HSA 171CAR

1436/5/19

TYPES OF DECISIONS

TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING GROUP DM

FACTORS INFLUENCING GROUP DM

Constrains on Decision Making

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Programmed DM & Non-Programmed decisions.

Individual & Group decisions.

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One way of distinguishing among decisions

is in terms of whether they are fairly routine

and well-structured, or novel and poorly

structured

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PROGRAMMED DECISIONS :

Well-structured decisions, can be understood,

measured and are actually programmed

NON-PROGRAMMED DECISIONS :

Poorly structured decisions, unique, non- routine

and more ambiguous and frequently more

difficult to make since it involves major

planning issues

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Operational Decisions Programmed Decisions

IndividualsIndividuals

Strategic Decisions Non-Programmed Decisions

GroupGroup

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Advantage◦ Provides more complete information

◦ Generates more alternatives

◦ Increases acceptance of a solution

◦ Increases legality

Disadvantage◦ Time consuming

◦ Some members might influence with other members

◦ unclear/confusing responsibility for the final outcome

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Brainstorming (BS)◦ An idea-generating process that encourages

alternatives From 6-12 persons sit around a table. The group leader states the problem clearly. The alternatives start to be generated in a

given time.  

◦ No criticism is allowed and all alternatives are recorded for later analysis.

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Nominal Group Techniques (NGT)◦ The group members are physically present but

operate independently. Members write down their ideas before meeting

starts. The Meeting starts and each one presents his idea

(one by one). No discussion takes place until all ideas have been recorded. (better to use flip chart)

The group starts to discuss & evaluate the ideas Each member independently assigns a rank to the

ideas. The decision is to choose which has the highest ranking.

 

◦ The main advantage is that it doesn’t restrict independent thinking.

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Delphi Techniques (DT)◦ The members never meet face to face.◦ The same steps of “nominal Group Technique”

but the members register their ideas of solution through “questionnaire.”

◦ The advantages: Less time consuming in group meeting &

discussion Prevent members from influencing of others.

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Electronic Meetings (EM)

◦ Most recent approach.

◦ The members interact through computers.

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1.Size of the group ◦ The size of the task determine the group size.

 

2.Communication Type of group that determine decision

makingCentralized group: Centralized group: Group members communicate only via a central

member This is called “The Wheel”

 Decentralized groupDecentralized group: Group members communicate directly with every

other members

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There are two types: “The Chain”- information pass from one

individual to the next before it reaches the last person.

“The Circle”- information is circular

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3. Human elements

◦ Leadership within the group

◦ Group members values, attitudes, behavior,

…..etc

◦ Group members skills, experiences,

qualifications, ….etc

◦ Level of the inter-group conflict.

 

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1. Internal constraints◦ Availability of finance (budget)◦ Existing company policy◦ People’s behavior

 2. External constraints

◦ Governmental legislation ◦ Competitors behavior ◦ Lack of technology◦ Economic environment (demands)

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