hst 721 lecture 4: mechanics, electromotility and the...
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HST 721 Lecture 4:Mechanics, electromotility and the cochlear amplifier
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Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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Bekesy’s experiments on cadaveric ears 1924-1946
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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Frequency (kHz)
Auditory NerveTuning Curve
Bekesy's BMTuning Curve
Is there a “second filter” ?: Wilson and Johnstone, 1975
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
Bekesy’s experiments on cadaveric ears 1924-1946
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Passive cochlear Models
Vary mass and spring stiffness systematically from base to apex
Model will generate traveling waves, with resonant peaks like those observed by Bekesy
in the dead ear.
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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BM has a vulnerable, compressive nonlinearity - 1971
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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BM tuning is as sharp as AN tuning - 1982
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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BM
ANF
Effects of Furosemide:
Ruggero and Rich, 1991
Most manipulations that raise AN thresholds (including death) are
reflected in decreased andlinearized BM vibration
Effects of Death:
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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Major nonlinearities in AN response are seen in BM vibration: e.g.
Distortion Products
Cochlear Mechanics: Measures of Basilar Membrane Motion
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Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Loss of OHCs elevates threshold at CF - 1970
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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MOC
Stimulation of efferents to OHCs raises threshold at CF - 1970
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Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Passive Coupler Normal EarCochlear echoes: forward and reverse transduction - 1978
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Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Outer Hair Cells show electromotility in vitro - 1985
QuickTime™ and a YUV420 codec decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Electromotility Key Observations:
1. Seen in OHCs only
2. Survives total replacement of cell cytoplasm: Holley and Ashmore 1988
3. Motors present all along OHC supranuclear wall: Hallworth et al. 1993
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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More Key Observations:
4. Charge flow during OHC movement suggests gating current (1990)
5. Charge flow (dq) from voltage step (dV) depends on starting voltage: i.e. nonlinear capacitance
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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More Key Observations:
6. Manipulations that decrease nonlinear capacitance decrease motility (1996)
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Identifying the motor protein: Anatomical Observations
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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The molecular biology approach: Zheng et al. 2000
•isolate IHCs and OHCs
•purify RNA from each and make cDNA
•enrich for OHC-specific products by subtractive hybridization
•sequence and choose candidates
•express genes in cell system and assess electromotility
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
The structure of Prestin
The model
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Targeted Deletion: making a “knockout” mouse
Recombination Construct from Cloned Gene
1 cM = 1 Mb
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Targeted Deletion: making a “knockout” mouse
Knockout Mouse F1 is a hybrid strain:
C57Bl/6C57Bl/6 + 129/129/SvJSvJ
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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+/+ +/- -/-
The prestin knockout
Assess function in vitro and in vivo
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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In vitro, OHCs from “knockout” mouse have no electromotility
In vivo, “knockout” mouse shows 40 - 60 dB threshold elevation by ABR
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
The prestin knockout:
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Is stereocilia motility important?
Other candidates for cochlear amplifiers include the motor which drives the spontaneous oscillations in hair bundles from non mammalian vertebrates
Martin, Mehta and Hudspeth, 2000.
The prestin knockout
Assess function in vitro and in vivo
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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The prestin-mediated electromotility must form part of a feedback loop enhancing BM vibrations. Neely, 1993
Most details of cochlear micromechanics are still unclear
Cochlear Mechanics: What is the cochlear amplifier ?
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Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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Tallest row of OHC stereocilia appear firmly embedded in TM in all mammals and all cochlear regions.
IHC stereocilia appear more loosely attached, especially in apical turns.
IHCs
OHCs
Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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At some frequencies and in some cochlear regions, the phase of response of IHCs is 90 degrees ahead of OHCs - consistent with displacement vs. velocity as the key to excitation
These differences in TM attachment inspired the view that displacement might be key to excitation in OHCs, whereas velocity might be key in IHCs.
Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation
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Data from AN fibers suggests a very complicated relation between phases of BM displacement/velocity and AN excitation
Cochlear Micro-mechanics: from BM motion to HC excitation