http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9Xw1LCKACE

Eckhart Tolle: What is the purpose of mental illness?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0lagC4l7SO0

“No drug can mend a broken heart,

fill an empty life, or teach parents

how to love their children.”

Preston, John in: ”Child and Clinical

Psychopharmacology.2006

PSYCHOTROPICS

• Antianxiety Drugs

• Antidepressants

• Antipsychotics

• Antimanics

ANXIETY DISORDERS

• Panic disorder• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)• Social anxiety disorder• Specific phobias• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Antianxiety Drugs

History:

1830: Chloral Hydrate – induces sleep within 30 minutes (“Mickey Finn”)

1882:Paraldehyde - used to treat DTs

Bromide Salts – used for sleep and anxieties

Barbiturates

1864 – Adolf von Baeyer synthesized malonic acid and urea – barbituric acid –

3000 compounds have been synthesized and 50 have been marketed

barbiturates have been recommended for 77 different disorders

( Reinisch & Sanders,1982)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

Benzodiazepines

Five primary effects:

a) hypnotic

b) anxiolytic

c) anti-seizure

d) muscle relaxant

e) amnestic

rodrigoedipo.files.wordpress

Long-acting drugs Valium, Librium,Dalmane, Tranxene

Intermediate-acting drugs:

Restoril

Ativan

Klonopin

ProSom

Short-acting Benzodiazepines:

Versed

XanaxHalcion

When Santa Barbara County Sheriff's deputies raided Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch in 2003, drug and drug-related paraphernalia was found in droves.Below is the list of discovered items:- A vial of powerful sedative, Versed- Several IV bags containing "a milky white fluid, located in a small cardboard box on top of the bathtub." Propofol and other anesthesias are milky white.- A vial of Promethazine, an antihistamine with strong sedative effects- A bottle of Alprazolam, a generic for Xanax- A bottle of Percocet, a painkiller- A syringe- A vial containing Demerol- Numerous loose pills outside bottles- A bottle of Prednisone, a steroid- Ery-tab, an antibiotic- Filled prescriptions for Xanax- Prescription for Alprazolam- Oxygen tanks- IV stands

Massive Drug Raid At Neverland Revealed…

http://perezhilton.com/2009-07-10-massive-drug-raid-at-neverland-revealed

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

When benzodiazepine drugs are in the vicinity of GABA receptors, the action of GABA is increased. Facilitation of GABA produces a greater inhibition and a decreased activity level in the neurons involved.

NONBENZODIAZEPINE SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS AND

ANTIANXIETY DRUGS

• Zolpidem (Ambien)

Buspirone (BuSpar)

• Beta blockers (Tenormin, Lopressor, Inderal)

Date Rape drugs

• Rohypnol – flunitrazepam – long acting benzodiazepine – 10 times stronger than Valium

• Known as “roofies”, “R2”, “Mexican Valium”

Mass overdose of students blamed on date rape drug

“A dozen American students have been hospitalized after having their drinks spiked, possibly with the date-rape drug rohypnol, at a freshers party in Washington state. Police discovered partygoers in various states of consciousness on Saturday night after they kicked down the door of a house in the small town of Roslyn, near Seattle, after reports of a possible overdose. “

http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/69934,news-comment,news-politics

Date Rape Drugs continued

• GHB – gamma-hydroxybutyrate

a potent sedative depressant

a body building aid

used for sexual enhancement

Low doses:

Euphoria Decreased inhibitions

High Doses:

Extensive muscle relaxation Disorientation Sleepiness and lethargy Confusion Loss of coordination and balance Heart rate and respiration lower Impaired learning and memory

Overdose:

Headache Nausea and vomiting Hallucinations Seizures Amnesia Respiratory depression Loss of consciousness, coma, and possibly death

http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ghb.asp

Party drug GHB is addictivePublished on : 16 May 2010 - 5:30am | By Belinda van Steijn

“A growing number of young Dutch people are signing themselves into a drug clinic to kick their addiction to the party drug GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid). The drug, which was initially considered to be relatively innocent, has since been found to be extremely addictive.”

http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/party-drug-ghb-addictive

Antidepressants

• First Generation antidepressants

MAOIs – monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Nardil, Parnate

TCAs – tricyclic antidepressants

Elavil, Tofranil

Antidepressants continued

Second Generation antidepressants

SSRIs – Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft

SNRIs – Effexor, Edronax

Third generation antidepressant–

Remeron, Serzone

GENERATIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS

• First-generation drugs (Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol, Mellaril, Navane, Stelazine)

• Second-generation drugs (Clozaril, Loxitane, Zyprexa, Risperdal, Geodon)

• Third-generation drugs (Abilify)

TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS

First-generation antipsychotic drugs are called typical antipsychotics because they can induce movement-control problems (Parkinson’s-like symptoms).

Second-generation and third-generation antipsychotics are called atypical antipsychotics because they do not induce this side effect.

EVIDENCE FOR THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

• Parkinson’s-like side effects when treated with first-generation antipsychotics indicate that dopamine levels have changed

• Drugs that are most effective in treating schizophrenia are the ones that most effectively block dopamine

• Overdose in an anti-Parkinson’s drug produces schizophrenic-like symptoms

MEDICATIONS FOR MANIAOR BIPOLAR DISORDER

• Lithium carbonate• Valproate (Depakote)• Risperidone (Risperdal) • Ziprasidone (Geodon)• Combination of Zyprexa and Prozac

(Symbyax)