HTS Wires for Energy and Magnet Technologies

Superconductivity and the electricity supply industries

November 27th, 2003

2

TRITHOR HTS WIRE FACILITY IN RHEINBACH

Production Area 3300 m²

Annual capacity 300 km

Scalable capacity up to 20,000 km

Team 25 employees

Production start 2002

3

Production Process of HTS Wire

• HTS Wire: Silver Alloy sheath – ceramic filaments made of Bi Pb Sr Ca Cu O

4

TRITHOR OBJECTIVE AND PRODUCTS

OBJECTIVE

Industrial scale fabrication of HTS wires and components for future commercial applications

in energy and magnet technologies

PRODUCTS

Ag-Bi-2223 tapes for energy applications

AgAu-Bi-2223 tapes for current leads

Twisted conductors for AC applications

Coils for motors and magnets

5

WHICH WIRE FOR WHICH APPLICATION

Application TT standard wire TT ac wire TT gold

Motor/generator X

Cable X X

Transformer / SMES X

Magnets / NMR / MRI X

Current leads X

6

CRITICAL CURRENTS

Je: 74,1 1,4

n: 20,5 0,9

0

25

50

75

0 150 300 450

length [m]

eng

ineer

ing c

ritic

al c

urr

ent den

sity

Je a

t

77K

, 0T

[A

/mm

2]

0

10

20

30

n-v

alu

e

Je

n

BL025-2b

7

GEOMETRY CONTROL

Width: 3.15 0,03

Thickness: 0,221 0,006

0

1

2

3

4

0 150 300 450

length [m]

wid

th [m

m]

0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

thic

knes

s [m

m]

w idth

thickness

8

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HTS WIRES at 300K

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150

bending diameter [mm]

norm

alis

ed c

urre

nt I

c / I

c0

BL026-2b

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

axial tensile stress [MPa]

norm

alis

ed c

urre

nt Ic

/ Ic

0BL026-2b

9

DEPENDENCE ON MAGNETIC FIELD - parallel

parallel f ield

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f ield [T]

Ic (

T, B

) / I

c (7

7K, 0

T)

par-20K

par-45K

par-77K

M easurement at Twente University, 2003

10

DEPENDENCE ON MAGNETIC FIELD – perpendicular

perpendicular f ield

0

1

2

3

4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

f ield [T]

Ic (

T, B

) / I

c (7

7K, 0

T)

perp-20K

perp-45K

perp-77K

M easurement at Twente University, 2003

11

INDUSTRIALLY RELEVANT MATERIALS Horizons

Materials as wiresIndustrially available

4.2K / 0T 20-30K 65-80K 4.2K / 0T 20-30K 65-80KMgB2 >2006 45 €/kAm 90 €/kAm - 1 €/kAm 10 €/kAm -YBCO >2007 250 €/kAm 500 €/kAm 1.000 €/kAm 4 €/kAm 8 €/kAm 15 €/kAmBi2223 2002 (1998) 50 €/kAm 100 €/kAm 200 €/kAm 5 €/kAm 12 €/kAm 25 €/kAm

Today: Cost € per kAm at 2010: Cost € per kAm at

Materials as wiresIndustrially available

Motor / Generator Cable Magnet MRI FCL Transformer

MgB2 >2007 <20K 20K <=20K 20K ? 25KYBCO >2008/9 65-77K 77K <=77K 65K 77K >65KBi2223 1998 25-40K 77K <=40K <=20K 65-77K 65K

Operating temperature for

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COOLING COST

Investment cost for Cryocooling

0 €/W

200 €/W

400 €/W

600 €/W

800 €/W

1.000 €/W

1.200 €/W

0 K 20 K 40 K 60 K 80 K 100 K

Te m perature

Inve

st

Invest today

Invest 2010

Penalty Factor for Cryocooling

-

50

100

150

200

250

0 K 20 K 40 K 60 K 80 K 100 K

Te m pe rature

Fac

tor

13

AC – APPLICTIONS

• Superconductors have losses due to

• Hysteresis

• Coupling currents

• Losses are dependent on (in magnetic fields above 50mT)

• External magnetic field (~ B²)

• Current (~ I²)

• Frequency (~ f)

• The Superconductor becomes a conductor with very low resistance

• Factors are

• Field B

• Operating Current I

• Frequency f

• Combination of losses, operating temperature, overall efficiency and external factors (e.g. size requirement) determine economic feasibility

14

APPLICATIONS – Generator Advantages

• No-loss excitation

• Doubling of the magnetic field

• Increased utilization of the winding

• High degree of efficiency, low weight, compact construction

Diameter [m] Weight [t] Losses [%]

Source: Siemens AG

1.0

0.6

Comparison of conventional and HTS-excited

1500 kW electric generators

7.5

2.5

5.0

4.0

1.5

Asynchronous generator

Synchronous generator conventional

HTS generator

Copper HTS

Comparison 36.5 MW

Copper HTS

Comparison 36.5 MW

15

APPLICATIONS – Generator Comparison of Weight

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 20 40 60 80 100

Power [M W]

QE2

Grandeur

Crystal

HTS

Conventional

16

APPLICATIONS – Generator Efficiency

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

rel. motor pow er [%]

mot

or e

ffici

ency

[%

]

Induction 19 MW

Conv Sync 21 MW

HTS 25 MW

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APPLICATIONS – Transformer Traction HTS transformers

• Reduced weight & space

• Reduced losses, CO-2 savings, no oil cooling

• Higher efficiency, lower weight, compact construction, lower life cycle costs

Comparison of conventional and HTS 1.3 MVA traction transformer

690

4.8

92

Volume [l] Weight [t] Total Losses [kW]

3602.2

7.8

Conventional transformer

HTS transformerSource: Siemens AG

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APPLICATIONS – Cable Losses in a 5000m Cable System

Verlustaufteilung der Kabelsysteme

0 MW h/Jahr

1.000 MW h/Jahr

2.000 MW h/Jahr

3.000 MW h/Jahr

4.000 MW h/Jahr

5.000 MW h/Jahr

6.000 MW h/Jahr

7.000 MW h/Jahr

8.000 MW h/Jahr

9.000 MW h/Jahr

10.000 MW h/Jahr

Cu400 Cu400-par Cu110 Cu110-par HTS110 HTS110-par

Transformator

Kryostat

Hysterese

Stromzuführung

Dielektrisch

I2R

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APPLICATIONS – Cable Investing and running costs

Vergleich der Kostenanteile

- €

10.000.000 €

20.000.000 €

30.000.000 €

40.000.000 €

50.000.000 €

60.000.000 €

Cu110 Cu110-par Cu400 Cu400-par HTS110 HTS110-par

Betriebskosten (nurkap. Verluste)

Invest Verlegung,Tiefbau

Invest Trafo

Invest Kabel

20

APPLICATIONS – Cable Worldwide HTS Cables

1000 m HTS cable

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www.trithor.com

TRITHOR GmbH

Heisenbergstr. 16

53359 Rheinbach

Germany