http:
Post on 19-Dec-2015
214 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/
History of Though:
Darwin and Wallace
University of Minnesota DuluthTim Roufs
© 2010-2013
![Page 2: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/
. . . or how to make senseout of Ch. 2 of the text . . .
University of Minnesota DuluthTim Roufs
© 2010-2013
![Page 3: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Charles Darwin(1809 - 1882)
• Origin of Species1859
• Descent of Man1871
Important People / Works
![Page 5: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Charles Darwin as a young man
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 30
![Page 6: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 26
Charles Darwin five years before
publication of Origin of Species
![Page 7: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Darwin home, Down House, in the village of DownUnderstanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 28
![Page 8: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Charles Darwin
Journey on
The Beagle1831 - 1836
Journey on
The Beagle1831 - 1836
![Page 9: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
In 1839 Charles Darwin
married his first cousin,
Emma Wedgwood
• Daughter of the younger Josiah Wedgwood, son of the Josiah Wedgwood who founded the pottery works
• Darwin's mother Susannah was the sister of his wife’s father
![Page 11: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The route of the HMS BeagleUnderstanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 27
1831
1835
![Page 12: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 16: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
www.rit.edu/~rhrsbi/GalapagosPages/DarwinFinch.html
![Page 17: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Beak variation in Darwin’s Galápagos finchesUnderstanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 28
![Page 18: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Beak variation in Darwin’s Galápagos finchesUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 27
![Page 20: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,16864720-13762,00.html
![Page 22: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Why would God make a separate species for each
island?
EventuallyDarwin asked the question:
![Page 24: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Theory of Natural Selection
• Observation 1
Without environmental pressures, every species tends to multiply in geometric progression
(Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798, and others)
![Page 25: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• population, when unchecked, grows in a geometric ratio
• population, if unchecked, the human population will double every 25 years because of geometric progression
•1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64. . . .
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 26: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• Arithmatic(+2) 2 -- 4 -- 6 -- 8 -- 10 -- 12 -- n
• Geometric(X 2)2 -- 4 -- 8 -- 16 -- 32 -- 64 -- n
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 27: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Potential exponential increase of populations =
“superfecundity”
(Thomas Malthus, 1798 and others)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 28: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Thomas MalthusUnderstanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 24
![Page 29: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 31: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
www.dnr.state.mn.us/fwt/back_issues/september00/article3.html
![Page 34: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/news/local/14423504.htm
![Page 35: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
02 July 2002
news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/07/0702_020702_snakehead.html
![Page 36: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Duluth News Tribune, Thursday 19 September, 2002, 2A
In 2 years 2 snakeheads
bred to 1000+ in a 4-acre pond
![Page 37: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
In 2 years 2 snakeheads
bred to 1000+ in a 4-acre pond
Duluth News Tribune, Thursday 14 October, 2004
p. 2D
p. 5D
![Page 38: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Observation 2
But under field conditions, although fluctuations occur frequently, the size of a population remains remarkable constant over long periods of time
(Source: Universal observations)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 39: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/Isle.html
![Page 40: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
http://www.duluthsuperior.com/mld/duluthsuperior/news/local/14064838.htm
![Page 42: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
xxx
Isle Royale moose, wolf continue decline
TREND CONTINUES: The battle between predator and prey on Lake Superior’s largest
island is turning out to be a lose-lose situation this winter as wolf and moose numbers
continue a downward spiral.
![Page 43: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
xxx
Isle Royale moose, wolf continue decline
John MyersDuluth News Tribune - 03/08/2007
The battle between predator and prey on Lake Superior’s largest island is turning out to be a lose-lose situation this winter as wolf and moose numbers continue a downward spiral.Isle Royale moose numbers crashed another 15 percent from the 2006 record low level of 450, at just 385 animals. Wolf numbers declined nearly one-third, from 30 to 21.Moose on the island are dying for a variety of reasons, including hot summers, infestations of ticks and relentless hunting pressure from remaining wolves, said John Vucetich, an assistant professor at Michigan Technological University in Houghton who helped conduct this winter’s survey.With fewer moose to eat, wolves are battling and killing each other over the right to the remaining moose.
![Page 44: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• Observation 3
Limits are placed on
population expansion
by limited environmental resources
(Source: observations reinforced by Malthus)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 45: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Conclusion 1
Therefore not all organisms will survive to adulthood and reproduce –therefore there must be a
“struggle for existence”
(Author of inference: Thomas Malthus)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 46: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Observation 4
Not all members of a species are alike–that is, there exists considerable
individual uniqueness and variation
(Source: Animal breeders, taxonomists)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 47: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 86
![Page 48: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 89
![Page 49: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Observation 5
Parents often pass their individual variations on to their offspring
(Source: Animal breeders, taxonomists)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 52: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Conclusion 2
Hence in “the struggle for existence” individuals featuring favorable variations will enjoy a competitive advantage over others . . .
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 53: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
. . . and they will survive in proportionately greater numbers
. . . and will produce offspring in increasingly greater numbers
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 54: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_khan
Genghis KhanKhagan of Mongol Empire("Khan of the Mongols")
![Page 55: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_the_Bloodthirsty
“Ismail the Bloodthirsty”
![Page 56: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
There is
“differential reproduction”
and
“differential survival–i.e., “natural selection”
(Author of inference: Darwin)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 57: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
• Conclusion 3
Through the action of natural selection over many generations a species could evolve
(Author of inference: Darwin)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 60: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Natural Selection:
The principle mechanism of Darwinian evolutionary change, by which the individuals best adapted to the environment contributed more offspring to succeeding generations than others do. . .
![Page 61: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Natural Selection:
As more of such individuals’ characteristics are incorporated into the gene pool, the characteristics of the population evolve.
![Page 62: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
1. A change in the genetic structure of a population
2. The term is also frequently used to refer to the appearance of a new species
evolution
Glossary
![Page 63: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Modern genetic definition:
a change in the frequency of alleles
(one of a group of genes)
from one generationto the next
Glossary
evolution
![Page 64: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Evolution:
cumulative changes in the average characteristics of a population that occur over many generations
![Page 65: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Charles Darwin(1809 - 1882)
Origin of Species1859
Important People / Works
![Page 66: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the
Struggle for Life1859
Important People / Works
Charles Darwin(1809 - 1882)
![Page 67: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
biospecies
paleospecies
chronospecies
Glossary
![Page 68: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
biospecies
![Page 69: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Paul H. Ristau driving a mule-drawn cart in Superior, Wisconsin, ca. 1890
Photo courtesy of the Minnesota Historical Society
![Page 70: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
male ass(jack)
femalehorse
(mare)
mule
• all male mules are sterile
• almost all female mules are sterileif not ¾ horse or ¾ ass
![Page 71: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
female ass(jennet)
malehorse(stallion)
hinny
• all hinnies are sterile,except in rare cases
![Page 72: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
www.follysfarm.com/difference_between_mule_and_a_hinny.htm
![Page 73: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Humankind Emerging, 7th edition, p. 418
A B
X
Z
N
C
But species aresometimes noteasy to define
![Page 74: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
A B C N Z
![Page 75: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
A B C N
ZA
Z
![Page 76: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A B C N Z
Smithwick “Smíth-wick”(Duluth)
“Smidt-whick”(Galway, Ireland)
“Sméddik”(Birmingham, England)
“Smǽrik”(Smithwick , England)
Parallel from Linguistics
![Page 78: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
biospecies
paleospecies
Glossary
![Page 80: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
KNM-WT 17000
Sahelanthropus
tchadensis
www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2002/07/11/MN205986.DTL
![Page 81: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
July 23, 2001
Ardipithecusramiduskadabba
![Page 82: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
biospecies
paleospecies
chronospecies
Glossary
![Page 83: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
genotype
phenotype
Basic Concepts
![Page 85: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
includes genetic itemsyou can not see
genotype
Basic Concepts
![Page 86: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
phenotype
the observable physical characteristics of an organism
• the things you can see
• the detectable expressions of
genotypes
Basic Concepts
![Page 88: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Phenotype / Genotype
my wife’s family’s feet
Basic Concepts
![Page 89: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
my cousins’ feet
Basic Concepts
Phenotype / Genotype
![Page 90: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Polydactyly in a human infant (a) and in a cat (b).Understanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 38
![Page 91: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
my wife’s heart
Basic Concepts
Phenotype / Genotype
![Page 92: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Alfred Wallace (1823 - 1913)
working separately from Darwin arrived at the same generalizations at the same time as Darwin
Important People / Works
![Page 93: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 11h ed., p. 30
Alfred Russel Wallace
![Page 94: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Theory of Natural Selection
• Observation 1
Without environmental pressures, every species tends to multiply in geometric progression
(Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798, and others)
![Page 95: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
• Observation 2
But under field conditions, although fluctuations occur frequently, the size of a population remains remarkable constant over long periods of time
(Source: Universal observations)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 96: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
• Observation 3
Limits are placed on population expansion by limited environmental resources
(Source: observations reinforced by Malthus)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 97: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
• Conclusion 1
Therefore not all organisms will survive to adulthood and reproduce –therefore there must be a
“struggle for existence”
(Author of inference: Thomas Malthus)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 98: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
• Observation 4
Not all members of a species are alike; that is, there exists considerable individual uniqueness and variation
(Source: Animal breeders, taxonomists)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 99: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• Observation 5
Parents often pass their individual variations on to their offspring
(Source: Animal breeders, taxonomists)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 100: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
• Conclusion 2
Hence in the struggle for existence individuals featuring favorable variations will enjoy a competitive advantage over others . . .
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 101: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
. . . And they will survive in proportionately greater numbers and will produce offspring in increasingly greater numbers
![Page 102: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
There is “differential reproduction” and “differential survival,” i.e., “natural selection”
(Author of inference: Darwin)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 103: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
• Conclusion 3
Through the action of natural selection over many generations a species could evolve
(Author of inference: Darwin)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 104: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Both Darwin and Wallace knew:
the principle cause of
natural selection
is the environment
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 105: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 31
![Page 106: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Peppered_moth.aspUnderstanding Humans, 10th ed., p. 31
![Page 107: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
But look at them without color vision.
![Page 108: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Understanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 29
![Page 110: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Contrasting ideas about the mechanism of evolution. (a) According to Lamarck’s theory
(b) According to the Darwin-WallaceUnderstanding Humans, 11th ed., p. 24
![Page 111: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
![Page 112: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
![Page 113: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• Problem
What is the source of individual variation?
Didn’t know then because of lack of knowledge of modern genetics
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 114: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Neither Darwin nor Wallace knew:
the source of
individual variation
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 115: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Neither Darwin nor Wallace knew:
the source of
individual variation= genetics
(inherited characteristics)
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 116: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Problem:
If natural selection only weeds out what already exists, how can it produce anything new?
Didn’t know then because of lack of knowledge of mutation and sexual recombination from modern genetics
Theory of Natural Selection
![Page 117: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Mutation
“genetic alphabet” “misspelling”
“A – T – C – G” “A – G – C – T”
mutations
new species
![Page 118: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 11th ed., p. 41
A – T - C - G
![Page 119: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/09/15/uk.church.darwin.apology.ap/index.html
![Page 120: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Roman_Catholic_Church
![Page 121: Http:](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110322/56649d2c5503460f94a022cd/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 11th ed., p. 48
Important People / Works
Continue on to Set #06A
Gregor Johann Mendel(1822 - 1884)