hull fouling & in-water cleaning: risks and updates · image: diving services nz ltd • 16 •...
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 1www.mpi.govt.nz
Dr Eugene Georgiades et al.Biosecurity Risk Analysis (Animals and Aquatic)
Hull fouling & in-water cleaning:Risks and updates
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Existential prologue
Image: CSIRO Australia
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Presentation overview• Context setting• New Zealand’s biofouling standard• In-water cleaning• Australian and New Zealand Guidelines• New Zealand research• International updates• Acknowledgements
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New Zealand’s marine values• Environment
– Marine biodiversity hotspot– Marine species estimated to make up 80% of all NZ native species– 51% of NZ marine species are endemic
• Economic– Marine aquaculture ~ $500 million annually– Commercial fishing > $1.3 billion annually (70% deep water)
• Social/Recreation– Majority of population live within 50 km of coast
• Culture– Ocean integral to Māori culture and identity
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Image: DiveCo Ltd
Image: DiveCo Ltd Image: Diving Services NZ Ltd
Image: MPI
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 6Image: Dept. of Fisheries Image: Roger Grace
Image: Roger Grace Image: Roger Grace
Disease spread associated with biofouling• Ostreid herpesvirus microvariant 1• Bonamia ostreae• Marteilioides chungmuensis
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• > 3,000 vessels enter annually– 70% merchant vessels– 20% recreational vessels– 3% fishing vessels– 3% passenger vessels – other(New Zealand Customs Service 2008)
• Nature of the risk for each vessel type unknown
New Zealand vessel arrivals
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• Vessel Biofouling Programme (2004 – 2007, 2009)• Objectives
– Identity, origin and extent of biofouling
– Relationship between presence of non-indigenous species (NIS) and biofouling extent
– Factors that influence the presence of NIS and biofouling extent
New Zealand Government commissioned research
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• Results– 72% of vessels fouled– NIS ~ 60% of vessels– NIS not established in New Zealand on 1/3 of these– Clean vessels
– 35% merchant vessels– 33% passenger vessels– 27% fishing vessels– 16% recreational vessels
Inglis et al. 2010
New Zealand Government commissioned research
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• Summary– All major vessel types likely to be fouled– Common fouling species
– Barnacles – Bryozoans – Tubeworms – Macroalgae– Bivalves
– Niche areas – abundant and diverse fouling
Inglis et al. 2010
New Zealand Government commissioned research
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• Hazard Identification– > 2000 species associated with vessel hulls– 20 broad taxonomic groups
– Based on trait similarities• Criteria
– Known components of marine biofouling assemblages– Known to be introduced to new locations– Known impacts on core values
Risk Analysis
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Cost Benefit Analysis• Results
– Benefits of mandatory action outweigh cost within 10 years– Net benefit (50 years) $520 - $865 m– Beneficiaries
– Aquaculture (90% of benefits)– Recreational fishing (3%)– Recreational use of beaches (2.7%)
– Cost – Non-compliant vessels (77- 83%)
– Freight vessels (95% of above cost)
Branson 2012
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• Craft Risk Management Standard for Vessel Biofouling signed off• 4 year “early adoption period” (voluntary)• Mandatory regulation to begin May 2018• Alignment with IMO Guidelines• Risk minimisation
For more details• Standard
https://mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/11668
• Science underpinning standardhttp://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/4148
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/2863
Craft Risk Management Standard
World first!
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(CRMS)
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• Outcome– Minimise the entry of harmful organisms
• Meeting the outcome– Arrive with a “clean” hull
OR– Provide evidence of biofouling management
Craft Risk Management Standard
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Meeting the CRMS• Continual maintenance using best practice
– IMO Guidelines– Biofouling Management Plan and Record Book
• Craft Risk Management Plan– MPI approved– Reduction of risk equivalent to arriving with “clean” hull
• Approved Treatments– MPI approved– Reduction of risk equivalent to arriving with “clean” hull
• Clean before/upon entry– Must be carried out within 30 days prior to entry into NZ– Or immediately upon arrival
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• No action• Provision of educational materials• Restriction of vessel stay > 24 hr• Taxonomic identification of fouling• Restriction of vessel stay ≤ 24 hr• Direct vessel to subsequent port where approved system is
immediately used to clean or treat vessel • Use of approved system to clean or treat vessel at original
recipient port• Haul-out or dry docking (vessels ≤ 1800 dry weight tonnage)• Refusal of entry into recipient port
Fouled vessels – what are the options?
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In-water cleaning – why?• Advantages
– Fuel savings– Lower CO2 emissions– Corrosion control– Extend paint service life– Cost vs. dry docking– Availability vs. dry docking– Biosecurity
• Disadvantages– Biosecurity– Chemical contamination
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1992Required 18% less shaft horsepower to achieve 25 knotsjust from removing slime layer!
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• 1997– Code of Practice for Anti-fouling and In-water Hull Cleaning and
Maintenance (ANZECC Code).– Concerns
• Establishment of non-indigenous species • Release of biocides
• 2009 – Code reviewed
• 2013 +– Guidelines released– Re-released 2015 – Undergoing review 2018
New Zealand (and Australia): In-water cleaning
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New Zealand (and Australia): In-water cleaning• Guidelines (principles)• In-water cleaning
– Regular is effective – Not a substitute for poor practice– Suitable anti-fouling coatings only– Not suitable on coatings at the end of their service life
• Clean before you leave• Minimise discharges
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New Zealand (and Australia): In-water cleaning
Context &
system
Paint Fouling
Conditions Aspirational goal
Decision Support Tool
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Summary: NZ in-water cleaning research
Vessel dry-docking, Singapore
- Daniel Kluza (MPI)
• 2018– Testing in-water cleaning systems (external hull)
• 2017– Frameworks for testing in-water cleaning systems (internal areas)– Treatment of recreational vessel pipework
• 2015– Frameworks for testing in-water cleaning systems (external hull)
• 2013– In-water cleaning of vessels: Biosecurity and chemical contamination risks
• 2012– Scenarios of vessel biofouling risk and their management
• 2009– Review of options for in-water cleaning of ships
• 2008– Determining the efficacy of incursion response tools:
Rotating brush technology (coupled with suction capability)
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• Research question– “When do the environmental costs of releasing
non-indigenous species and chemical contaminants during in-water cleaning outweigh the risks of no action?”
• Findings– Biocide free paints (acceptable)
• Slime layer• Vessels with < 15% fouling (with recapture)
– Biocidal paints (acceptable but…..)• Depends on vessel size, % fouling cover and type
Balancing the risks of in-water cleaningMorrisey et al. 2013
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• Objective– Develop standard testing requirements for in-water cleaning
systems with respect to biosecurity risk• Approach
– Categories– Investigation of biosecurity risks– Standard setting– Test development
Image: NIWA Ltd
Framework for testing in-water cleaning systemsIn-water cleaning technologies – Review of information
http://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/10814
Procedures for evaluating in-water systems to remove or treat vessel biofouling http://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/10811
NIWA LtdES Link Services Pty Ltd
MPI
Morrisey et al. 2015
Morrisey & Woods 2015
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We must find the balance between• minimising biosecurity risk• practicality of the testing
• scientific robustness• cost to the developer
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• Categories– Mechanical (e.g. brushes, water jets)– Manual (e.g. hand tools)
– Surface treatments (e.g. heat, ultra sound)– Shrouding technologies (e.g. encapsulation, enclosure)
Image: NIWA Ltd
Removal systems
Treatment systems
Framework for testing in-water cleaning systems
Biosecurity risks identified -from set-up to de-mobilisation!
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• Performance standards for testing– Manual and mechanical systems
– Removal of all visible macrofouling
– Shrouding and surface treatment systems– All biofouling rendered non-viable
– Effluent treatment– Maximum particle size (12.5 µm) or
– Non-viable or
– Not discharged
Framework for testing in-water cleaning systems
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• General test requirements– Vessel testing using the full system– Simulation of intended use– Evaluation conducted by approved, independent contractor
Framework for testing in-water cleaning systems
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 28Image: NIWA Ltd
Framework for testing in-water cleaning systems
– System types• Mechanical removal• Manual removal• Surface treatments• Shrouding technologies
– Vessel areas (& types)• Flat• Curved• Niche• Wind-and-water line• Whole vessel
– Paint types• Biocidal• Non-biocidal
– Fouling types (& cover)• Moderate soft• Moderate hard• Heavy hard
Factors considered
– Environment• Current speed• Sea conditions• Visibility, etc
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Framework for testing in-water cleaning systems
– Provision of system documentation• Mechanism of action• Technical specifications• Intended application• Standard operating procedures
– Testing process• Independent oversight• Choice of vessels• Level of replication• Environmental conditions
– Data recording• Type• Reporting templates
– Test methods• Vessel surfaces / regions• Types and level of biofouling• Effects on anti-fouling coatings• Waste capture and treatment
Guidance provided on
– Rationale• Why?• Cost
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• Summary– Framework
– Transparent, robust and practical – Will inform MPI’s requirements– Industry certainty regarding MPI expectations– Independent– Cross jurisdiction approval
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Testing efficacy of in-water cleaning systems
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• Niche areas– Small proportion of the hull– High susceptibility to biofouling – Increased fouling abundance and diversity relative to hull– Reactive measures to mitigate biosecurity risk?
• Research objectives– Evaluate reactive methods– Develop data requirements for efficacy testing
• Literature review (accepted Mar. Tech. Soc. J.)– In-water systems to remove or treat biofouling in vessel sea chests
and internal pipework www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/11821
Operation: Sea chest!Abraham Growcott
Dan KluzaEugene Georgiades
MPI
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• Niche areas– Often over-looked– Knowledge gap regarding treatment
• Research objectives– Identify suitable treatment– Validate treatment
– Laboratory testing (mock pipework)– Vessel testing
– Deliver operational protocol for use at the border
Treatment of recreational vessel pipeworkCawthron Institute
NIWA LtdBiofouling Solutions Pty Ltd
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In-water cleaning in New Zealand• Ministry for Primary Industries
– Provides guidance to local authorities (Regional Councils)– All cleaning undertaken according to Aus/NZ guidelines
• In-water cleaning regulations– Regional Coastal Plans under Resource Management Act
– Designed and developed by Regional Councils– Council approval required
– Unless already permitted within that area
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In-water cleaning - Australia
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• Australian Federal Government– Provides guidance to State/Territory Governments and port authorities– All cleaning undertaken according to Aus/NZ guidelines
• Review of Aus/NZ guidelines 2018– Establish baseline activities– Explore barriers to uptake– Improvements to cleaning– Promoting proactive cleaning (slime layer)– Stakeholder identification for permissions
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In-water cleaning - Western Australia
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2011: WA Dept. Fisheries commissioned research
for system development to clean or treat large (> 40 m) vessels
No particles > 12.5 µm observed in effluent
Effluent [Cu] ~ 250 µg/L45 m vessel = 87.5 g Cu removedEffluent = 350,000 LDilution required to meet ANZECC90% protection criteria [3 µg/L]= 27,000 L Fremantle Port = 13 million L
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In-water cleaning - Western Australia
• Policy released March 2015• Out of water treatment is preferred• Promote “Clean before you leave” • Prevention – minimise biofouling - accumulation• By 2020 zero secondary biofouling
http://www.fish.wa.gov.au/Documents/biosecurity/in_water_treatment_guidance_statement_10_march_2015.pdf
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• California State Lands Commission– Mandate to manage invasive species– In discussions with Regional Water Quality Control Boards
• State Water Resources Control Board– Prohibited in copper impaired waters– Discharge limit: Long Beach, San Diego & Los Angeles Port ~3.1 µg/L– ~16 vessels cleaned per year (> 3 NM from land)
• San Francisco Water Quality Control Board– Unimpaired waters– Best Management Practices Fact Sheethttp://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/publications_forms/documents/in_water_hull_cleaning_bmp_fact_sheet.pdf
In-water cleaning - California
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In-water cleaning – California (San Francisco)
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• Operational triggers– Discharge water
– [Copper] should not exceed 100 µg/L– [Zinc] should not exceed 700 µg/L
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In-water cleaning - Hawaii• Not permitted in commercial harbours
– Hawaii Dept of Health and Dept of Transportationhttps://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OW-2011-0141-0949
• Still occurs– Military, commercial, cruise ships, research, fishing and recreational vessels– No recapture technology
• Dept of Land and Natural Resources (Biosecurity)– Discussions re: Policy and Regulations to allow biosecure cleaning
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In-water cleaning – what are we protecting?
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• Considerations– Biosecurity– Chemical contamination– In-water cleaning technology
• Approach– Act now?
Potentially permanent
& widespread
effects
Short-termlocal effects
Rapid improvements
Wait
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Other MPI biofouling-related Operational Research
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• Service providers– NIWA Ltd– ES Link Services Pty Ltd– Cawthron Institute– Biofouling Solutions Pty Ltd
• In kind support– Dept. of Fisheries Western Australia– Australian Dept. of Agriculture and Water Resources– California State Lands Commission– Dept. Land and Natural Resources, Hawaii
• MPI– MPI Operational Research Team!– Biosecurity and Environment Group – Response Group– Long-term Incursion Management Group
AcknowledgementsBeards on facesNOT on boats!!!
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Non-indigenousspeciesfromhullfoulinginDanishmarinewaters
Dr.FrankStuer-Lauridsen(Denmark)
• Currentstatusstudy• Hotspotidentification• Proposalforprogramme• TheMONIS4effortin2017-2018
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SelectedServices
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofouling andhullcleaning
Invasivespecies
Shiprecycling
Arctic,Waste,Oil&Gas
Airemissions
EquipmentmanufacturersIMOandUSGCapprovaldevelopmentforBallastWaterTreatmentSystems
AuthoritiesandDKEPABallastwaterregulationStrategyonmonitoring/inspectionHullfoulingassessment
Shipowners andassociationsRiskassessmentsissues
IMOConsultantonapprovalofballasttreatmentwatersystems
05/04/17
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MarineStrategyFrameworkDirective§ MS5.Establishandimplementa
monitoringprogramme by15thJuly2014.
§ MS6.Developaprogramme ofmeasuresby2015andoperationalizetheprogramme by2016.
§ MS7.MemberStatesshallby2020atthelatesttakethenecessarymeasurestoachieve“GoodEnvironmentalStatus”.
BWMCandOSPAR/HELCOM§ Monitoringinportsforexemptions
underBWMC
§ PopulateOSPAR/HELCOMNISdatabaseafterJointHarmonisedProcedure
4/11/17 4
DrivingforcesforNIS
Kick-offMONIS4
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Thedesktopstudyonhullfoulingin2015(DNA2016):
05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofouling andhullcleaning
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HullfoulingandNIS
§ What isthestatusondatainDK?§ Dowe havepotentialhotspots?
§ STSlocations§ Portsofrefuge§ Shipyards§ Inwater hull cleaning§ Marinas
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning 05/04/17
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Vectorsingeneral
Lessepsianmigration*
24%
Ballastwater22%
Hullfouling16%
Aquaculture16%
Stocking9%
Rangeexpansion
6%
Ornamental2%
Canal(otherthanSuez)
2%
Science1%
Bait
1% Notassessble
1%
StatusinDenmark
05/04/17 ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
Gollasch,2006
*SpeciesmovementthroughtheSuezCanal
§ Approx.46establishedintroducedaquaticspeciessincesincelate19th century
§ Approx.1newspeciesevery4years§ After1980approx.1newspeciesevery2
years§ Benthicorganisms(17)andmacroalgae(11)§ Invasive:
§ NEW:Mnemiopsis leidy,Sargassummuticum,Gracilaria vermiculophylla,Pseudochattonella verruculosu,Marenzelleria viridis,Neogobiusmelanostomus
§ OLD:Mya arenaria,Neanthes succinea
Basedon2012NotebyDCE(StæhrandThomsen)
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VectorsforNISinDenmarksince1880
05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
Top3Denmark§ Ballastwater§ Oysters§ Hulls
BasedonpresentationbyDCE(Stæhr)
0 5 10 15
Ballastwater
Introducedwithoysters
Hullfouling
Unknown
Introducedwitheel
Introducedaquaticplant
Larvaefromaquaculture
Aquaculturespecies
Vectorsforintroducednumberofspecies
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MonitoringanddataresourcesExistingmonitoring,includednationaldatabase(MADS)§ Phyto/zooplankton,macroalgae,angiosperms,
benthic organisms,fish,mammals,seabirds§ Notdirected towards NISandno timeseries
Compilationofdata§ NOBANIS§ HELCOM(Baltic)andOSPAR(NorthSea)
Informationonvessels§ AutomatedInformationSystemAIS§ Ports,PortStateControl§ Municipality (4-5havepermittedin-waterhull
cleaning)
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning 05/04/17
Aquaculture6%
Artificial channels
1%
Ballast water21%
Driftwood4%
Imported?2%
Japanese Eels7%
Natural spreading
5%
Oysters20%
Ship hulls20%
Unknown14%
FromDNA(2016)
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05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
MapofdensityofshiptrafficinseassurroundingDenmarkin2014http://www.marinetraffic.com/
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Danishhotspots?
05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
§ STSlocationsandbunkering
§ Areas ofrefuge§ Shipyards§ Inwater hull cleaning§ Marinas
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05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
ADanishhotspotforhullNIS?
Kalundborg Fjord- Anareaofrefugeandpopularin-waterhullcleaningspot
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MarineStrategyDirective:ActionsonD-2
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning 05/04/17
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Monitoringonvessel
§ >2,000ofspeciesareassociatedwithwettedareaofPanamax
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
Monitoringinhotspots?
05/04/17
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Whatcanwedo-ActionPlan
05/04/17ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning
§ Initiate monitoring programmeforNIS§ In-water hull cleaning:Assess Best
Available Technologies§ Issues forin-water hull cleaning:
§ Nicheareas§ Paintchipsandresidues§ Wasteandwaste water
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DanishNatureAgency(2014)“Monitoringofnon-indigenousspeciesinDanishmarinewaters”
4/11/17 16Kick-offMONIS4
§ NIVADK,LITEHAUZ,AkvaplanNIVA§ MonitoringprioritiesforNISin
combinationwithexistingprogramme
§ Proposedprogramme§ 13hotspots§ 44existingstations§ 48locationswitheDNA
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Potentialhotspotsfor“Non-indigenousspeciesinmarinewaters”
4/11/17 17Kick-offMONIS4
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TheMONIS4NISmonitoringprogramme
§ Coverageofporthotspots§ Datageneration§ Comparisonofconventionel and
eDNA speciesidentification
§ Sampling:§ phyto andzooplankton§ softsubstrate§ hardsubstrate§ fish(dayandnight)
4/11/17 18Kick-offMONIS4
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Hardsubstrate§ Settlingplates(PVC)andropeoffixedtypeandlength
§ 9unitsinÅrhus PortandinEsbjergPort§ Deployedfromearlytolatesummer(MaytoSeptember)§ Semiquantitativeidentification
§ Scrapingofsubseastructures§ 18locationsininÅrhus PortandinEsbjergPort§ Qualitativespeciesidentificationundermicroscope
4/11/17 19Kick-offMONIS4
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NISidentificationwitheDNA§ 20NISonTargetSpecies
Listareanalysed withqPCR§ 32samplesofwater
column§ 16ports
4/11/17 20Kick-offMONIS4
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Summary• Invasionscausedbyhullfoulingarerelativelyrare(8/120years)butontherise
• AfterBWMChullswillbeshipping’slargestvector• EUMarineStrategyDirectiverequiresaddressinginvasivespecies(D-2)
Dowe(Denmark)haveaproblem?
• VoluntaryIMOGuideline,regulationinAUS/NZ• USregulationincludedinVGP,andUSstateregulation• NationalDanishGuidance?
Whatcanwedo- inspiration?
• Invasivespecieshideinplacesnottargetedwhencleaninghullforspeed
• In-waterhullcleaningforNISnotregulatedandnotincentivised
• RiskIdentificationtool,onboardmonitoring?
Betteravailabletechnologies?
ChalmersandLighthouseBiofoulingandhullcleaning 05/04/17
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 1www.mpi.govt.nz
Dr Eugene Georgiades et al.Biosecurity Risk Analysis (Animals and Aquatic)
In-water cleaning: Risk?
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 2
• Context– EPA re-assessment of antifouling biocides– Australia and New Zealand in-water cleaning guidelines
• Environmental contamination risks of in-water cleaning• Further thoughts and upcoming research• Key documents
– Australian and New Zealand antifouling and in-water cleaning guidelineshttp://www.agriculture.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/animal-plant/pests-diseases/marine-
pests/antifouling-consultation/antifouling-guidelines.pdf– In-water cleaning of vessels: biosecurity and chemical contamination risks
https://mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/4092
– Scenarios of biofouling risk and their managementhttps://www.mpi.govt.nz/document-vault/4029
– Application of NZ scenarios within the MAMPEC modelepa.govt.nz/Publications/EPA_AntifoulingPhase2.pdf
Presentation overview
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 3
NZ EPA re-assessment of antifouling biocides• To retain an existing approval, the substance must either:
– pose negligible risks to human health and the environment, or – possess benefits which outweigh any un-mitigated risks posed
• Antifouling paints have high generic benefits
• Copper - the principal biocidal component in all NZ-approved antifouling paints
• Some approvals retained even when significant risks existhttp://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/HSNO%20Application%20Register%20Documents/APP201051_APP201051_Evaluation_and_Review_Final.pdf
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 4
New Zealand (and Australia): In-water cleaning
Discharges meet local standards or requirements -but what are the discharges?
Decision Support Tool
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 5
• Research Question– “When do the environmental costs of releasing
non-indigenous species and chemical contaminants
during in-water cleaning outweigh the risks of no action?”
• Approach taken– Key questions– Literature review and modelling/risk assessment– Combine chemical and biosecurity risk assessments– Knowledge gaps?
Balancing the risks of in-water cleaning
Vessel dry-docking, Singapore - Daniel Kluza (MPI)
Morrisey et al. 2013
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 6
• Scenarios examined– Vessel origin– Vessel type– Vessel size– Paint type– Cleaning method– Number of vessels cleaned– Ports and marinas
Balancing the risks of in-water cleaning
Image: Daniel Kluza (MPI)
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 7
Assessment of the chemical contamination risks• Question 1:What are the contaminant levels in the water column following in-water cleaning?
• Question 2:What are the contaminant levels in Question 1 equivalent to in terms of vessel numbers at typical leaching rate?
Key caveats• no effluent treatment• release from in-water cleaning only
Chapter 5
Image: Daniel Kluza (MPI)
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 8
Question 1:What are the contaminant levels in the water column
following in-water cleaning?
Image: DiveCo Ltd
• Release rates for in-water cleaning – Based on
• Copper content (sound paint; leached layer; biofilm)• Layer thickness• Removal depth
– Lower (Soft: 85 µg/cm2; Aggressive: 3145 µg/cm2)– Upper (Soft: 625 µg/cm2; Aggressive: 4225 µg/cm2)
• Uncertainties– [Copper] in biofilms– [Copper] in leached layer– Depth of paint removed (cleaning type)– Partitioning of copper from removed biofilm and paint into environment– Size of mixing zone
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 9
• Recreational vessels– Up to 1 kg (total copper)
• A large commercial vessel– > 1 tonne of copper
• Commercial vessels– Soft cleaning
• Up to 68 kg (total copper)• Guideline exceeded within 50 and 140 m of vessel (paint type)
– Aggressive cleaning• Up to 300 kg (total copper)• Guideline exceeded > 350 m from vessel
Question 1: What are the contaminant levels in the water column following in-water cleaning?
USEPA acute criteria 4.8 µg/L
Image: DiveCo Ltd
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 10
No. vessels cleaned per daySurface
area (m2)Length
class (m) 0.00274 0.0274 0.137 0.274 1 2
Lyttelton(worsecase)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Medium High6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low High High
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Medium High High15640 250-300 m Low Low Low High High High
Waitemata(largest port)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Low Low6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Low Low Medium15640 250-300 m Low Low Low Low Low Medium
Risks of in-water cleaning commercial vessels soft cleaning (copper release, upper estimate)
Low = < 3 µg/L; Medium > 3 µg/L but < 4.8 µg/L; High > 4.8 µg/LANZECC 90% chronic guideline USEPA acute criteria
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 11
Risks of in-water cleaning commercial vessels aggressive cleaning (copper release, upper estimate)
No. vessels cleaned per daySurface
area (m2)Length
class (m) 0.00274 0.0274 0.137 0.274 1 2
Lyttelton(worse case)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low High High
3231 100-150 m Low Low Medium High High High
6333 150-200 m Low Low High High High High
10469 200-250 m Low Low High High High High
15640 250-300 m Low Medium High High High High
Waitemata(largest port)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Low High High
15640 250-300 m Low Low Low Medium High High
Low = < 3 µg/L; Medium > 3 µg/L but < 4.8 µg/L; High > 4.8 µg/L
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 12
Question 2:What are the contaminant levels in Question 1 equivalent to in terms of vessel numbers at typical (8.2 µg/cm2/day) leaching rate?
17 126
634
852
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
SPC-low SPC-high SPC-low SPC-high
17
Comparison of total emission rates for 150-200 m commercial vessels:In-water cleaning vs. typical leaching rate
Soft cleaning Aggressive cleaning
Equi
valen
t no.
of v
esse
ls Typical emissionsAuckland ~ 10 vesselsLyttleton ~ 6 vessels
Imag
e: D
iving
Ser
vices
NZ
Ltd
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 13
Biosecurity Chemical Overall decisionBetter
to clean?
DecisionBetter
to clean?
DecisionBetter
to clean?
Restrictions and
alternative actionsInternational commercial vessels, brush cleaning of soft fouling, biocide-free paint
Yes Clean (biosecure) Yes Cleaning acceptable Yes
International commercial vessels, brush cleaning of hard fouling, biocide-free paintYes Clean
(biosecure) Yes Cleaning acceptable Yes
International commercial vessels, brush cleaning of soft fouling, biocidal paint
Yes Clean (biosecure)
Yes but see
below
Cleaning is acceptable except for > 1 vessel of 200 m or longer in Lyttelton: acceptable all sizes in Waitemata: see restrictions*
Yes but see
restrictions
Cleaning is acceptable except for > 1 vessel of 200 m or longer in Lyttelton: acceptable all sizes in Waitemata (lower release rate)*
International commercial vessels, brush cleaning of hard fouling, biocidal paint
Yes Clean (biosecure) No
Cleaning generally not acceptable Can do sides or boot-tops, with restrictions
See restrictions
Cleaning generally not acceptable Can do sides or boot-tops, with restrictions
In-water cleaning – risk considerations table
*Upper rate: do not clean ≥ 1 vessel > 100 m or ≥ 0.274 > 200 m in Lyttelton; or > 1 vessel > 200 m in Waitemata
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 14
No. vessels cleaned per daySurface
area (m2)Length
class (m) 0.00274 0.0274 0.137 0.274 1 2
Lyttelton(worsecase)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Medium High6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low High High
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Medium High High15640 250-300 m Low Low Low High High High
Waitemata(largest port)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Low Low6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Low Low Medium15640 250-300 m Low Low Low Low Low Medium
Risks of in-water cleaning commercial vessels soft cleaning (copper release, upper estimate)
Low = < 3 µg/L; Medium > 3 µg/L but < 4.8 µg/L; High > 4.8 µg/LANZECC 90% chronic guideline USEPA acute criteria
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 15
Risks of in-water cleaning commercial vessels aggressive cleaning (copper release, upper estimate)
No. vessels cleaned per daySurface
area (m2)Length
class (m) 0.00274 0.0274 0.137 0.274 1 2
Lyttelton(worse case)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low High High
3231 100-150 m Low Low Medium High High High
6333 150-200 m Low Low High High High High
10469 200-250 m Low Low High High High High
15640 250-300 m Low Medium High High High High
Waitemata(largest port)
412 < 50 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
1163 50-100 m Low Low Low Low Low Low
3231 100-150 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
6333 150-200 m Low Low Low Low Medium High
10469 200-250 m Low Low Low Low High High
15640 250-300 m Low Low Low Medium High High
Low = < 3 µg/L; Medium > 3 µg/L but < 4.8 µg/L; High > 4.8 µg/L
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 16
• In-water system development– Biosecurity risk– Recapture systems (soft fouling/some hard fouling removal)– Demonstrated to filter down to < 12.5 and 5 µm, respectively– UV-treatment
– Chemical contamination risk– Can meet water quality requirements (soft fouling & slime-layer
removal)
– Aggressive cleaning of hard fouling
Further thoughts
???Total copper PEC in an area (50 x 250 x 12 m) around a commercial vessel during in-water cleaning.
Vesselsize
200-250 m
Post-system effluent• Western Australia ~ 250 µg/L*• San Francisco < 100 µg/L
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 17Image: NIWA Ltd
In-water cleaning - system testing• Test external cleaning systems using MPI framework• In scope – reactive systems (macro-fouling)• In scope - metals testing
– Biofilms– Surrounding water– Post-system effluent
• In scope – MAMPEC modelling• Out of scope – proactive cleaning (slime-layer removal)
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 18
Save the date: 12-15th September 2017!
Want to know more?3rd ANZPAC Workshop
For more information: [email protected]
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www.mpi.govt.nz • 19
• Service providers– NIWA Ltd– ES Link Services Pty Ltd
• In kind support– Dept. of Fisheries Western Australia– Australian Dept. of Agriculture and Water Resources– California State Lands Commission– Dept. Natural Resources and Land, Hawaii
• MPI– MPI Operational Research Team!– Biosecurity and Environment Group– Response Group– Long-term Incursion Management Group
Acknowledgements
Image: Diving Services NZ Ltd
Moustaches on lips –
Not on ships!!!
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Erik YtrebergDepartment of Shipping and Marine Technology
Using MAMPEC in Swedish harbours
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4/11/17 Chalmers 2
Risk assessment
PEC/PNEC ≤ 1 =Acceptable risk
IMAGE SAMPLEPressure (Loads of biocides)
MAMPEC model
PEC (Predictedenvironmental concentrations
PNEC (Predicted no-effect concentrations
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4/11/17 Chalmers 3
Test runs in MAMPEC, using a AF paint with a release rate of 10 µg/cm2/d
• Other MAMPEC harbor scenarios can be developed
• With data on hull cleaning emissions one can include that load of biocides to MAMPEC and calculate site-specific PECs
• Even if PEC is low, Best Available Practice needs/should be considered? Question for regulators.
Gothenburgharbour
Oxelösund harbour (BalticSea)
PEC, Cu (µg/L) 0.07 0.6
Background, Cu, (µg/L)
0.51 0.69
PEC + background(µg/L)
0.58 1.29
PNEC, Cu, (µg/L) 4.3* 1.45*
PEC/PNEC 0.13 0.89
*According to HVMFS 2013:19, and when DOC conc. is unknown
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Lena Granhag, Dept Shipping and Marine Technology, Chalmers University of TechnologyBiofouling and hull cleaning seminar 5th April 2017
Natural supply of marine organisms vs hull cleaning introductions
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Life stages of fouling organismsBaybarnacleAmphibalanus improvisus
GreenfoulingalgaUlva sp.
0.5 mm 0.5 mm
Cypris-larva Newly metamorphosed juvenile
SporelingSpore
Adult 10-20 cm
Adult 2-3 cm
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4/11/17 Chalmers 3
• Dependent on type of organism• Barnacles –baseplate part of animal Mussels –byssus treads
THE POTENTIAL FOR RELEASE OF VIABLE ORGANISMS DURING CLEANING
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4/11/17 Chalmers 4
• Dependent on type of organism• Some algae -fragments Some animals– hydroids fragments
THE POTENTIAL FOR RELEASE OF VIABLE ORGANISMS DURING CLEANING
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Small Ulva (10 μm)
Diatoms (25 μm)
Large Ulva (cm)
Barnacles (cm)
Time
Biofouling succession
Slime-layeralso include small stages of macroalgae andinvertebrate larvae
Small barnacles (0,5 mm)
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DINIS OLIVEIRAPhD student
Attachment strength of marine organisms versus hull cleaning methods
BIOFOULING AND HULL CLEANING WORKSHOPGothenburg, April 5th 2017
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2Images courtesy of Marinvest Shipping AB (Gothenburg, Sweden).
BIOFOULING AND HULL ROUGHNESS
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (1952) Marine Fouling and Its Prevention.
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3
MOST COMMON SHIP FOULING
Soft Fouling “slime”, “grass”
Hard Fouling “shells”
micro<1 mm
Diatoms: Amphora, Navicula, …Bacteria: Cobetia marina, …Algae spore(-lings):
Ulva (Enteromorpha) …
Larvae and juvenile
MACRO>1 mm
Adult algae: Ulva (Enteromorpha) …
Barnacles: Amphibalanus …Tubeworms (Polychaeta)Oysters
Images courtesy of Marinvest Shipping AB (Gothenburg, Sweden).
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4
FOULING CONTROL COATINGS
ANTI-FOULING (AF)• Biocide release
• Insoluble matrix• Controlled Depletion Polymers• Self-Polishing Copolymers
FOUL-RELEASE (FR)• Non-stick / low adhesion
• Fluoropolymers• Silicones
Images: Dinis Oliveira (2016)
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5
COATING FAILURE
Images: top – Dinis Oliveira (2016); bottom – Marinvest Shipping AB.
HARD FOULING• Low hydrodynamic stress (aft region)• Depleted AF, or Low biocide release• Niche areas
ALGAL GROWTH• Main biocides not effective (Cu, Zn)• Booster biocides (herbicides)• Near waterline ↔ wear belt
AF = anti-fouling
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6
UNDERWATER HULL CLEANING
Images: left – adapted from Kalmuck, K.M. et al. (1997), 9th American Waterjet Conference, 541-554.right – Holm, E. R. et al. (2003) Biofouling, 19 (5), 297–305.
brusheswaterjet
strength = shear stress
cavitatingnon-cavitating0.01 MPa
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7
COMPILATION OF ADHESION STRENGTH
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8
ADHESION STRENGTH TESTS
MICRO-FOULING
MACRO-FOULING
Turbulent Channel FlowSchultz (2000)
ASTM D5618-94 – Force gauge
Waterjet (Finlay et al., 2002)Spinjet (Cassé et al., 2007)
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9
micro-FOULING ADHESION
brusheswaterjet
strength = shear stress
cavitatingnon-cavitating0.01 MPa
Silicone Foul-Release: ~ 0.000010 – 0.000275 MPa
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10
MACRO-FOULING ADHESION
brusheswaterjet
strength = shear stress
0.01 MPacavitatingnon-cavitating
Epoxy: ~ 0.3 – 2.2 MPa
Ablative Anti-Fouling: ~ 0.5 MPa
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Epoxy: ~ 0.3 – 2.2 MPa
Ablative Anti-Fouling: ~ 0.5 MPa
Silicone Foul-Release: ~ 0.03 – 0.5 MPa
11
MACRO-FOULING ADHESION
brushes0.01 MPa
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12
CHALLENGES FOR CLEANING
• Cohesive failure (shell breakage)• Adhesion strength > Cohesive strength
• Paint strength is variable:• Paint type • Quality of application• Age and history
Images: top – Berglin, M. et al. (2001), J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., 15 (12), 1485–1502.bottom – Dinis Oliveira (2016)
SPCcoating
July28th (drydock)
+1month(NorthSea)
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13
CHALLENGES FOR CLEANING
• Small radius of curvature• variable cleaning strength• variable results
Image courtesy of Marinvest Shipping AB (Gothenburg, Sweden).
Aft region of a product tanker
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14
CONCLUSIONS
• Target micro-fouling
• Take into account paint condition:• Type and age• Quality of application• Cause of failure
• Increase paint lifetime• Minimize emissions to water (paint flakes and dissolved biocides)
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15
KNOWLEDGE GAPS
• Cleaning forces exerted on paint / slime roughness
• Paint wear & damage(conservative threshold)
• Adhesion strength of naturalfouling assemblages
• Adhesion strength of foulingon biocide-containing coatings
?0.01 MPa
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