hue university rotifer taxonomy workshop 6-12 march 2010 hendrik segers belgian platform...
TRANSCRIPT
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Hendrik SegersBelgian Platform Biodiversity
Royal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesVautierstraat 29
B-1000 BRUSSELS (Belgium)
Introduction toScientific Nomenclature
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
“The objects of the Code are to promote stability and universability in the scientific names of animals and to ensure that the name of each taxon is unique and distinct.
All its provisions and recommendations are subservient to those ends and none restricts the freedom of taxonomic thought or actions”
(ICZN 1999:2)
Fundamental aim of nomenclature: avoid a Tower of Babel
Why nomenclature?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Greek and Roman naturalists, medieval herbalists; folk taxonomists: vernacular names• Pre-Linnaean naturalists:
names in Latin nomina specifica; binominal, trinominal or even polynominal names (e.g. Iris perpusilla saxatilis Norbonensis a caulis ferme) names inconsistent and often paragraphs long (diagnosis, description, identification purposes)
• Linnaeus’ 18th century taxonomic system [cf. Species plantarum (1753) and Systema naturae (1758)]
nomina trivialia; always binominal in structure diagnostic style
• Need for universal codes!
History of scientific nomenclature
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Nomenclature codes• Greuter, W., et al. (eds), 2000. International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (St Louis Code). Regnum Vegetabile 138. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein.ISBN 3-904144-22-7
• Trehane, P., et al. (eds). 1995. International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. Adapted by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants of the I.U.B.S. Regn. Veget. 133.
• Sneath, P.H.A., et al. (eds), 1992. International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Washington (+ : Skerman, V.D.B. et al., 1980. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names).
• International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 4th edition. Adopted by the I.U.B.S. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London.
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
History of zoological nomenclature1758 Formal starting point = 10th Edition of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae and Clerck’s Aranei Svecici1842 Strickland Code (botany and zoology)1889 First ICZ meeting (Paris); tentative adoption of a set of rules1901 Fifth ICZ meeting (Berlin); Rules of Zoological Nomenclature: Règles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique (French, English & German)
1961 First edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature1964 Second edition 1985 Third edition 1988 Launch of fourth edition project1995 Draft of fourth edition released by Secretariat1999 Fourth edition (current edition)
Takes effect from 1 January 2000
2005 Discussion on registration of names re-opened; “zoobank”
Also: biocode, phylocode,...
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Correct application of nomenclatural codes(e.g., correction of errors; homonyms;…)
Increased scientific understanding (e.g., discoveries; changes in species concept (s.l.) and phylogenetic understanding)
Why do names change?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Correct application of nomenclatural codes(e.g., correction of errors; homonyms;…)
Increased scientific understanding (e.g., discoveries; changes in species concept (s.l.) and phylogenetic understanding)
All changes are governed by legalistic, scientifically neutral conventions: the codes of nomenclature
E.g.: the ICZN (1999; http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp) consists of:
Preamble90 Articles, grouped in 18 chapters
One or more mandatory provisionsNon-mandatory recommendationsExamples
Glossary
Why do names change?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Ruling principles
• Nomenclature = naming tool
Nomenclature only follows taxonomy
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Nomenclature = naming tool
• Typification
The taxonomic identity of a name is determined by that of its type
Ruling principles
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Art. 61.1. Each nominal taxon in the family, genus or species groups has actually or potentially a name-bearing type. The fixation of the name bearing type of a nominal taxon provides the objective standard of reference for the application of the name it bears.
61.1.1. The valid name from a taxon is determined only from the name-bearing type(s)61.1.2. Objectivity through typification is continuous through the hierarchy of names, from species to family group61.1.3. Name-bearing types (generally) are stable and provide objective continuity in the application of names
(ICZN)
=> Identity of a name relies only on its type, not on its description or diagnosis
Principle of Typification
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification
• Principle of Synonymy
1 taxon should only have 1 name
Ruling principles
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification• Principle of Synonymy
• Principle of Homonymy
1 name can apply to only 1 taxon
(but see independance of codes)
Ruling principles
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Nomenclature = naming tool• Typification• Principle of Synonymy• Principle of Homonymy
• Principle of Priority
“the oldest fool is always right”
Ruling principles
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Principle of bionominal nomenclature
• Names of taxa above species: uninominal: e.g., Hominidae, Homo
• Names of species: binominal: e.g., Homo sapiens
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Monostyla closterocerca Schmarda, 1853
What’s in a name?
With subgenus name:
Lecane (Monostyla) closterocerca (Schmarda, 1853) Edmondson, 1935Short:
Lecane (M.) closterocerca (Shmarda, 1853) Or: L. closterocerca
new combination: Lecane closterocerca (Schmarda, 1853) Edmondson, 1935
With subspecies name: trinomen
Lecane (Monostyla) closterocerca amazonica Koste, 1972
Or: L. closterocerca amazonica
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Scientific Names are Latin
Rules of Latin grammar apply
Agreement in gender
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Scientific Names are Latin
Rules of Latin grammar apply
Agreement in gender
• Mastigocerca capucina Wierzejski & Zacharias, 1893• Rattulus capucinus : Jennings, 1903• Trichocerca capucina (Wierzejski & Zacharias, 1893) Harring,
1913
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectivese.g.:
- Lepadella minuta - Scaridium grande- S. longicaudum- Brachionus bidentatus- Keratella taurocephala
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives
- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective
e.g., Trichocerca tigris, T. rattus, T. cavia, T. mus, T. musculus, T. porcellus, T. orca.
also: Seison nebaliae.
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective
- After people: noun in genitive caseone man: Lecane ludwigii
one woman: Brachionus josefinae
several man/woman: L. gallagherorum
several woman: stem + arum
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:- After features: adjectives- After other species: noun in apposition, adjective- After people: noun in genitive case
- After places: adjectival toponym e.g., Lecane papuana
Brachionus budapestinensis
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formation of Scientific Names
• Formation of species names:
no diacritic or other marks, ligature, apostrophes, etc…:
- Trichocerca dixon-nutalli becomes T. dixonnutalli;- Dicranophorus lütkeni becomes D. luetkeni;- Filinia novaezaelandiae; - (ñ becomes n, ø becomes o, …)
But
- Zygiella x-notata
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Principle of Typification
Type: sole bearer on identity of a name
Description, diagnosis,… are required,
but irrelevant
(for nomenclatural purposes)
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Types of name-bearing types (in the species group)
Original designation(Fixed in the original publication)
Subsequent designation(Not fixed in the original publication)
Holotype: the single specimen upon which a new species-group taxon is based in the original publication (see also isotype)Paratypes: remaining specimens of the original type series (see also allotype)
Syntypes: specimens of a type series that collectively constitute the name-bearing typeHapantotype: (special case)
Lectotype: a syntype designated as the single-name bearing type specimen
Paralectotypes: each specimen of the former syntype series remaining after lectotype designation (see also isolectotype)
Neotype: the single specimen designated as the name-bearing type when no name-bearing type specimen is believed to exist (anymore)
Principle of Typification
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Terms not regulated by the Codes
Allotype: a designated specimen of opposite sex of the holotype
Cotype: a term formerly used for either syntype or paratypeGenotype: a term formerly used to designate the type species of a genus (generotype)Topotype: a specimen originating from the type locality or localities of the species or subspecies to which it is thought to belong, whether or not the specimen is part of the type series (see also topotypical specimen)
Some peculiar cases: Cleptotype, Iconotype, …
Type of a family name = genus Type of a genus = species
Principle of Typification
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
How does it work?
• Genus Pinus Linnaeus, 1753 (pine trees) • Taxonomy: five distinct genera
Genus 1 : P. cedrus
Genus 2 : P. larix
Genus 3 : P. picea, P. balsamea
Genus 4 : P. abies
Genus 5 : P. sylvestris, P. pinea, P. cembra, P. strobus, P. taeda.
Q: Can the real Pinus please stand up?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
How does it work?
• Taxonomy: five distinct genera Genus 1 : P. cedrus
Genus 2 : P. larixGenus 3 : P. picea, P. balsameaGenus 4 : P. abiesGenus 5 : P. sylvestris, P. pinea, P. cembra, P.
strobus, P. taeda.
1. Type of Pinus : P. sylvestris. Hence, = (5)2. Others: new names (Cedrus, Larix, Abies and
Picea, respectively).
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon– Nomenclatural (= objective, homotypic) synonyms– Taxonomic (= subjective, heterotypic) synonyms
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon– Nomenclatural (= objective, homotypic) synonyms– Taxonomic (= subjective, heterotypic) synonyms
• Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883) or• Lecane stokesi (Pell, 1890) or• Lecane ohioensis (Herrick, 1885) ?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon• Homonyms: 1 name = 2 or more taxa
• Lecane ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) • Lecane ornata (Daday, 1897)
(syn. of L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883))
Problem: name for L. ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) non (Daday, 1897)?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon• Homonyms: 1 name = 2 or more taxa
e.g.,
Argus Bohadsch, 1761(gastropod); Argus Scopoli, 1763 (butterfly); Argus Scopoli, 1777 (butterfly); Argus Poli, 1791 (mollusk); Argus Temminck, 1807 (bird);
Argus Lamarck, 1817 (hesperid); Argus Boisduval, 1832 (lycaenid); Argus Walckenaer, 1836 (arachnid); Argus Gray, 1847(mollusk); Argus Gerhard, 1850 (lycaenid))
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon• Homonyms: 1 name = 2 or more taxa
Who’s right?
Principle of Priority: • “the oldest fool is always right”
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon
• Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883)• Lecane stokesi (Pell, 1890)• Lecane ohioensis (Herrick, 1885)
« Oldest fool »:Lecane ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883)
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
Homonyms: 1 name = 2 or more taxa
• Lecane ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) • Lecane ornata (Daday, 1897)
(syn. van L. ludwigii (Eckstein, 1883)
Problem: name for L. ornata (Harring & Myers, 1926) non (Daday, 1897)?
No “Oldest fool” available!
Nomen novum required:
Solution: L. myersi
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Synonyms and Homonyms
• Synonyms: 2 or more names = 1 taxon• Homonyms: 1 name = 2 or more taxa
Who’s right?
Principle of Priority: • “the oldest fool is always right”But This Can Cause ProblemsThe commission can intervene!
(nomina rejicienda, conservanda)
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;• Scientific names must be spelled using the 26
letters of the Latin Alphabet;
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formal requirements in ICZN (1)
• Name or nomenclatural act must be Published;• Scientific names must be spelled using the 26 letters
of the Latin Alphabet;• Derivation: a name may be derived from any
language, or even an arbitrary combination of letters if this is formed to be used as a word (not cbafdg);
=> lots of freedom allowed!
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Some examples….
One-letter difference: Tortricidae (Moths, Northern Mexico: (Kearfott, 1907)
Eucosma fandanaEucosma gandana Eucosma handana Eucosma landanaEucosma mandana Eucosma nandana Eucosma pandanaEucosma sandana Eucosma wandana
But also:
Cydia candana Epiblema tandanaEpinotia xandana Epinotia zandana
Pelochrista randanaPelochrista vandana
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Fun with Latin: • Stupidogobius Aurich, 1938 (stupid fish)
Localities:• Panama canalia Marsh, 1993 (braconid) • Belgica antarctica (chironomide)• Mexico (beetle and virus)• Texas (pentatomid and virus)• Neotiglossa (Texas) californica Bliven, 1958
Mythology: • Zeus Linnaeus, 1758 (fish)• Kali Lloyd, 1909 (fish)• Satan Hubbs & Bailey, 1947 (fish),…
More examples….
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Not another one…• Cyclocephala nodanotherwon Ratcliffe (scarabid) • Ochisme, Polychisme, Dolichisme, Peggichisme Kirkaldi, 1904• Iyaiyai Evenhuis, 1994• Agra vation Erwin, 1983 • Notnops, Taintnops, and Tisentnops Platnick, 1994 (spiders
originally in genus Nops MacLeay, 1839
Persons (“honorifics”):• Cartwrightia cartwrighti Cartwright, 1967 (scarab)• Hoia hoi (parasitic copepod), after Ju-Shey Ho• Leonardo davincii Bleszynski, 1965 (pyralid butterfly)
But also (“horrorifics”): • Dyaria Neumoegen, 1893 (liparid butterfly) after Mr. Dyar.
Even more examples….
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Formal requirements in ICZN (2)
• New requirements for species-group names published after 1999:– Explicit indication of name as intentionally new
(n. sp., gen. nov., nom. nov.,…) – Fixation of name-bearing types explicit
designation & deposition
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
The different codes: a comparison
1) The codes have different starting dates and works
• Botanical : Species Plantarum : Linnaeus, 1753.• Zoological : Systema Naturae : Linnaeus, 1758; Araneae
swecici Clerck, 1757,…• Bacteriologial : January 1, 1980 (older names only when
included in list of approved names)
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
1) The codes have different starting dates and works
2) The codes are independent
=> inter-code homonyms are possible, allowed, and common
The different codes: a comparison
• Lactarius nonfungus Nolf & Bajpai 1992: fish• Lactarius nonpiscis Verbeken 1996: fungus
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Table 1. Inter-Code Generic homonyms
Botanical genus names
homonyms in Zool. record
Total 64,419 8,784 (13.6%)
in common use
28,041 3,554 (12.7%)
Bacteriological genus names
Homonyms in Zool. Record
Homonyms in ING (Botanical)
Homonyms in both
Total 739 50 (6.8%) 29 (3.9%) 15
in common use
701 48 (6.9%) 27 (3.9%) 14
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Poria cocos: Coleoptera and Fungus;• Pieris japonica: butterfly and plant;• Culcita novaeguineae: seastar, and Culcita novae-guineae: fern
Some binomen homonyms:
• Lactarius nonfungus Nolf & Bajpai 1992: fish• Lactarius nonpiscis Verbeken 1996: fungus
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Principle of co-ordination:
Names established at any rank within the F/G/S groups are deemed established at any rank within the group
– Family-group: Super-,Family, sub-, Tribus, sub-– Genus-group: Genus, sub-– Species-group: Species, sub-
Zoology only
The different codes: a comparison
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms
(Bison bison, Glis glis, Mops mops...)
allowed in zoology;
The different codes: a comparison
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms• Latin diagnosis
required in botanical nomenclature
The different codes: a comparison
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
• Principle of co-ordination • Tautonyms • Latin diagnosis • Application & different standardised
endings
The different codes: a comparison
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Table 2: Standardized endings for names of taxa
Rank :
Zoological Botanical Bacteriological
phylum/divisio * - phyta/-mycota1
classis * - opsida/-mycetes1/ -phyceae²
subclassis * - idea/-mycetidae1/-phycidae2
superordo * - anae
ordo * - ales - ales
subordo * - ineae - ineae
superfamily - oidea (not used) (not used)
family - idae - aceae - aceae
subfamily - inae - oideae - oideae
tribus - ini - eae - eae
subtribus - ina - inae - inae
1: for fungi; ²: for algae
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Something really rotifer… what about variants / forms?
• Infrasubspecific categories not treated by the ICZN• In rotiferology:
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas 1766
f. amphiceros Ehrenberg, 1838
• But what if?– Testudinella tridentata Smirnov, 1931 f. curvata Wulfert 1965 – Brachionus variabilis Hempel, 1896 var. novae-zelandiae Morris,
1913
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
A matter of Availability
• Est’d as valid
• Est’d as « variety » or « form »– Before 1961: available if
• not explicitly as of infrasubspecific rank• Used as subspecies level before 1985
(Kutikova 1970!)
– After 1961: unavailable
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Hence:
Testudinella tridentata Smirnov, 1931 f. curvata Wulfert 1965
becomes
Testudinella greeni Koste 1981
and
Brachionus variabilis Hempel, 1896var. novae-zelandiae Morris, 1913
becomes
Brachionus novaezelandiae Morris, 1913
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Interesting websites• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature :
http://www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Louistitle.htm
• International Commission and Code on Zoological Nomenclature : http://www.iczn.org
• Nomenclator Zoologicus (347,000 zoölogical genus- and subgenus names from 1758 to 1994: http://www.ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus
• GBIF (www.gbif.org), Species2000 (www.sp2000.org), FaunaEuropaea (www.faunaeur.org), ERMS, TaDWG,….
• BioNET International (http://www.bionet-intl.org/opencms/opencms/index1.jsp)
• Global Taxonomy Initiative (http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/cross-cutting/taxonomy/)
• (zoogle),……
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Games with letters/statistics:• Aa Baker, 1940 (mollusk)• Aaadonta Solem, 1976 (endodontoid slug) • Cavaticovelia aaa Gagne, 1975 (Hawaiian bug) • Aragara Walker, 1860 (fly; longest palindrome)• Ia io Thomas, 1902 (bat; shortest binomen) • Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis
Dybowski, 1926 (amphipod; the longest binomen)• Zyzzyxdonta Solem, 1976 (endodontoid slug,
with opposite features of Aaadonta) • Zyzzyzus Stechow, 1921 (Coelenterata)
… and many, many more: http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~heraty/menke.htmlhttp://cache.ucr.edu/~heraty/yanega.html
Did I mention these ones?
•Hue University Rotifer Taxonomy workshop 6-12 March 2010
Thank you for your attention