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24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 1http://www.planet-noe.org
European Networkof Excellence in
AI Planning
Potential Applicability of Intelligent P&S in Production
& Logistics
Prof. dr. Tim GrantAtos Origin Nederland / University of Pretoria, RSA
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 2
Overview
• Goal:– To identify industrial sectors & activities that can
benefit from intelligent planning & scheduling
• Structure:– Introduction– What is IP&S– Industrial sectors & activities– IP&S features & benefits– Key case studies in production & logistics– IP&S products & services
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 3
Introducing myself
• Qualifications:– BSc Aeronautical Engineering, Univ. Bristol, UK– Chartered Engineer, UK– PhD Artificial Intelligence, Univ. Maastricht, NL
• Experience:– 1966-87: Royal Air Force officer
• UK & Singapore: Aircraft maintenance & logistics
– 1987-date: Principal Consultant, Atos Origin• NL: Aerospace, defence, motorway traffic control
– 2001-date: Professor Extraordinary, Univ. Pretoria• RSA: Advanced ICT in Planning & Control
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 4
Introducing Atos Origin
• Atos Origin:– Leading European IT services supplier:
• 28K staff worldwide (50K from 1 Jan 04)• 50% Dutch (Origin), 50% French (Atos)• Financially stable
– Technical Automation (TA) business unit:• Co-creating next-generation of intelligent, software-
intensive systems & products together with our clients• In Utrecht (NL):
– Aerospace, Defence, Road & Rail Traffic, Telecoms
• In Veldhoven (NL):– Consumer & industrial electronics, Semiconductors,
Medical equipment, Document processing
http://www.atosorigin.com\
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 5
Introducing University of Pretoria
• University of Pretoria (“Tukkies”):– Front-rank South African university– Computer Science:
• Java, .NET, AI• Swarm intelligence• Information & computer security• Risk management
• My research interests:– Decentralised planning & control– Generation of Standard Operating Procedures– Mixed-initiative, collaborative planning– Dynamic risk management
http://www.cs.up.ac.za\
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 6
What is IP&S (1)
RequirementsNeed
Design
Specification
Production
Design
Usage
Products
Decommission
Obsolete productsPlanning &Scheduling
Monitoring& ControlSchedule
Current state & past experience
MachiningRaw materials Product
Sensor data Instructions
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 7
What is IP&S (2)
Transportation& logistics
Planning &Scheduling
Monitoring& ControlSchedule
Current state & past experience
Loading, driving & unloadingPackage at A Package at B
Sensor data Instructions
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 8
What is IP&S (3)
Planning &Scheduling
Monitoring& ControlSchedule
Current state & past experience
ActionInitial state Goal state
Sensor data Instructions
Goals / objectives+ domain model
Domain
Domain knowledge (in human planner’s head)
Generalising:
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 9
What is IP&S (4)
Term:• Domain• Action
Changing domain
• PlanningDefining valid action-sequence
• SchedulingAllocate resources
& time to actions
Example:• Factory / fleet of trucks• Machining / loading & driving
Changes product / truck
• Constructing recipe / routeMake plan (action-sequence) for
machining / driving
• Resource allocationAllocate machines & times /
trucks+drivers & times
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 10
Industrial sectors & activities (1)
• Potential industrial sectors:– Industry:
• Construction & civil engineering• Capital & household goods• Automotive, rail, shipping• Aerospace• Machine tools & equipment
– Logistics & transportation– Utilities (electricity, water, gas)– Telecommunications– Agriculture– Finance & banking– Medical– Other services
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 11
Industrial sectors & activities (2)
• Potential activities:– In complex processes:
• Wherever there are human planners:– Industrial
» E.g. production, logistics, & transportation– Military & emergency services
» Police, fire-fighting, ambulance
– In products with autonomous capabilities:• Lifts / elevators• Driverless trains• Spacecraft• Unmanned air vehicles• Mobile robots
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 12
IP&S features & benefits (1)
Planning &Scheduling
Monitoring& ControlSchedule
Input
Output
Current state & past experience
Current methods:Schedule
Planning SchedulingAction-sequence
• Supported by products (eg ARTEMIS, MS-Project)• Based on PERT / CPA algorithms (1950s technology)• Slow & inflexible
• Done manually (+ office software)• No tools• Very time-consuming & inflexible
IP&S methods:Schedule
Planning SchedulingAction-sequence
• Supported by products (eg ILOG Scheduler)• Based on CSP algorithms (1990s technology)• Fast & flexible
• Supported by tools (eg PRODIGY)• Based on 1990s/2000s technology• Fast & flexible
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 13
IP&S features & benefits (2)Why planners have grey hair:
Common-sense knowledge
Domain knowledge(on factory floor or in control room)
P&S knowledge
Age (years)
20
10
30
40
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 14
IP&S features & benefits (3)
• Where does benefit come from?– Capturing knowledge in planner’s head– Applying it to support human planner:
• Automate boring routine problems• Free human planner to work on difficult problems:
– Where creativity & ingenuity needed
• Remind human planner of domain constraints:– So human planner avoids errors
• Conventional software:– Either “hard-codes” industry-specific knowledge:
• Inflexible & very expensive (limited market)
– Or unable to capture or apply domain knowledge:• Cheaper, but cannot give intelligent support
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 15
IP&S features & benefits (4)
• IP&S approach:– Capture, apply & maintain domain knowledge:
• Knowledge engineering tool• Can be interfaced to related software, e.g. CADCAM• N.B. Significant effort needed = the price you pay for the
gains in the planning & scheduling processes
– Planning:• Provide support for human planner:
– “Mixed-initiative” planning tool– 1990s/2000s technology
– Scheduling:• Replace 1950s algorithm with 1990s technology:
– CSP-based scheduling tool / engine
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 16
IP&S features & benefits (5)
• Expected benefits:– Planning:
• Increased productivity of human planner• Better quality plans:
– Makes “what-if” possible
– More consistent plans
– Scheduling:• Faster scheduling process:
– Runs inside production cycle
– Less idle time & overtime
• Better-quality schedules:– More “what-if” within same time
– More robust schedules
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 17
Key case studies (1)
• Production (1):– Aircraft assembly:
• 570 tasks, 17 resources• Conventional method:
– ARTEMIS
– 20 hours to generate schedule
• IP&S method:– Replace ARTEMIS by CSP
– 30 mins to generate optimum schedule
– 10 to 15% shorter makespan
• Saving:– 4 to 6 days floor-time per aircraft
– US$ 0.2 to 1 million per day
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 18
Key case studies (2)
• Production (2):– Submarine construction:
• 1.4 million tasks per boat• Conventional method:
– ARTEMIS
– 6 weeks to generate schedule
– Highly non-uniform profiles
• IP&S method:– Replace ARTEMIS by CSP
– 1 day to generate schedule
– More uniform profiles
• Savings:– 30% reduction in overtime & sub-contracting
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 19
Key case studies (2)
• Logistics:– Military build-up to 1991 Gulf War:
• Conventional method:– Hundreds of human planners
– Months to generate plans/schedules
• IP&S method:– Aid planners with O-PLAN2
• Savings:– Faster logistics build-up
– Fewer airlift missions
– Financial pay-back >> all US Government AI research:
» From 1956
» Not just IP&S research – all AI research
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 20
IP&S products & services (1)
• List of European products on following slides:– Commercial vs. academic products– Planning vs. scheduling products
• Sources:– PLANET & UK PlanSIG web-sites
• Conclusions:– No commercial planning product– Schedulers:
• Twice as many commercial as academic
– Academic focus:• More than twice as many planners as schedulers
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 21
IP&S products & services (2)
ProductCHIP V5ILOG SolverILOG SchedulerCPLEXEvolver/Blue Kaizen - optimisationiBundleriAuctionMakerConstraint optimisation toolkitXpressMP – optimization suiteElectrical power generationINORDA - APS for productionJOBWISE - APS for manpower
SupplierCosytec (FR)ILOG (FR)ILOG (FR)ILOG (FR)MASA (FR)iSOCO (E)iSOCO (E)BT (UK)Dash Optimization (UK/US)Power Optimisation (UK)Workplace Systems (UK)Workplace Systems (UK)
Commercial scheduling products (1):
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 22
IP&S products & services (3)
ProductHARMONY – shift schedulingPEARLSHORTREC – routing & schedulingModelEnterprise – plant designSERVICEPower schedulerTimetabling softwareScheduling softwareDAYSY – flight schedulingPrescient5 – production schedulingTASKFORCE – workforce schedulerXimesPDC Staffplan
SupplierORTEC (NL/US)ORTEC (NL/US)ORTEC (NL/US)Process Systems Enterprise (UK)ServicePower (UK)Lantiv (?)COMSEC (?)SEMA Group (UK/FR)Prescient (?)APSolve (UK)XIMES (AU)PDC (DK)
Commercial scheduling products (2):
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 23
IP&S products & services (4)
Product
ChariTime – dynamic appointment
ConBATT – timetabling
INTERDIP – nurse scheduling
WISPRO
CSP-Lab & CS-Lib
PAVE – patient scheduling
ECOPT – vehicle & crew scheduling
LiSA – scheduling algorithms
TOSCA – factory scheduling (job-shop)
Supplier
U. Humboldt (GE)
U. Humboldt (GE)
U. Munich (GE)
GMD First (GE)
U. Strathclyde (UK)
Demokritos (GR)
Erasmus (?)
U. Magdeburg (GE)
U. Edinburgh (UK)
Academic scheduling products:
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 24
IP&S products & services (5)
Product
IxTET
IPP
Fast-Forward
GRT & MO-GRT
DDPLAN
Model-Based Planner (MBP)
Prodigy
IMPLAN
MACHINE – manufacturing
TRP-Planner – temporal planning
MIME – mixed-initiative modeller & planner
University/Institute
LAAS-CNRS (FR)
U. Freiburg (GE)
U. Freiburg (GE)
UoM (GR)
U. Perugia (IT)
IRST (IT)
UC3M (E)
U. Humboldt (GE)
UGR (E)
U. Piraeus (GR)
Mid Sweden U. (SE)
Academic planning products (1):
24 October 2003 PLANET Bilbao I-day 25
IP&S products & services (6)
Product
STAN
TIM – domain analysis tool
O-PLAN
PLANFORM – planning environment
GIPO
CAPplan
INT-OP – operating procedure synthesis
MACTA – planning for interacting robots
Plan 95 – distributed planner
CHARADE – interactive planning
I-Rescue –disaster relief planning
University/Institute
U. Durham (UK)
U. Durham (UK)
U. Edinburgh (UK)
U. Huddersfield (UK)
U. Huddersfield (UK)
U. Kaiserlautern (GE)
U. Salford (UK)
U. Salford (UK)
U. Uppsala (SE)
U. UGR (E)
U. Edinburgh (UK)
Academic planning products (2):