad.11

1 Voyages d'Ibn Batontah,\o\. 3, p. 328.2 Ibid.! vol. 4, p. 190.3 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 337f.4 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 200.5 Ibid., p. 189.* Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 328, 337 ; vol. 4, pp. 189, 190, 200.7 Ibid., vol. 3, pp. 337, 340.8 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 189.9 Elliot's History of India, vol. 3, p. 243 ; Briggs, Ferixhta, vol. 1,p. 423.10 Voyages dyIbn Batontah, vol. 3, p. 329.11 Ibid., p. 334 ; Elliot's History of India, vol. 3, p. 243.

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672 THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA"On the way, he was afflicted With a violent tooth-ache,and lost one of his teeth, whicti he ordered to be buriedwith much ceremony at Beer, and caused a magnificenttomb to be reared over it, whicti still remains a monumentof his vanity and folly." l The cruel tyrant ordered theson of At.isan Shah and brother-in-law of Ibn Batuta,named Ibrahim, to be cut in two.2 Firishta places theabortive expedition to Ma'bar in A.H. 742. But as AhsanShah revolted in about 735 and was killed in 740, thisdate seems to be too late by several years.II. Coins of Jalalu-d-din Ahsan Shah, a.h. 735-40.

No. 4. Gold dinar.

^ UjJI Jh.The offspring of Ta-Ha and He who puts his trust inYa-Sin, the father of the help of the Merciful,the poor and indigent, the Sultan Ahsan Shah.Jalalu-d-dunya wa-d-din.This very curious coin has not yet been recovered.

But that it was actually struck by Al.isan Shah is testifiedto by his son-in-law Ibn Batuta (vol. 3, p. 328). Asremarked by the two French translators, the letters Ta-Haand Ya-Sin form the titles of the 22nd and 36th chaptersof the Quran and belong to the epithets applied to theProphet. I have already stated that Al.isan Shah boastedof being a descendant of Muhammad, and that for thisreason the Musalman historians apply to him the titlesSharif and Saiyid. The expression (j5\Ji\ on the reversewas evidently copied by Ahsan Shah from the coin No. 1of his former sovereign Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

1 Briggs, Ferishta, vol. 1, p. 423 f.2 Voyages d yIbn fiatoxdak, vol. 3, p. 337 ff.

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THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA 673

NO. 5.R, 6 (mixed metal).

(in circle dU, ^j**^^hJ\ ^IkL, j Inmarginv. cUujt-wj. m^^* ajt-jf Ahsan Shah.

The Sultan of Sultans. -(The year . . . and thirtyI and seven hundred.

The unit of the Hijra date is indistinct. D. 13 (billon)is of the same type and is said to bear the date 734;but no transcript of the legend is given. According toIbn Batuta, Ahsan Shah declared his independence onlyin A.H. 735, and the latest southern date of his sovereignMuhammad bin Tughlaq is 734; see No. \c. In a letterdated November 1, 1898, and kindly placed at mydisposal by Dr. Codrington, the late Mr. Rodgers statesthat he had seen a coin of Jalalu-d-din dated A.H. 735.The date 734 on D. 13 is therefore not impossible, butrequires to be proved by a reproduction of the coin itself.

No. 6.R., 4 (silver).

^jJIj LjjJl JJL>- vrv *ifc^?^\Jalalu-d-dunyfi wa-d-din. Ahsan Shah. A.H. 737.

Captain Tufnell (Hints, p. 66) notes a silver coin of*l? ^au^-I l*)?.^ J^T with the date 740. But as he failedto decipher the obverse of No. 7, it remains doubtfulwhether the reverse is of the same type as No. 6 or

as No. 7.No. 7.

H., 3*1 grammes (impure silver); T., 2 (silver); D., 14 (silver).

The descendant of Husain. Al.isan Shah. A.H. 738.Fig. 5.On this coin Ahsan Shah calls himself a descendant

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674 THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURAof one of the sons of the Prophet, whom he claims forhis ancestor on the coin No. 4. D. 15 (silver) is statedto bear the date 739.

No. 8.H., 4*3, 4, 4, 3*9 grammes (copper); T., 1 and pi. iii, 35

(copper); R., 5 (copper).

The very great Sultan. The Sultan Al.isan Shah.Fig. 6.

This coin is identical with one figured by Dr. Codringtonand assigned by him to Hasan Shah Gangu, the founderof the Bahmani dynasty of Kulbarga (Num. Ghron.tvol. 18, pi. xvii, No. 3). In his letter to Dr. Codrington,Mr.Rodgers

remarks on it as follows:?"By the way,I claim your No. 3, pi. xvii, for my Aljisan Shah. I thinkif you compare your photograph with my drawing youwill say the same. I read it ^**-*.t, not ^uJl. My coinwas in better condition than yours, but in yours the\ does not join to the r ? {1^mA to form the J. Thereis no \ to the right, but a part of a circle." The fourcoins of the same type which are in my cabinet confirmMr. Rodgers' reading of the legend, and as they come fromMadura, they may be safely attributed to Al.isan Shah ofMadura, and not to Hasan Gangu of Kulbarga.

No. 9.R., 33 (copper).

The very great Sultan. Jalalu-d-dunya wa-d-din.A coin with exactly the same legend was struck byJalalu-d-din Firoz Shah of Delhi (Thomas, 123; British

Museum, 150). But the type of the letters is different;compare the c of *Ja.cS\ of British Museum, 150, andThomas, pi. ii, No. 52, with the corresponding letter ofR. 33, and see the remarks on No. 14 below.

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According to Ibn Batuta (vol. 4, p. 189), Ahsan Shahwas killed and replaced by one of his nobles, 'Ala'u-d-dinUdaiji,' who reigned for one year. On the coins of thisprince the second syllable of the name contains, not ^j,but y Hence the word may be read Udauji or Uduji.Mr. Rodgers proposes to read either Arohar or Aduji; butthese two forms would deviate still further from thatgiven by Ibn Batuta.

III. Coins of 'Ala'u-d-dIn UdaujI Shah, a.h. 740.No. 10.

R., 8 (mixed metal).In circle *l-l .vr^

^jJtj UjJ\ 1c InmarginIUdauji Shah.The year forty and sevenhundred.

No. 11.H., 4*5, 42, 41, 4 grammes (copper and brass) ; T., 3

(copper); R, 7 (copper).Obverse same as No. 10. The Sultan Udauji Shah.

Figs. 7, 8.After a successful battle with the " infidels",Udauji Shah

took off his helmet to drink, when he was killed on thespot by an arrow dispatched by an unknown hand. Thusthe year 740 saw a third ruler of Madura, Qutbu-d-din,the son-in-law of Udauji Shah, who was, however, killedafter forty days because his conduct did not meet withthe approval of the public.1 In spite of his short reign,he has left behind him a coin bearing his name and date.1 Voyages d1 Ibn Batoutah, vol. 4, p. 189 f.

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IV. Coin of Qutbu-d-dIn FIroz Shah, a.h. 740.No. 12.

H., 42 and 41 grammes (copper); T., 4 (copper); R., 9(copper).

Qutbu-d-dunya wa-d-din. Firoz Shah. a.h. 740.Fig. 9.

As stated by Mr. Rodgers (p. 52), the figure f of thedate is reversed on the coin. Captain Tufnell (Hints, p. 66)mentions another coin with ttie date 746; but this mustbe due to an error, because Firoz Shah was killed in thevery year of his accession, and a coin of his successor(No. 13) bears the date 741.The next Sultan was Ghiyiithu-d-din ad-Damaghani(styled Muhammad Damaghan Shah on his coin No. 13),who had originally been a trooper in the Delhi service.He married the daughter of Jalalu-d-din Al.isan Shah, andthus became the brother-in-law of Ibn Batuta.1 Thetraveller visited him at his camp, where he witnessedsome of the misdeeds perpetrated by this fiend in humanshape. Before pitching the camp a number of

" idolaters "with their women and children had been caught in theforest. Each prisoner was made to carry on his shouldersa stake pointed at both ends. Next morning the stakeswere fixed in the ground and the male prisoners wereimpaled on them. The women were strangled and tiedto the stakes by their hair, and the infants were massacred

on the breast of their mothers. " It was for this reasonthat God hastened the death of Gihiyathu-d-din." 2 IbnBatuta gives a lengthy account of the Sultan's war withthe (Hoysala) king Ballaladeva,3 who was 80 years of age.The latter was captured, strangled, and flayed. His skinwas stuffed with straw and suspended from the wall of1 Voyages d'Ibn fiatoutah, vol. 4, p. 188 ff.2 Ibid., p. 194.3 Ibid., p. 195ff.

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Madura. On his return to Madura, Ghiyathu-d-din losthis only son from cholera, and died himself a fortnightlater* from the effects of an aphrodisiac prepared bya Yogin.2V. Coins of Ghiyathu-d-dIn Muhammad Damaghan

Shah, a.ii. 741.No. 13.

H., 3*6 and 3*3 grammes (impure silver); T., 6 (billon) ;R, 10 (mixed metal); D.,. 17 (silver).

In circle all uU^b *x*s-*Ja*1\ c,lkLJ\ In margin?j>jJU L)*xl\ **tA?? *5U**-?j u^j*) ci***^ ^^The very great Sultan Muhammad Damaghan Shah.(Ihiyathu-d-dunyawa-d-din. The year one and forty andseven hundred. Fig. 10.

On my two specimens the unit of the Hijra date isuncertain. R. 10 and 1). 17 are dated in 741. D. 18(copper) and D. 19 (silver) are stated to bear thedate 742.

No. 14.H., 4*4, 43, 4*1, 31 grammes (copper and brass) ; T., 5

(copper); R, 11 (copper).^11 UILLJ\ ^\, IJjJI c^UThe very great Sultan. Ohiyathu-d-dunya wa-d-din.

Fig. 11.A coin with exactly the same legend was struck by

(jhiyathu-d-din Balban of Delhi. Here again, as in thecase of No. 9, the type of the c of ^ V*c,*j\ is different, aswill appear from a comparison of No. 14 with BritishMuseum, 119, and Thomas, pi. ii, No. 44. As Mr. Rodgershimself admits in his letter to Dr. Codrington, the coinR 34 is

perhapsnot a Madura coin, but may belong to

1 Voyages d'lbn Batontah, vol. 4, p. 202. 2 Ibid., pp. 41 and 199 f.

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Ghiyathu-d-din bin Muhammad of Kulbarga. To thesame king Dr. Codrington assigns a coin which has thesame legend as No. 14.1

Ghiyathu-d-din was succeeded on the throne of Maduraby his nephew Ntisiru-d-din (called on his coin Main midGhazi Damaghan Shall). The new king had beena domestic servant at Delhi before his uncle rose topower. He inaugurated his reign by killing off thoseofficers whom lie thought to be in his way, among themthe husband of his predecessor's daughter, whom hemarried forthwith. Ibn Batuta was then suffering froma deadly type of fever, but managed to cure himself bydrinking tamarind water. Still, he had had quite enoughof the capital of his amiable relative, and, in spite of thehitter's entreaties, left the inhospitable shores of Ma'barfor ever.2

VI. Coin of Naj?iru-d-din MahmOd Ghazi DamaghanShah, a.h. 745.

No. 15.

H., 36 and 35 grammes (impure silver); T., 7 (copper) ;R, 12 (mixed metal).In circle ^>w\!^ LijJt j*k>In margin *L$jUJj ^jU Jj+sl***5U*-~:. itf**}) U"+?- *^ ^llaLJt

Nasiru-d-dunya wa-d-din. The Sultan Malunud GhaziThe year five and forty Damaghan Shah.and seven hundred. Fig. 12.The unit of the Hijra date is stated to be legible on oneof Mr. Rodgers' specimens ; see p. 50 of his article, n. 1.

On the reverse of the coin the j of jy^sr* is engraved atthe top of .^^'*. The word ^jU, i.e. "the conqueror", is1Num. Ckron., vol. 18, p. 260.2 Voyages d yIbn fiatoutah, vol. 4, p. 203 ff.

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quite distinct on my two specimens, while Captain Tufnelland Mr. Rodgers had read JjU on their incomplete copies.As Ibn Batuta sailed from Madura during the reign ofNasiru-d-din, the remaining Sultans are known only fromthe legends of their coins. The first Hijra date is metwith after an interval of twelve years, when the reigningking was 'Adil Shah.

VII. Coins of 'Adil Shah, a.h. 757.No. 16.

R, 14 (mixed metal).In circle ali, JjU

aJ-sH ^UaLJl In marginVCV

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680 THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURANO. 19.

T., 10 (copper).'Adil Shah.

VIII. Coins of Fakhru-d-dIn Mubarak Shah,a.h. 761-70.

The correct decipherment and assignation of most ofthese coins is due to Mr. Rodgers. I have succeeded inreading one more coin which he could not make out(No. 22), and am able to assign another (No. 23) to thesame king. No. 20.

H., 1*6 (six specimens) and 1*7 grammes (copper); T., 13 ;R., 23, 26, 27, 28, 31 (copper).

The elect of God, Fakhr, Mubarak Shah, the king ofthe king of kings. the world, a.h. 763.Figs. 15, 16.

Mr. Rodgers' specimens bear the dates 761 (26), 763 (31),and 765 (28). Of my seven coins, one is dated in 763and another in 765. T. 13 is stated to bear the date 763.

It is worth noting that the language of this coin isPersian, while the legends of all the earlier coins of theSultans of Madura, if we except the Persian title Shah,were drafted in Arabic. That the language of the courtwas Persian in the time of Ghiyathu-d-din may beconcluded from a revolting incident related by Ibn Batuta(vol. 4, p. 194). No. 21.H., 1*6, 1*5, 1*5 grammes (copper and brass); T., 12

(copper); R., 18, 19, 20 (copper).

The elect of God. The servant of Mustafa(i.e. of the Prophet).a.h. 768. Figs. 17, 18.

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w WW WWt 2

7 a s

19

16

COINS OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA.

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Rodgers has the dates 765, 767, and 770, Tufnell 769,and one of my three coins has 768. These dates, incombination with the epithet all ***j/tr? on *ne obverse,entitle us to assign No. 21 to Mubarak Shah of No. 20.J). 23 (copper) is stated to bear the date 770 and to read. instead of^ko,* *jU*.No. 22.

H., 1*8 grammes (copper); T., 11 (copper); R., 21 (copper);1)., 21 (copper).

Mul.iainmad Mustafa. The servant of the Prophet.a.h. 765. Fig. 19.The Hijra date is that of T. 11 and R 21, while

another of Captain Tufnell's coins and D. 21 are saidto be dated in 764; on my specimen the date portionis cut away. The two words preceding the date hadbeen read on D. 21 as "An-Nabi ba-saia". This readingand the synonymous expression ^ik*a.? ^jld- on thereverse of No. 21 helped me to rind out the actual legend"Nasifu-n-nabi". The two words on the obverse arenames of the Prophet which Mubarak Shah seems to haveadopted. Jik-o.^ is the Arabic equivalent of the Persian*joj^j ; see Nos. 20 and 21.

No. 23.H., 3*2 grammes (copper); T., 14 (copper).

The very great Sultan. Fakhru-d-dunya wa-d-din.Fig. 20.

This coin may be attributed to Mubarak Shah, who iscalled "Fakhr, the king of kings" on No. 20. There wasanother Fakhru-d-din Mubarak Shah in Bengal betweena.h. 739 and 750.1

1 Coins of theMuhammadan Slates of India in the British Museum, p. 13.JRA8. 1909. 45

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IX. Coins of 'Ala'u-d-din Sikandar Shah, a.h. 774-9.No. 24.

H., 1*5 grammes (copper); R., 22, 29, 30 (copper); D., 20(copper).

The elect of the Merciful. Sultan Sikandar Shah.a.h. 774. Fig. 21.

The epithet on the obverse is an imitation of oneapplied to Mubarak Shah on Nos. 20 and 21. The Hijradate is that of R. 29, 30, and perhaps of my own specimen.R. 22 is dated in 779. D. 20 is reported to bear the date757,1 which would place Sikandar Shah before MubarakShilh and in the time of 'Adil Shah. I therefore thinkthat the figures of it are misread.

No. 25.H., 4*2 and 41 grammes (copper); T., 15 (copper); R., 35

(copper).

'Alau-d-dunya wa-d-din. The Sultan Sikandar Shah.Fig. 22.

Glancing back at the coins published above, we findthat they range from A.H. 730, the sixth year of Muhammadbin Tughlaq, to 779, or from a.d. 1329-30 to 1377-8.The power which put an end to the ephemeral Musalmankingdom of Madura was the rising Hindu state ofVijayanagara. Already Saihgama I, the ancestor of thefirst Vijayanagara dynasty, is alleged to have defeated"that proud lord of Madhura, the valiant Turushka".2An inscription of a.d. 1365 at Tiruppukkuli3 states thatKampana II, a son of Bukka I of Vijayanagara, tookpossession of the " kingdom of Rajagambhira ", i.e. of thePandya country, and two inscriptions at Tiruppullani4

1 Compare Captain Tufnell's Hints, p. 69, n. 5.2 Journ. Bombay Br. R. As. Soc, vol. 12, p. 353, text-lino 21.8 Ep. Ind., vol. 6, p. 324 f.4Mr. Sewell's Lists of Antiquities, vol. 1, p. 301 f.

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THE COINAGE OF THE SULTANS OF MADURA 683show hiiu ruling a portion of the Ramnad Zamindari inA.D. 1371 and 1374. In another inscription of A.D. 1371his general Ooppana claims to have " slain the Tulushkas(i.e. the Musalmans) whose bows were raised", and to have"slain by his army the proud soldiers of the Tulushkas".1This brings us to the time of 'Ala u-d-din Sikandar Shah,whose coins are dated in A.H. 774 and 779, or A.D. 1372-3and 1377-8. They show that he continued to offerresistance to his Hindu antagonists. At present, his coinof A.H. 779 is the latest known document of the existenceof the Muhammadan kingdom of Madura.

1Ep. Ind., vol. 6, p. 330.

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