!~~hQI!!2!I~gyReviewMay,1964Sailing Champion, Page27

The Scientific OriginsOf Modern Engineering

By George R. Harrison, Page 15

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MAY, 1964 1

ROBERT CAPRANICA, a youngresearcher from Bell Telephone Lab-oratories, is studying the croakingof frogs in an artificial lily pond atM.l.T. His novel communication re-search project is described in thearticle on page31 this month.

TECHNOLOGYREVIEW is published month-ly from November to July inclusive, onthe 27th day of the month preceding thedate of issue, by the Alumni Associationof the Massachusetts Institute of Tech-nology. All correspondence regarding itseditorial contents, subscriptions, •.adver-tising, and changes of address should beaddressed to:

Room 1-281, M.I.T.,Cambridge, Mass. 02139

The Review's publisher and editor isVolta Torrey; business manager, R. T.Lope, '28; assistant to the editor,RuthKing; and class news editor,Roberta A.Clark. Editorial consultants areJ. J. Row-lands, Francis E. Wylie,and John 1. Mat-till. Members of its staff areJoyce Skinnerand Maxine Kenny.

Officers of the Alumni Association of M.I.Tare: Robert H. Winters,'33, President;Don-ald P. Severance,'38, Executive Vice-presi.dent; F. Leroy Foster, '25, and Samuel A.Groves, '34, Vice-presidents; andFrederickG. Lehmann, '51, Secretary.

An annual subscription to Technology Re-view is $4 in the U.S., $4.50in Canada andelsewhere, and a single copy, 60 Cents. Threeweeks mustbe allowed to effect a chanae ofaddress, for which both the old and the newaddress of the subscriber should be given.

Contents are copyrighted, 1964, by theAlumni Association of M.I.T. Requests toreprint material from The Review shouldbe addressed to the editor, Room 1-281,M.LT.

The office of publication is 10 Ferry St.,Concord, N. H., where The Reviewis printed~Y~e Rumford Press. Second-class postageIS plUd at Concord, N.H.

POSTMAS1'EIl:Please return undeliverablecopies to The Rumford Press, 10 Ferry St.,Concord, N.H.

MAY, 1964 .

Technology ReviewReg. U.S. Pat. Off.

Edited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Volume 66, Number 7

Contents May, 1964

The Cover shows Joe Duplin (second from right) in a world cham-. pionship race on the Gold Cup Course on Lake Michigan. The man

hanging over the side is Lowell North, who was a three-time worldchampion.

Individuals NoteworthyInstitute Professor, Emeritus, Norbert Wiener's death, and other newsof the M.LT. Faculty and its Alumni.

The Scientific Origins of Modem EngineeringGeorge R. Harrison, Dean Emeritus of the School of Science, dis-cusses an issue raised by a previous article in The Review-in anarticle drawn from a talk in Cleveland.

The Soil Challenges M.I.T.Professor T. William Lambe, '44, explains the geologic column andfoundation problems on the Institute's campus.

Students, Materials, and ScienceProfessor Robert A. Smith, a physicist from Britain, discusses his workin a tape-recorded interview.

New BooksNorbert Wiener's last book,God and Golem, Inc.,points out moraltraps that are posed by automata.

The Sailing Champion M.I.T. Men WatchGeorge W. Smith, '26, tells how he met Joe Duplin and why sailingappeals to M.I.T. men.

The Trend of AffairsBrief reports on what M.I.T. men are saying and doing about a greatvariety of current problems.

Communication in a Lily PondSamuel Jay Keyser describes the use of electronics to explore an ancientbut challenging system.

Institute YesteryearsItems that were news at M.I.T. long ago, as they were recalled by thelate H. E. Lobdell, '17.

Alumni Examine Tomorrow's EdgeNelson Lees, '53, reports on a regional seminar concerned with educa-tion, science, and engineering.

Structural Mechanics of TextilesModem engineering ideas will be presented in special summer pro-grams at the Institute.

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Individttals Nowworihy

Norbert Wiener: 1894-1964

ONE of the world's most productiveand admired mathematicians, Insti-tute Professor, Emeritus, NorbertWiener, died in Stockholm lastMarch 18 while visiting friends ata hearing aid laboratory.

Prosthetic devices that involveboth human and mechanical systemsof communication and control fas-cinated Professor Wiener in recentyears. He had inspired and takenpart in efforts to improve artificialhands and limbs. He also hadthought much about hearing aids,especially after noting the music ata Boston performance of the Rus-sian circus last year, and he hopedthat ways could be found to enablemore deaf people to hear.

Professor and Mrs. Wiener leftCambridge last January 20 soonafter he received the NationalMedal of Science from PresidentJohnson in Washington. They hadgone to the University of Amster-dam, which planned to make himan honorary professor of medicine,and from there to Norway and Swe-den. He expected to lecture at theSwedish Royal Institute in Stock-holm, and to go later this year tothe Spring School of Cybernetics inNaples and the Institute for Ad-vanced Study in Mexico City.

Professor Wiener enjoyed hismany trips abroad and took pridein being welcome and at home vir-tually everywhere. He rarely ad-mitted just how many languages-heknew, but they included Chinese,and he seemed capable of instantlyrecalling in detail nearly all of theworld's great literature.

Mathematical irregularities werehis scientific specialty and he stroveto formulate procedures to minimizethem and thus bring nature's ran-dom movements together in a har-monious whole. He credited themotion of the waves in the CharlesRiver with ·having inspired his de-velopment of analytical techniquesapplicable in both electrical engi-neering and the examination ofbrain waves. He founded the sci-ence of cybernetics, named it, en-

4

couraged its use for benign purposes,and denounced military and com-mercial applications of it which heconsidered ignoble.

His last book, God and Golem,Inc., finished last summer in Sand-wich, N.H., dealt with the impinge-ment of cybernetics on religion.' Thecreation of machines capable oflearning and reproducing themselveswill give us no rest from thinking,but will subject us to sins no differentthan simony and sorcery, hebelieved, and this book was a finalplea to others to "render unto manthe things which are man's and untocomputers the things which are com-puter's." The Mayor of Cambridgecarried a copy of it with him to Romethis spring to present to the Pope.

Professor Wiener's fame for hismathematical work was rivaled bythat brought to him by his amazingversatility, his personality, and hiscordiality. Both his technical andnontechnical works were widelyquoted, and The Human Use ofHuman Beingsmodified a popularimage of "the scientist." Represen-tatives ofall the world's great com-munication media sought him out,

and nearly always left his companyfeeling that they had touched thesleeve of greatness.

His life story was well known.He told it in two books,Ex-Prodigyand I Am a Mathematician. Bornand bred, as he said, to the scholar'strade, he was graduated from Tuftsat the age of 14 and received hisdoctorate in philosophy from Har-vard when he was 18. Throughouthis life he defended the right ofgifted children to privacy, but hemade no secret of his own suffering.

After postgraduate study at Cam-bridge, England, at Gottingen, inCopenhagen, and at Columbia Uni-versity with such men as BertrandRussell, G. H. Hardy and JohnDewey, he taught briefly at Harvardand the University of Maine. Healso tried reporting for the BostonHerald and writing for theEncyclo-pedia Americana.He was acceptedinto the armed services during thefirst world war, after repeated ef-forts to enlist, and assigned to theAberdeen Proving Grounds. Thenhe came to M.I.T. as an instructorin 1919, and became assistant pro-fessor in 1924, associate professorin 1929, professor in 1932, Instituteprofessor in 1959, and emeritus in1960.

Throughout his 45 years at theInstitute, he was noted for thelength of the equations he put on

(Continued on page6)

Assistant Professor Norbert Wiener working at his M.I.T. desk in the 1920's.

THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

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One of the major problems encountered by Massachusetts Institute of Technology as it expandsits facilities to meet the increasing demands of the Space Age, is the selection of safe andeconomical foundations. The campus is underlain, typically, by about 20 feet of fill and peatysilt, a crust of sand and grovel of varying thickness, and the deep deposit of soft blue cloycommon to much of the Boston area,

At the David Flett du Pont Athletic Center (No.1) it Was decided to support the building On thecrust. Since the sand layervaried from 8 to 12 feet in thickness, piles were subject to the objectionthat they might "punch through" to the cloy, and on excavated caisson foundation would haveto bear the heavy and indeterminate cost of lorge-scale dewatering.

Solution

The Engineers decided to investigate the Fronki system of displacement caissons or pressure-injected footings, because of Franki's unique ability to forge a footing with 140,000 ft.-lb. blowsat a predetermined depth in the top of the sand loyer, creating bath an expanded bose and alarge zone of densified sand, thus improving the natural "mot" action of the crust. They foundthat Franki was prepared to guarantee satisfactory installation of the caissons at a fixed lumpsum price, eliminating contingencies for extra length or dewatering.

The Engineers' final design involved 215 Franki caissons, in groups of 2 to 6 units, carrying indi-vidual loads of 65 to 80 tons. The controlling foetor Was of COurse the stress applied to the cloy,and the number and spacing of the caissons at each column was so arranged0' to keep thatstress relatively constant, and within the limit of 1 ton per sq. ft. generally accepted for softBoston Blue Cloy.

A load test to double design load in the most critical area, where the send stratum was only8 feet thick, (net settlement 0,24") proved the safety of the design.

Results

The du Pont Athletic Center has now been inservice for four years, and the design assumptionshave been fully confirmed.

In the meantime the Institute and its various professional consultants, listed at left,have specifiedFranki guaranteed lump-sum-price foundations on the Burton-Conner Dining Hall (No.2), thelarge Parking Facility at Main & Vassar Streets (No.3), and an the four low-rise buildings of theMarried Students Quarters complex INa. 4), nOW being dedicated. Unit loads On the.e structuresranged up to 120 tons per caisson.

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Individuals oteworthy

(Continued from page 4)

blackboards and the speed withwhich he erased them. ProfessorYule-Wing Lee, '27, Associate Pro-fessor Amar G. Bose, '51, and otherformer students produced one ofNorbert Wiener's last mathematicalbooks for him (Nonlinear Problemsin Random Theory) from tape re-cordings and 400 snapshots of hisblackboard taken while he was giv-ing what was to have been fiveand turned out to be 15 lectures.

Despite his poor eyesight, he readand worked swiftly, and often foundtime to stroll the corridors, chat ina foreign language with a student,philosophize with a colleague, anddiscuss the day's biggest headlinewith a friend. He called many anold friend "boss."

The way the world turns, andthe rigidity of most men's thinkingin all countries, sometimes de-pressed Professor Wiener and hisjests often were bitter. But he en-joyed bridge, the movies, and small

talk about national and world affairs.The anecdotes about him are end-

less. Some of the stories that havebeen told and re-told are apocryphaland others resulted from his near-sightedness and his intense concen-tration on major rather than trivialmatters. Yet he, too, enjoyed thestories.

"We respected him," said Presi-dent Julius A. Stratton, '~3, in thereport of his death sent to the Fac-ulty, "not alone for his productiveand creative mind, but equally forhis warmth of understanding andfor his humanity."

Professor Wiener is survived byhis wife, two daughters, his mother,a brother, and two sisters.

Honored in MilanTHE Polytechnic Institute of Milan,Italy, honored Provost Charles H.Townes of M.I.T. and its own Pro-fessor Giulio Natta, winner of thisyear's Nobel Prize in Chemistry, atceremonies in the La Scala OperaHouse on April 3 commemoratingthe 100th anniversary of the found-ing of the Institute.

A Story Professor Wiener Often RecalledNORBERT WIENER told W. W.Jacobs' story about "The Monkey'sPaw" to many interviewers.* In"God and Golem, Inc.," he sum-marized it, in these words:

"In this tale, an English workingfamily is sitting down to dinner inits kitchen. The son leaves to workat a factory, and the old parents lis-ten to the tales of their guest, a ser-geant-major back from service in

6

the Indian army. He tells them ofIndian magic and shows them adried monkey's paw, which, he teltsthem, is a talisman which has beenendowed by an Indian holy manwith the virtue of giving three wishesto each of three successive owners.This, he says, was to prove the follyof defying fate.

"He says that he does not knowwhat were the first two wishes of thefirst owner, but that the last on wasfor death. He himself was the sec-ond owner, but his experiences weretoo terrible to relate. He is about tocast the paw on the coal fire, whenhis host retrieves it, and despite allthe sergeant-major can do, wishesfor £200.

"Shortly thereafter there is aknock at the door. A very solemngentleman is there from the com-pany which has employed his son.As gently as he can, he breaks thenews that the son has been killed inan accident at the factory. Withoutrecognizing any responsibility in thematter, the company offers its sym-pathy and £200 as a solatium.

"The parents are distracted, andat the mother's suggestion, they wishthe son back again. By now it is

Electronics Conferees

PROFESSOR WayneB. Nottingham,who wiJl retire this year, was hon-ored at a dinner on March 26 byformer students attending the 24thannual Physical Electronics Con-ference that he has arranged forthem. John F. Waymouth, Jr., '50,of Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.,will organize and conduct futuresuch by-invitation-only conferenceswith the assistance of a committeeconsisting of Professor EdwardA.Coomes, '38, of Notre Dame Uni-versity; Andrew R. Hutson,. '54, ofBell Telephone Laboratories; DavidB. Langmuir, '35, of Space Tech-nology Laboratories, and John M.Houston, '55, of General ElectricResearch Laboratories.

Attendance at the very specialalumni gatherings that ProfessorNottingham started in 1935 has beenlimited to 250, and unlimited, spon-taneous discussion has been permit-ted, to encourage the maximum ex-change of knowledge among menconcerned with physical electronics.

(Continued on page8)

dark without, a dark windy night.Again there is a knocking at thedoor. Somehow the parents knowthat it is their son, but not in theflesh. The story ends with the thirdwish, that the ghost should go away.

"The magic of automation, andin particular the magic of an auto-matization in which the deviceslearn, may be expected to be simi-larly literal-minded. If you are play-ing a game according to certainrules and set the playing-machineto play for victory, you will get vic-tory if you get anything at all, andthe machine will not pay the slight-est attention to any considerationexcept victory according to therules. If you are playing a war gamewith a certain conventional inter-pretation of victory, victory will bethe goal at any cost, even that ofthe extermination of your own side,unless this condition of survival isexplicitly contained in the definitionof victory according to which youprogram the machine."

*It appeared in The Lady of the Barge(Dodd, Mead& Co.) andin Modern ShortStories,Margaret Ashmun, Ed. (Macmil-lan Co., 1915).

THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW

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MAY, 1964 7

Strang,'55, Mathematics.Marcus Karel, '60,Nutrition.George Bekefi, William Bertozzi,

'53, Jerome I. Friedman,and Law-New Professors renee Rosenson,Physics.PROVOSTCharlesH. Townes has an-nounced the promotion of the fol- Honors to Professorslowing members of the M.LT. Fac- TJIEOSJ. THOMPSON, Professor ofulty to the rank of professor: Nuclear Engineering, was one of

Robert L. Halfman, '44, and five named by the Atomic Energylames W. Mar,'41, Aeronautics. Commission to receive ErnestO.

Cecil E. Hall, '48, Biology. Lawrence Memorial Awards thisHerbert O. House,Chemistry. year. ... ProfessorArthur T. Ip-Abraham I. Siegel,Economics. pen has been appointed to the advi-Edward W. Merrill, '47, Chemi- sory board of the U.S. Army Coast-

cal Engineering. al Engineering Research Center.Murray Eden, MarvinL. Minsky, ... Professor Robert V. Whitman,

George C. Newton, Ir., '41, and, '49, received a 1963 Structural Sec-John M. Wozencrait, '51,Electrical tion Award from the Boston SocietyEngineering. of Civil Engineers.

Henry M. Paynter,'44, Mechani- Wilson Fellowscal Engineering.

Gregory Tucker,Humanities. EIGHT M.LT. students won Wood-Edward H. Bowman,'46, and Ed- row Wilson fellowships this spring

gar H. Schein, Industrial Manage- for a year of graduate study nextment. fall. They were Ned J. Block, Doug-

Nesmith C. Ankeny, Louis N. las T. Browne, Kenneth H. Kaiser,Howard, and Hartley Rogers, Ir., Tehmau Kan, Bernard Shiffman,Mathematics. Eugene R. Speer, Jr., Gordon S.

Ali Iavan, Arthur K. Kerman, Wassermann, 'and Alan D. Wein-'53, George F. Koster,'48, Louis S. stein.Osborne, '50,and Irwin A. Pless, Honorable mention was givenPhysics. Michael L. Burton; Maurice A.

Finocchiaro, David F. Freeman, LitaAssociate Professors L. Markley, John D. Nagle, Martin

MEMBERS of the M.LT. Faculty T. Poe, 3d, and Donald C. Shapero.promoted to the rank of associate (Continued on page 46)professor this spring were:

Myron A. Hoffman, '51, and Gor-don C. Oates,Aeronautics.:

Henry A. Millon, Architecture.Justin E. Kerwin, '53, Naval Ar-

chitecture.Glenn A. Berchtold, Glen E. Gor-

don, Gordon G. Hammes, WilliamR. Moore, and Walter R. Thorson,Chemistry.

Ernest F. Bisbee, JeromeJ. Con-nor, Ir., '53, John F. Kennedy,andCharles C. Ladd, '55, Civil Engi-neering.

Robert G. Gallager, '57, JamesW. Graham, '52, Paul E. Gray, '54,Irwin M. Jacobs, '57, William T.Peake, '51, and Paul L. Penfield,Ir., '60, Electrical Engineering.

Thomas B. Sheridan,'59, Me-chanical Engineering.

David D. Lanning, '63, NuclearEngineering.

William F. Pounds, Barnard E.Smith, Andrew C. Stedry, and Wil-liam P. Travis, Industrial Manage-ment.

Michael Artin, and W. Gilbert

Individuals otewortby(Continued from page 6)

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THE TECHNOLOGY REVIEW