hspt indx 02 - murdercube purification... · acid gas separations: absorption and stripping...

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Index

Index terms Links

A Absorbers, selection guide for 343

Absorption 340 applications 341 342 with chemical reactions 394 definition of 341 design approach 344 equilibrium data for 345 equipment 343 heat effects 354 material and heat balances for 349 multicomponent, nonisothermal systems 359 multistage contacting 354 predicting contactor performance 379 selective 399 tray efficiency 391

Absorption factor 357

Acentric factor 17

Acetic acid 764 compressibility factor 20 extraction 405

equilibrium distribution coefficients 766 fugacity coefficient, of vapor 23 schematic diagram, for recovery 765 767

Acid gas separations: absorption and stripping operations 341 342 membrane operations 874 876

998 Index terms Links

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Activated alumina 648 properties of 651

Activated carbon 651 properties of 654

Activity 10

Activity coefficient 10 12 from excess Gibbs energy 24 at infinite dilution 25 types of binary behavior 27

Adsorbents 645 772 activated alumina 648 activated carbon 651 deactivation 687 markets 646 molecular sieve zeolites 646 reactivation 688 regeneration vs. replacement 687 silica gel 651 use in commercial separations 645

Adsorption: basic cycles:

displacement-purge 656 662 inert-purge 655 662 pressure-swing 656 pressure-swing adsorption (PSA) 658 659 temperature-swing 654

capacity, single-line 984 criteria for use 653 new directions:

gas bulk separations 690 gas purifications 690 liquid bulk separations 690 liquid purifications 691



Adsorption process design: batch operation 687 coadsorption effects 675 compound-size beds 671 compound-type beds 671 flow direction 672 683 mass-transfer zone 673 nonisothermal effects 673 operating loading 672 parallel train 675 particle shape 671 particle size 669 pressure 672 process selection matrix 670 reliability 985 temperature 672 valves 688 vessels 682 WES and WUB 673

Adsorption processes: bulk-separation:

for gas 659 for liquid 665

chromatography 664 666 energy requirements 991 parametric pumping 667 purification:

for gas 664 for liquid 667

selection of 668

Adsorption regeneration (desorption): displacement-purge 682 energy requirements 991 inert-purge 682



Adsorption regeneration (desorption): (Continued) pressure-swing 681 temperature-swing:

cooling considerations 680 heating considerations 676

Alumina, activated 648

Amines, tertiary 765 771

Antoine equation 233

Association reactions 760

Atomic volumes 77

Axial mixing 118 432 559

Azeotropic distillation 261 449 764 calculations 263 selection of entrainer 263

B Back extraction 764 769

Backmixing, see Axial mixing

Bacteria, in leaching operations 507 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 507 Thiobacillus thiooxidans 507

Bayer Process 501 509 functional diagram 513 steps in 512

Binodal curve 420

Biological separations 220

Boltzmann transformation 89

Boundary layer, mass transfer in 99

Breakthrough pattern: in adsorption 673 in chromatography:

constant pattern 736 diffuse wave 736



Breakthrough pattern: (Continued) shock wave 736 zone broadening 737

Brownian movement 131 132 139

Bubble columns 344

Bubble point 234

C Capital 982 987

reliability 988 scale of operation 988

Carboxylic acids 764 771 772

Centrifugal force 129

Centrifugal separators 135 153 161 178

hydrocyclone 161

Centrifuges 153 163 decanter solid-bowl 164 disk type 153 immiscible-liquid separations 153 nozzle solid-bowl 164 peeler 164 pusher 164 sedimentation centrifuges 163 solids-ejecting solid-bowl 163

Chemical potential 5

Chemical reactions, absorption with 394

Chemical reaction parameter (first-order reactions) 395

Chromatofuge 754

Chromatography 733 772 adsorption 734 736 affinity 736 745 breakthrough pattern:

constant pattern 736



Chromatography (Continued) diffuse wave 736 Gaussian 737 shock wave 736 zone broadening 737

capacity, single-line 984 chromatofuge 754 chromatothermography 755 column switching 751

backflush 752 moving withdrawal 751 recycle 752 schematic of 752

countercurrent 745 cycling zone adsorption 755 design reliability 986 elution 739 gas-liquid 734 736 743

750 Gaussian:

peaks 738 profile 737

gel: filtration 742 755 permeation 742

general system, schematic of 740 ion-exchange 736 745 liquid 739 liquid-liquid 734 moving bed 746

simulated 666 748 moving port 752 schematic of 754

on-off 745



Chromatography (Continued) packing procedures 740 parametric pumping 755 recycle 739 752 rotating 753

schematic of 755 simulated countercurrent 745 simulated moving bed 748 size-exclusion (SEC) 734 742 749 solute movement theory 746 sorption effect 743 two-dimensional 753 van Deemter equation 738 zone broadening 737 739

Chromatothermography 755

Coalescence 150 dispersion band 150

residence time 150

Coalescers 153

Coextraction of water 764 767

Collision integral for diffusion 76

Complexation reactions 760 back extraction 764 769 equilibria 761 regeneration 764 selectivity 762

Complex mixture distillation 266

Compressibility factor 20

Concentration 405

Concentration polarization 827 837 960 965 972

Conservation laws 61 differential formulation of 63

Consolute temperatures 42



Constant pattern 736

Contacting modes 197 415 cocurrent 197 199 201 countercurrent 198 199 201 crosscurrent 199 203 operating diagram 198 stage, ideal or theoretical 197 238 417 staging 206 415

Continuity equation 64

Controlling resistance to transfer 431

Convection 60

Copper hydrometallurgy 501 leach dumps 501

cross section of 505

Copper production 504

CO2: absorption of 398 399 reclamation using membranes 876 removal of 762 solubility:

in aminoalcohol solutions 350 351 in potassium carbonate solutions 350 351

stripping of 399

Crystal: growth 595

anomalous 603 growth rate dispersion 598 impurities, effects of 597 models 596 mononuclear two-dimensional nucleation theory 596 polynuclear two-dimensional nucleation theory 596 screw dislocation theory (BCF theory) 596 size-dependent 598 solvent, effects of 597



Crystal: (Continued) nucleation 592

contact nucleation 593 heterogeneous 592 homogeneous 592 mechanisms 592 primary 592 secondary 593

Crystallization 578 batch 606 capacity, single-line 984 characteristics of 578 coefficient of variation of CSD 602 column crystallization, comparison with other separation

techniques 631 control of crystal size 624 crystallizer performance, function of solvent removal 610 crystal size determination 600 crystal size distribution (CSD):

from a crystallizer with selective crystal removal 605 moments of 602 from an MSMPR crystallizer 602

design reliability 985 energy requirements 991 equipment:

Brodie melt crystallizer 632 classified suspension crystallizer 613 classifying crystallizer 611 615 draft tube crystallizer 613 forced circulation crystallizer 614 619 hybrid crystallizers 620 621 mixed suspension crystallizer 616 617 618 MWB batch-automatic melt crystallizer 632 vertical end-feed column melt crystallizer 631



Crystallization (Continued) fines removal, use of to control crystal size 625 freezing-point depression for xylenes 585 freezing-point determination 589 general considerations 635

crystal size control 635 habit 635 quality of product 637 recovery of product 638 reliability 637

kinetic models 601 parameter evaluation 601

kinetic orders, examples of 602 kinetics 587 mass and energy balances 607

examples of 609 summary of equations 612

from melt 626 case study 633 equipment 630 state-of-the-art 627

mode: cooling 590

evaporative 590 indirect 590

salting out 591 selection 587

model of a well-mixed crystallizer 599 moments of CSD 602 MSMPR crystallizer 599

characteristics of CSD from 602 determination of kinetics from 601 kinetic parameter evaluation 601

population balance 599



Crystallization (Continued) for a well-mixed continuous crystallizer 599

process design strategy 581 solid-liquid equilibria in 582

experimental procedures 557 predictions 583 588

solids processing sequence 579 from solution 606

case study 606 equipment 610 mass balances 607 state-of-the-art 606 system design 611

supersaturation, generation of 587 terminology 580 zone refining, principles of 627 629

Cyanidation 500

Cycling zone adsorption 755

Cyclones 135 136 144 178

equation 136 gas-liquid 135 performance 178

D Decanters:

design drop diameter 150 feed configuration 151 horizontal 150 inlet velocity limit 151 interface control 152

Dew point 234

Diafiltration 827



Dialysis 954 applications 955

batch 966 continuous 967 medical 955

concentration polarization 960 965 configurations 957 design reliability 986 devices:

coil 957 hollow-fiber 957 plate-and-frame 957

Donnan effect 956 fluid dynamics 965 mass transfer:

convective 962 diffusive 961 model of 957 resistance 957 965

mass transfer coefficient 964 membranes 956

cellulose 957 manufacturers 959 properties 956

permeability 957 959 separations 962 968 unit operation 966

Difference point in extraction calculations 420 422 423

Differential contactors 364

Diffuse wave 735

Diffusion 60 93 coefficient (molecular diffusivity) 70 407

adsorbents, in 673 anomalies 557



Diffusion (Continued) binary 74 biological solids, in 557 composition dependence 80 electrolytes, see Diffusion, coefficient (molecular diffusivity),

ionic solutions gases 75 ion exchange, in 708 ionic solutions 80 411 Knudsen 83 liquids 78 557 macromolecular solutions 81 measurement of 86 molecular weight cutoff 557 mutual 72 90 901 polymers, in 85 885 porous media, in 83 predicting 557 558 pressure dependence 76 self-diffusion 75 90 solids, in 83 solutions 78 410 thermodynamic 901

eddy (turbulent) 60 experiment 67 free-volume theory of 901 homogeneous reaction, and 96 laminar flow, in 92 96 molecular 60 70 406

in liquids 408 410 multicomponent systems 73 surface 83 surface reaction, and 96 tracer 90



Diffusion (Continued) transient 99 unimodal unidirectional 406 unsteady-state in a sphere 409

Diffusion batteries 541

Diffusivity, see Diffusion, coefficient (molecular diffusivity)

Diluents: in complexation reactions 765 in extractants 468

Dispersions 155 axial 118 432 559 radial 118

Dissociation extraction 767

Dissolved air flotation 154

Distillation 229 areas of application 230 azeotropic 261 449 batch distillation 268

cycle time 274 equilibrium time 273 operating policy 274 Rayleigh 269 reflux 271

binary systems 233 240 McCabe-Thiele method 243 minimum reflux ratio 248 minimum stages 246

capacity, single-line 984 complex mixtures 266 definitions 229 degrees of freedom 258 design reliability 984 energy requirements 989 equilibrium flash 239



Distillation (Continued) equilibrium stages 238 extractive 263 767 general approach to solving problems 230 Gilliland correlation 253 height of transfer unit 275 minimum reflux ratio 248 minimum stages 246 multicomponent systems 235 251

design approach 251 example design 256 key components 251 Lewis-Matheson method 251 MESH equations 253 minimum reflux ratio 251 minimum stages 251 Ponchon-Savarit method 245 q-line equation 243 rating approach 251 rigorous calculation 258 shortcut methods 253 Thiele-Geddes method 251

phase equilibrium in 231 reflux ratio 243 sequencing, heuristics for 209 simple takeover 239 specification of variables 258 steam 266 total reflux 246 251 transfer units 275

Distillation column control 328

Distillation columns 276 contacting devices 279 control 328



Distillation columns (Continued) froth contacting 278 general descriptions and types 276 liquid entrainment 285 liquid handling capacity 291 maximum vapor flow 284 packed-type 295

hydraulics 297 interfacial area 306 liquid distribution 297 liquid holdup 301 liquid redistribution 299 loading-flooding 304 mass transfer 323 multicomponent systems 321 packing materials 295 packing properties 298 301 pressure drop 306 random packing 295 321 structured packing 295 326 vapor capacity 312 vapor distribution 300

pressure drop 288 spray contacting 281 tray-type 276

efficiency 312 liquid handling capacity 291 liquid mixing 320 mass transfer 312 maximum vapor flow 284 miscellaneous comments 293 pressure drop 288 vapor capacity 281 vapor mixing 320



Distillation columns (Continued) weeping 288

vapor capacity 281

Distribution coefficients 414 764

Distribution diagram 424

Donnan effects 956 969

Drying 93 of porous solids 93

Dump leaching 504 acid consuming reactions 508 Bingham Mine 506 dissolution reactions 507 hydrological characteristics 504 major unknowns 505 oxidation sequence 507 processes, sequence of 505 solution application 506

E Eddy diffusivity 108

Eddy viscosity 108

Effluents, from hydrometallurgy processes 501 502

Electrochemical processes 529 mixed potential 529

Electrodialysis 836 968 applications 970 capacity, single-line 984 concentration polarization 972

boundary layers 972 polarization parameter 975 976

design 976 reliability 986

Donnan exclusion 969 electrodes 976



Electrodialysis (Continued) limiting current density 974 975 membranes 968

suppliers 970 stack design 971 976

sheet-flow 972 tortuous-path 972 unit-cell 972

Electromotive devices 144

Electromotive force 129

Electromotive separations 131 175

Electrophoresis: capacity, single-line 984 design reliability 986

Electroseparators 155

Electrostatic forces, of surfaces 780

Electrostatic precipitators 144 187 pressure drop 144

Emulsions 155

Energy requirements 212 988 for adsorption of gases 991

heat of regeneration 991 for crystallization 991 for distillation 989 for extraction 990

energy efficiency 990 fuel equivalent 990

fuel heating value 989 heat 988 power 988 refrigeration 989 for reverse osmosis 991 steam 988 work 989



Energy separating agent 205

Enhancement factor 394

Entrainment 132 estimation of 132

Equation of state: and chemical theory 20 cubic 17

combining rules 18 mixing rules 18 Peng-Robinson 17 Redlich-Kwong 17 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 17 van der Waals 17

pressure-explicit 13 virial 13 volume-explicit 13

Equilibrium constants 345

Equilibrium data, for absorption 345

Equilibrium flash 239

Equilibrium isotherm 735 Langmuir 736 linear 735

Equimolal counterdiffusion 406 407 in gases 407 in liquids 408

Ethanol 769 water removal from, by adsorption 664

Excess function 4 partial molar 5

Excess Gibbs energy 24 empirical expressions for 26 local-composition expressions for 30 Margules equations for 26 NRTL equation for 31



Excess Gibbs energy (Continued) Porter equation for 28 UNIQUAC equation for 31 van Laar equations for 28 Wilson equations for 30

Extraction 405 acetic acid 453

equilibrium distribution coefficients 766 schematic diagram for recovery 765 767

acidic extractants 473 aliquat 481 amines 474 480

tertiary 765 771 anion-exchanging extractants 474 475 aromatics, of 453 batch shakeout tests 445

dispersion number 445 capacity, single-line 984 cation-exchanging extractants 474 chelating extractants 473 chemistry 467 contactors, advantages and disadvantages 491 DEHPA 484 485 489 design reliability 985 differential contact in packed columns 427 diluents 475 476 495

765 dissociation 767 distribution coefficient 477 efficiency 441

centrifugal contactors 441 mechanically agitated columns 441 mixer-settlers 441

energy requirements 990



Extraction (Continued) equilibria, with chemical reaction 477 484 equilibrium stages from triangular diagrams 420 equipment 442 490

costs 443 444 extractants 470 495

anion-exchanging 475 cation-exchanging 474 LIX reagents 479 488 849 solvating 474 TBP 489 490 765 TIOA 482 489 TOPO 478 764 765

766 771 flux 487 food 455 HTU correlations 442 Kelex 479 484

contacting devices 493 experimental vs. calculated concentrations 492 extraction rate 488

kinetics 486 liquid anion exchangers 474 liquid cation exchangers 473 mass transfer rates, with chemical reaction 486 mechanically agitated columns 438

Asymmetric Rotating Disk (ARD) 440 Graesser Raining-Bucket 440 Karr 440 Kuhni 440 Oldshue-Rushton 439 reciprocating-plate column 440 rotary-agitated column 438 Rotating-Disk Contactor (RDC) 439



Extraction (Continued) York-Schiebel 438

metals, of 467 mixer-settlers 434

coalescence of drops 438 coalescence wedge 438 continuous-phase mass transfer coefficients 437 disperse phase, selection of 437 dispersion:

gross uniformity of 437 minimum impeller speed for 434

dispersion band, height of 438 drop size in mixers 434 optimized design of agitated vessels 437 Sauter mean drop diameter 437 scale-up for mass transfer 438 settlers (or decanters) 438

modifiers 475 495 naphthenic acid, of 482 operating line in 417 424

graphical representation 418 perforated-plate columns 432

coalesced layer thickness 434 computer aided design 432 disperse phase, selection of 434 drop diameter 434 holdup 434 jet diameter 434 jet length 434 jetting conditions 432 mass transfer coefficients 435

pharmaceuticals, of 453 pinch 426 plait point 419



Extraction (Continued) plate (stage) efficiency 432 process design 495 process selection 445

examples 449 pseudoequilibrium curve 433 reagents 467

See also Extraction, extractants reference peak spiking 448 without reflux 420 with reflux 422

minimum reflux 426 total reflux 426

solvating extractants 473 solvents:

characterization 446 modification 446 regeneration 449 selection 445 446 selectivities 447 solubility curve 447 third phase 446 see also Extraction, reagents

stagewise contact 427 490 surface-active contaminants 434 437 transfer units 427

Extractive distillation 263 calculations 264 solvent selection 264

F Ferrous ion:

biogenic oxidation 535 oxidation of 534



Fiber bed mist eliminators 139

Fiber beds 153 pressure drop 139 velocities 139

Fick’s law 71 72 406 863

as applied in leaching 554 boundary conditions 554 solutions 554

Film-penetration theory 413

Film theory of mass transfer 95 102 364 412

Filtration 130 167 batch cake filters 172

filter press 172 horizontal plate filter 172 nutshce filter 172 pressure leaf-filters 172 tubular filters 172

cake filtration 169 clarifying filters 174

cartridge filters 175 deep bed filters 175 precoat pressure filters 175

equation 169 continuous cake filters 173

disk filter 174 horizontal vacuum filters 174 rotary drum filters 174

depth filtration 169

Filtration centrifuges 164 basket centrifuge 164 peeler 164 pusher 164



Fixed beds: axial dispersion in 560

Peclet number 560 tracer measurements 563

flow maldistribution 560 critical velocity 560 unstable displacement 560

Flotation 154

Flotation, bubble and foam separations 775 activators 792 adsorption:

chain-chain interactions 786 covalent bonding 787 hydration factors 789 hydrogen bonding 787 structural compatibility 789

aggregate 778 carrier 779 colligend 807 collision cross section 811 column design 818 819 820 depressants 794 electroflotation 778 fine bubbles 776 foam 777 froth 775 frothers 792 Gibbs equation 807 hemicelles 812 813 history:

general 806 literature review 809

ion 778 microflotation 778



Flotation, bubble and foam separations (Continued) model:

columbic 811 812 non-columbic 812

oil 778 operation:

basic principles 807 modes 808 separations, types of 808 809

ores 775 parametric relationships 814 820 physicochemical principles 779 Poisson-Boltzmann equation 812 precipitate 778 pressure release 778 sea water 816 817 separation, removal rates 811 solvent sublation 808 818 spherical agglomeration 779 uses 807 821 822 vacuum 778 viscous drag forces (Stokes law) 809 waste treatment, removal 806

of arsenate 817 of cadmium 815 of chromium 815 821 of copper 815 821 of cyanide 817 of fluoride 817 of iron 816 of lead 815 816 821 of manganese 816 of mercury 816 of nickel 816



Flotation, bubble and foam separations (Continued) of organic materials 817 of radioactive metal 816 of zinc 815 816

Flux 61 405 diffusive 65 mass 406 molar (molal) 63 405 406

Foam fractionation 777

Fractional extraction 410

Fractionation, see Distillation

Free-volume theory of diffusion 901

Freezing-point determination 589

Fugacity 6 7 of nitrogen 8 standard state 10

Fugacity coefficient 10 12 composition dependence 16

of acetic acid vapor 23

G Gas – liquid segregation 132

centrifugal separators 137 commercial separators 137 fiber bed 140 mesh pads 138 selection approach 145

capital 148 operating costs 148

Venturi scrubbers 144

Gas-solid equilibria 48

Gas-solid segregation 176 bag filters 183 cyclones 191



Gas-solid segregation (Continued) electrostatic precipitator 187 192 fabric filters 192 filters 182

depth filters 183 fabric filters 183

gravity settlers 190 gravity settling chambers 176 selection procedure 188 wet scrubbers 180 192

Gel filtration, capacity, single-line 984

Gel layer 829

General processing considerations 197

Gibbs-Duhem equation 6

Gibbs-Helmoltz equation 25

Gold: dissolution 526 leaching 509

Graphical addition of streams 423

Gravity 129

Gravity separations 129 134 149 free-settling velocity 129 terminal particle velocity 134 terminal velocity 130

Gravity settlers 157 176 parallel plate designs 160

H Heap leaching 502

Heat exchange between solids and liquids 569

Heat of mixing 25

Heat transfer with simultaneous mass transfer 104

Height of a transfer unit, see HTU



Henry’s constant 9 37

Henry’s law 11 40 345 863

HETP (HETS) 372 417

Hollow-fiber separator 930 composition-dependent permeability 937 feed composition 937 feed pressure 937 fiber dimensions 933 multistage 939 pressure drop 932

Horizontal decanters 150

HTU 118 366 429 physical meaning of 429 relationship of individual to overall 431

H2S, removal of 762

Hydrocarbons, absorption of 359

Hydrocarboxylic acids 771

Hydrocyclones 161 particle cut diameter 161 sizing 162

Hydrogen recovery: by membrane processes 874 by pressure swing adsorption 660

Hyperfiltration, see Reverse osmosis

I Ideal solution 10

interdiffusion in 73

Immiscible liquid segregation 148 batch settlers 152 coalescers 154 design drop size 150 drop settling velocity 150



Immiscible liquid segregation (Continued) drop size correlation:

agitated vessels 148 pipeline contracting 148 static mixers 148

drop size range 148 gravity separation 149

parallel plates 152 selection 155

capital costs 155 operating costs 155

dispersed phase 149 ultrafiltration 154

Impaction 129 130 137 180

separation number 130 target efficiency 130

Impingement 137

Impingement mechanism 130

Interception 153 immiscible liquids 153

Interdiffusion 72 73 75

Ion exchange 697 applications 711

hydrometallurgy 714 pharmaceutical and medical 713 sugar processing 713 uranium recovery 715 water treatment 711

capacity, single-line 984 design reliability 985

Ion exchange equipment 717 fixed beds 717 720 fluidized bed contactors 718



Ion exchange equipment (Continued) Cloete-Streat 718 Himsley 724 Porter 725 USBM 724

moving bed contactors 721 Asahi 722 723 Higgins 722

stirred tank contactors 725 RELIX 726 resin-in-pulp 725

Ion exchange kinetics 704 chemical reaction kinetics 707

shell progressive or shrinking-core model 710 diffusional processes 707

diffusion coefficients 708 film diffusion control 707 particle diffusion control 707

Ion exchange materials 697 acrylic anion resins 698 acrylic cation resins 697 chelating resins 727

nitrogen-containing ligands 727 nitrogen- and oxygen-containing ligands 727 oxygen-containing and macrocyclic groups 727 phosphorus-containing ligands 727 sulfur-containing ligands 727

inorganic materials 698 polystyrene anion resins 698 polystyrene sulfonic acid resins 697 solvent-impregnated resins 728 specialty materials 728

composites 728 fibers and fabrics 728



Ion exchange materials (Continued) magnetic materials 728

Ion exchange selectivity 699 binary systems 699

distribution coefficient 700 divalent-univalent exchange 701 selectivity coefficient 699 univalent exchange 700

multicomponent exchange 703

Iron, oxidation of 507

K Kremser equation 357

Krichevsky-Ilinskaya equation 40

K value 232

L Lactic acid 771

Leaching 500 540 batch extraction:

cling 563 coefficients 557 558 Eigenvalues 557 multistage cocurrent 563 stripping factors 558 superposition, use of 563

beds 543 axial dispersion 559 backmixing 559 experimental behavior 559 extract displacement 559 pressure drop 569 Rosen’s solution for fixed single bed 558 559

cling 550



Leaching (Continued) countercurrent, continuous 564

comparison with batch countercurrent 566 local concentrations 565 solutions of Pick's second law 564 yields 564

differential extraction 566 diffusion batteries:

comparison with other operations 566 Duhamel’s theorem 566 performance 566 superposition, use of 566

equipment: Allis Chalmers 548 Amos 543 544 Anderson 548 basket 548 batch 548 Bauckau-Wolf 544 BMA 544 BMA Egyptian 543 Bollman 548 Bonotto 548 Carrousel 543 Crown 545 DOS 544 DeSmet 543 Detrex 544 Dravo 543 EMI 543 Filtrex 543 Ford 544 gravity counterflow 548 Greerco 544



Leaching (Continued) Hildebrand 544 Hungarian J 545 Lurgi 543 mixer-separator 549 Olier 545 Oliver-Morton 541 Opperman and Diechmann 545 perforated plate 545 reflux 549 screw-conveyor 543 selection 568 Silver Chain 541 545 Silver Ring 543 Silver Scroll 541 stationary basket 543 trommel 543 Van Hengel 543 Vatron-Mau 543 Vulcan-Kennedy 544

extraction: gelatin 548 heterogeneous 540 homogeneous 540

feed, dry solids 554 preparation 568

marc 540 direct leaching of ores 516 historical 500 kinetics of 529 metals processing 500 ore handling, various paths 502 reaction zone 532 shrinking-core model 533



Leaching (Continued) occluded solution 540 oilseeds 554 operating conditions 550 phase equilibria in 550

Janecke coordinates 550 saturation lines 550 triangular diagrams 550

products 550 raw materials 550 reflux extractors 566 Shank's system 541 solubilization:

of gelatin, keratin, pectin, starches, sugars 567 rates 567

solvents for organic materials 567 for Pharmaceuticals, pigments, vegetable oils 568 selection 567 supercritical 567

spent solids treatment 569 staged operations 550

Murphree efficiencies 554 stripping factor 554 types 540

batch 540 crossflow 540 542 differential 540 fixed bed 540 percolation:

cocurrent 540 countercurrent 540

slurry: cocurrent 540 countercurrent 540



Leaching (Continued) yield 550 554

Line ratio principle 418 423

Liquid entrainment 285

Liquid-gas entrainment 133

Liquid-liquid equilibria 40 consolute temperatures 42 Porter equation 42

Liquid membranes 763 767 840 biochemical and biomedical applications 854

artificial red blood cells 854 blood oxygenation 854 chronic uremia, treatment of 857 drug overdose, treatment of 856 slow release of enzymes and drugs 857 toxin removal from blood 855

chemical reactions in 852 factors influencing transport through 842 general description 840 hydrometallurgy, use in 848

copper recovery 849 nickel recovery 849 uranium recovery 849

industrial applications 845 mathematical models of 844 transport mechanisms 841 wastewater treatment 845 well control agents, use in 852

Liquid-solid equilibria 45 582 735 736

Liquid-solid segregation 157 centrifuges 163

selection 166 electromotive separation 175



Liquid-solid segregation (Continued) filtration 167

testing 172 gravity settlers 157

thickener 158 hydrocyclones 162 membrane separators 175 selection approach 176

M McCabe-Thiele graphical method 243

Margules equations 26

Mass separating agent 206 762

Mass transfer 60 312 boundary-layer models 107 efficiency 197 equilibrium considerations 414 high flux, effect of 103 oscillating drops 414 in packed columns 323

random packings 324 structured packings 326

penetration theory 105 413 surf ace-renewal theory 106 413 turbulent flow, in 100 two-film theory 104 412 428

Mass transfer coefficients 100 364 411 828

correlations 112 agitated vessels 115 bubbles 119 drops 118 410 fixed beds 117 559 fluidized beds 117



Mass transfer coefficients (Continued) packed columns 117 spheres 114

individual 411 overall 411 volumetric (or capacity) 412

Membrane modules and operation: complete mixing 924 crossflow 926 gas flow patterns 921 general design procedures 872 hollow fibers 930 Joule-Thompson effect 876 multistage operation 939 plug flow 928 types 864 921

Membranes 68 175 asymmetric 868

aromatic polyamides 871 aromatic polyimides 871 cellulose acetate 870 characterization 916 polysulfone 870

compaction 834 837 composite 837 871 configurations:

hollow-fiber 864 spiral-wound 864

diffusion coefficient: concentration dependence of 885 temperature dependence of 883

in gas separations 863 capacity, single-line 984

gel layer 829



Membranes (Continued) liquid, see Liquid membranes morphology 869

posttreatments 870 spinodal decomposition 869

permeability 863 885 957 apparatus for measurement of 889 of glassy polymers 865 plasticization 864 of rubbery polymers 865 temperature dependence of 883 time dependence 918

pressure (driving force) 827 in reverse osmosis 837

composite membranes 837 negative rejection 837

separation factor 864 ideal 871 890

solution diffusion mechanism 863 sorption:

apparatus for determination of 886 concentration dependence of 885 dual-mode 886 isotherms 886 structure 826

time lag 894 in ultrafiltration 826

flux 826 permeate 826 reflection 826 rejection 826 retention 826

Membrane separators 154



Mesh pads 137 140 144 153

allowable velocity in 138 configurations 138 design velocity 138 pressure drop 138

Metals, reduction of 500

Minerals, point of zero charge 780

Minimum reflux 244

Minimum reflux ratio 248

Minimum solvent-to-feed ratio: in absorption 353 in extraction 420 426

Minimum stages 244

Molecular sieves 646 pore size 648 properties 649

Moving bed, in chromatography 746 simulated 748

Moving port chromatography 752

Multicomponent distillation, see Distillation, multicomponent systems

Multistage contactors 354

Multistage distillation 239

Murphree tray efficiency 355

N Nickel laterites 512

AAC leaching process 512

Nitrogen production: using adsorption 662 using membranes 874 878

NRTL equation 31 32 232



NTU 429 evaluation of 430 selection for use 431

Number of transfer units, see NTU

O Osmotic pressure 836

van’t Hoff equation 836

Oxygen enrichment, by membranes 874

Oxygen reduction 535

P Packed bed 139

Packed columns 364 372 387 absorption 344

physical 379 distillation 295 heat effects in 372

Packed towers, see Packed columns

Packing 139 140 chromatography, schematic of 734 ordered 382 random 381

Parallel-plate separators 152 isokinetic sample 132 predicting 132 sample train 132

Parametric pumping 667 755

Particle size 132 measurement 600

Penetration theory 105 413

Penicillin, purification by liquid chromatography 741 742

Perforated trays in absorption 392



Permeability of membranes 86 863 885 957

apparatus for measurement of 889 competition between penetrants 911 crystallinity, effect of 900 glassy polymers, of 903 nonideal gas effects 904 913 plasticization 864 rubbery polymers, of 897 898 temperature dependence of 883 time dependence of 918 tortuosity, effect of 898 values of 865

Phase equilibria 3 criteria for 5 fluid-solid 45 formulation of problems in 11 gas-solid 48 735 general treatment of 3 liquid-liquid 40 445 477

484 766 liquid-solid 45 550 582

700 735 736 problems, formulation of 11 supercritical vapor-liquid 37 thermodynamic framework for 4 vapor-liquid (gas-liquid) 34 231

at high pressure 51

Phase segregation, basic mechanisms and analogies 129

Phenol 768

Phosphoryl extractants 765 768 771

Pilot plant, necessity of 986

Pinch 426

Plait point 419



Plate columns, see Tray columns

Plug flow 432

Polyvinylpyridine 772

Ponchon-Savarit method 245

Population balance 599

Porter equation 28

Pourbaix diagrams 524 Cu-O-H2O 528 Cu-O-S-H2O 529 S-O-H2O 528

Poynting correction 7 232

Process: of control structures 220 design reliability 984

adsorption 985 chromatographic separations 986 crystallization 985 dialysis 986 distillation 984 electrodialysis 986 electrophoresis 986 extraction 985 gel filtration 986 ion exchange 985 membrane gas separations 985 reverse osmosis 985 ultrafiltration 985

development 982 optimization 982 reliability 982 scale of operation 983

parallel lines 984 selection 982 simulation 992



Process synthesis 204 982 992 993

distillation sequencing 993 energy integration 212

for minimum work 212 systematic approaches 212

examples of 213 future of 217 heuristics, general 208

for distillation 209 methodologies 207

algorithmic methods 211 evolutionary methods 211

sequencing separation processes 206

Processing considerations 197

Properties: molar 4 partial molar 4 total 4

R Raoult’s law 11 34 232

233 345

Rate expressions for mass transfer 61

Rayleigh distillation 269

Reaction equilibria 761

Reduction of metals 500 methods 526

Reflux: in distillation 240 in extraction 422

Reflux ratio: in distillation 243

influence on stage requirements 245



Reflux ratio: (Continued) minimum 248 251

in extraction 422

Regeneration in complexation reactions 399 467 764

Residual function 4 partial molar 5

Retention time 736

Reverse osmosis 68 836 applications 837 capacity, single-line 984 design reliability 985 energy requirements 991 membranes 837 process design 838 process economics 838

S Sauter mean drop size 148 437

Scale of operation 983

Sedimentation centrifuges 163

Selectivity: in complexation reactions 762 in ion exchange 699

Separation factor in membrane processes 864 890

Separation processes: bases for, physical and chemical 983 biological separations 220 classification of 205 control of 218 high-purity materials 222 modeling and simulation 219 single-line capacities 984 thermally sensitive materials 221



Sequencing separation processes 206

Shank’s system 541

Sherritt Gordon Mines 501

Sherritt Gordon process 516 leaching reactions 516 oxydrolysis 518 reduction 518 removal of ammonia 517

Shock wave in chromatography 736

Sieve analysis 600

Sieve trays 392 pressure drop 288 weeping 288

Silica gel 651 properties of 652

Silver, dissolution of 526

Single-line capacities for selected separation processes 984

Solid-liquid equilibria 45 582 735 736

isotherm 735 736 predictions 583

Solids processing sequence 579

Solubilities: of CO2 in aminoalcohol solutions 350 351 of CO2 in potassium carbonate solutions 350 351 of gases in physical solvents 348 of gases in SELEXOL 347 of gases in water 346 of H2S in MEA 349 of oxygen and hydrogen 523 524

Solubilization 567 solvent selection 567



Solute movement theory 733 735 746 solute velocity 733 735

Solution mining 519

Solvent: blending 415 modifier 415 screening of 414

Sorption effect 736

Sorption in membranes: apparatus for measurement of 886 competition between penetrants 910 concentration dependence of 885 dual-mode 886 904

conditioning effects 904 generalized model 910 permeability 909 sorption isotherms 906 transport model 907 unrelaxed volume 904

isotherms 886 902

SO2 absorption 391

Spherical agglomeration, in flotation 779

Spray contactors 344 385 absorption in 385 power requirements of 388

Spray dryer absorbers 389

Spray nozzles 140

Spray separators, desired droplet size 140

Standard state: Henry’s law 11 37 Raoult’s law 11

Steam distillation 266



Steam system 988

Stefan-Maxwell equations 74

Stokes-Einstein equation 78

Stoke’s law 809

Strippers, selection guide for 343

Stripping 341 with chemical reaction 399 definition of 341 equipment 343

Superposition 563 crossflow extractors 563

Surface age distribution 413 fractional rate of surface renewal 414

Surface renewal theory 106

Surfactants: adsorption of 779 in flotation 779

T Tangential entry separator 135

drop cut diameter 137 pressure drops 137 separation efficiency 136

Target efficiency 130

Thickeners 158

Tie line 420

Transfer units 275 366 correction for curved operating and equilibrium lines 369 graphical determination of 369 simplified equations for 368

Transport analogies 109 Chilton-Colburn correlation 111



Tray columns 312 343 See also listings under specific operation

Tray efficiency 312 355 391 392

Murphree 314 355 391 point 314 391

Trays 354 392 number of analytical approach 356 number of graphical approach 354 perforated 392 sieve 392

Triangular diagrams 418 equilateral 419 right triangle 419 type I and type 2 systems 419

Tributyl phosphate (TBP) 489 490 765

Triocytlphosphine oxide (TOPO) 478 764 765 766 771

Turbulence 108

U Ultrafiltration 826

applications 829 by industry 830

batch 832 capacity, single-line 984 configurations 831 conversions 831 design reliability 985 economics 835

capital charges 835 cleaning 836 costs 835



Ultrafiltration (Continued) credits 835 labor 836 maintenance 836 membrane replacement 836 power and cooling 835

experimental design 834 fouling 834 membranes 829

compaction 834 life 830

molecular weight cutoff 829 semibatch 832 staging 832 yield 831

UNIFAC method 32

Unimodal unidirectional diffusion 406 407 in gases 408 in liquids 408

UNIQUAC equation 31 32 232

Unit operations, classification of 983

Universal velocity distribution 108

Uranium: acidic and basic dissolution 514 precipitation 515 simplified flowsheet for acid leaching of 515 slurry leaching 513 solvent extraction process 501

V van Deemter equation 738

van Laar equation 28 232



van’t Hoff equation 836

Vapor-liquid equilibria 34 data reduction 37 from an equation of state 51 at high pressure 51 for physical solvents 348 subcritical 34 supercritical 37

Vapor-liquid equilibrium ratio 232

Velocity: mass average 62 63 65 molar average 63 66

Venturi scrubbers 143 collection efficiency 143 pressure drop 144

Venturi-Cyclonic spray scrubbers 386

Virial coefficients 14 mixing rules 14

Virial equations of state 13

Volume change of mixing 25

W Wastewater treatment using liquid membranes 845

Water, coextraction of 764 767

Wavy plates 137

Weber number 148

Wilke-Chang equation 79

Wilson equation 30 232

X Xylenes, freezing point depression of 585



Z Zeolites 646

Zinc: pressure leaching process 518 roast-leach electrowinning 501 518

Zone broadening 737 739

Zone refining, principles of 627 629

hspt indx 02 - murdercube purification... · acid gas separations: absorption and stripping...

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