hqe2r indicateurs urbains_état des lieux européen

8/14/2019 HQE2R Indicateurs Urbains_tat Des Lieux Europen

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!"#2 % is a pro-ect co inanced 56 t7e #uropean Commission ;it7in t7e

rogramme #nerg6= #nvironment and ?ustaina5le Aevelopment BCit6 oftomorro;DE= ;7ic7 aim is to ela5orate met7ods and tools destined to local

communities and t7eir partners to 7elp t7em in t7eir ur5an rene;al pro-ects.

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HQERSustainable renovation of buildingsfor sustainable neighbourhoods

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Toda cities are being rebuilt, buildings are being rehabilitated, and neighbourhoods revitalised. Toassure sustainabilit, this regeneration must go beond technical solutions, taing social trends,changes in behaviour, environmental and economic development into account.

To define concrete action plans, sustainable development requires an iterative a of achieving adecision, because of the necessit of taing the various principles of sustainable development intoaccount all together at once. As the maret la onl taes into account economic factors, and

principall onl in the short-term, sustainable development requires 0A0#$+-$4R%! .%*%R&B2%-#!B)+-/+BR%0 the integration of the long-term, global impact of decisions on environmental and socialfactors, ith less hierarchical forms of participation than usual maret practices.

L(%! NS75;! 2%#(&.&R&]+/$R! ')$2%,&)i! '&)! 0A0#$+-$4R%! -%+](4&A)(&&.! $-$R10+0! $-.!

.%*%R&B2%-# is structured as an ideal regeneration neighbourhood projects into 4 phases a .%/+0+&- phase, an $-$R10+0 phase - identifing priorities, definition, discussion, an $00%002%-# of scenariosphase and finall the setting up of the $/#+&- plan for the neighbourhood.

The methodological frameor is furthermore based on E+#"#$%&'%()*+0*.*)-F@*'$+F,&'4&F)*# at the

cit scale, and then a sstem of 21 sustainable development targets under 5 main objectives see thelist next page and baced up b a set of 51 e issues ith their 61 indicators for the neighbourhoodand its buildings G!?G!+#H#$*@.

THE HQER APPROACH TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE

NEIGHBOURHOOD DEVELOPMENT

2. Strategic decisionfor sustainable

regeneration of theneighbourhood

7. Evaluation ofthe scenarios

against SDtargets (INDI,

ENVI, ASCOT)

6. Generation ofscenarios

(to identify optionsfor SD action)

4. Shared SDdiagnosis of theneighbourhood

(potential,dysfunction,cohesion)

3. Inventory based on the21 targets and the

integrated SD indicators

system (ISDIS)

Participation of residents and users

Partnership (public / private)

Local Governance

12. Monitoring andevaluation of the

project : SDmonitoringindicators

8. Action plan forthe neighbourhood

9. Urban planningregulations including

SD recommendations

11. Projects uponthe neighbourhood

with SDspecifications

10. Projects forSustainable Buildings(new & existing) with

SD specifications

5. Strategicpriorities for the

neighbourhood anddefinition of

objectives for SD

1. Identification ofproblems (social,

environmental, technical)that need actions

PHASE 1 : DECISION PHASE 2 : ANALYSIS

PHASE 3 : DECIDING UPON THE ACTION PLANPHASE 4 : ACTION and EVALUATION

Source: HQER Project (http://hqe2r.cstb.fr) SD: Sustainable Development





ENVI, ASCOT)







system (ISDIS)



Local Governance





SD recommendations




SD specifications



objectives for SD














ENVI, ASCOT)







system (ISDIS)



Local Governance





SD recommendations




SD specifications



objectives for SD










ENVI, ASCOT)







system (ISDIS)



Local Governance





SD recommendations




SD specifications



objectives for SD







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The HQE2R project results are 0B%/+'+/!#&&R0!'&)!R&/$R!/&22A-+#+%0!$-.!'&)!#(%+)!R&/$R!B$)#-%)0 seealso the diagram belo

?! The choice ofb!0A0#$+-$4R%!.%*%R&B2%-#!B)+-/+BR%0 at the scale of the cit and a definition ofsustainabilit for the neighbourhood scale.

?! The definition of an overall methodological frameor ith M! 2$+-! ]R&4$R 0A0#$+-$4R%!

.%*%R&B2%-#!j"3k!&4U%/#+*%0X!#(%+)!5`!#$)]%#0X!M`!i%1!+00A%0!&)!0A4!#$)]%#0!$-.!#(%-!b`!+-.+0BA#$4R%!+-.+/$#&)0!$#!#(%!-%+](4&A)(&&.!$-.!4A+R.+-]!0/$R%0 the ISDIS sstem.

?! A 0($)%.! "3! .+$]-&0+0! 2%#(&. for SD ith an integrated analtical grid for the previousinventor adapted to the neighbourhood scale.

?! 7*$RA$#+&-!#&&R0!'&)!0/%-$)+&0!&)!-%+](4&A)(&&.!B)&U%/#0 as decision aid tools for assessingdifferent scenarios before the final action plan for the neighbourhood is chosen 3 models iththe support of 3 analtical gridsC!!

a!2&.%R0C!!

?! 9T39! j9T3+/$#&)0! 92B$/#0k a model of sustainable regeneration impact usingindicators and alloing the development of different environmental and sustainable

development profiles?! 7T:9!j7T:+)&-2%-#$R!92B$/#k?!


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Pressure indicators directl describe the pressure of a human activit on the environment. It istherefore possible to use them to improve a situation.

!" State indicators eg ater qualit description, nitrate concentration,...State indicators describe the situation at a precise moment. The can be determined to give anaccount of the state of the econom as ell as of the environment. For example, state

indicators ould tr to measure the qualit of the environment, the qualit and quantit ofnatural resources, or the state of the econom.

!" Response indicators eg financing effortsResponse indicators represent the response of the hole of societ in seeing to solve

problems.

For example aste reccling, rising costs of fuel, use of public transport, etc..., can be consideredresponse indicators. It is difficult to quantif man of the reactions to a problem directl, but theirimpact can be seen in state or pressure indicators.

The sequence State-Pressure-Response can be a useful tool for establishing indicators or determining

their relevance as it represents a sort of mini-model of the phenomena studied. This sstem is ellnon countries and organisations lie the United ingdom and the United Nations base theirresearch on this model.


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According to an EEA report Technical Report No 25, +-.+/$#&)0! /$-! 4%! /R$00+'+%.! +-#&! '&A)!])&AB0

>!C!

!" 3%0/)+B#+*%!+-.+/$#&)0!hat is happening to the environment and to humansMost sets of indicators currentl used b national and international bodies are based on the3Q"9;?')$2%,&)i!or a subset of it.

?! 3)+*+-]! '&)/%! +-.+/$#&)0! describe social, demographic and economic development insocieties and the corresponding changes in life stles, levels of consumption and production

patterns.

8 EEA Technical report No 25, YEnvironmental Indicators Tpolog and overvie[, prepared b Smeets, E.etering R. 1999

9\7e odel= Flo;= "ualit6 s6stem

Dealing ith more than environmental indicators, the EEA has alread developed a specific approach of urban sustainabilit#(%!2&.%RX!'R&,X!EA$R+#1!010#%2F!

This sstem is more urban in its focus and analses the boroughs as metabolising sstems, folloing the municipal model ofmaterial, energ, and information flos

W&.%RC the municipal models indicators describe processes and events ith a multifactorial incidence and theare directl related ith the basic municipal model. @R&,C the municipal flos indicators undertae the material and energ ccles from the point of vie of their

production, distribution, treatment and re-use. SA$R+#1C the municipal environment qualit indicators are those referring to the final condition of the municipalenvironment.

"riving force ,ffectiveness of responses 0esponses

,co-efficienc2 of tec3nolog2indicators

,mission factors

0is9 assessment costs and

benefits of action;in-action

Pressure Impact

Pat3?a2s and

dispersion modelsState

"ose responseindicators

and relations3ips


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Primar driving forces are population groth and changes in the needs and activities ofindividuals. These provoe changes in production and consumption levels, and this is hodriving forces exert pressure on the environment.

?!Q)%00A)%!+-.+/$#&)0!describe developments in the release of emissions, use of resources andland.

?!"#$#%!+-.+/$#&)0! describe phsical phenomena lie temperature or noise level in a certainarea, biological phenomena lie current ildlife resources and chemical phenomena suchas concentrations of harmful substances both in a quantitative and qualitative a.

?! 92B$/#! +-.+/$#&)0! describe impacts caused b the changed state of the environment, forexample impacts ith regard to bio-diversit, availabilit of resources and the provision ofadequate conditions for health.

?! ;%0B&-0%! +-.+/$#&)0! describe responses b groups in societ as ell as governmentalattempts to prevent, compensate for or adapt to changes.

!" Q%)'&)2$-/%!+-.+/$#&)0!Does it matterPerformance indicators!compare actual conditions ith a specific set of reference conditions.The measure the distance beteen the current situation and the situation described target.

!" 7''+/+%-/1!+-.+/$#&)0! Are e improvingEfficienc indicators!relate pressures to human activities. These indicators provide an insightinto the efficienc of products and processes in terms of resources used, emissions releasedand aste generated per unit of product

!" L$R!,%R'$)%!+-.+/$#&)0!Are e on the hole better

Total elfare indicators! ould aim at describing total sustainabilit. Some measure of totalsustainabilit lie an Index of Sustainable Economic elfare ould be needed.!

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%-*+)&-2%-#$R!/&-.+#+&-!+-.+/$#&)!C!specific expression that provides information about thelocal, regional or global condition of the environment,

%-*+)&-2%-#$R!B%)'&)2$-/%!+-.+/$#&)! about an organisations environmental performance, 2$-$]%2%-#! B%)'&)2$-/%! +-.+/$#&)! C! environmental performance indicator that provides

information about the management efforts to influence an organisations environmental

performance, &B%)$#+&-$R! B%)'&)2$-/%! +-.+/$#&)! C! environmental performance indicator that providesinformation about the environmental performance of an organisations operations.

According to ISO 1431, #(%! %-*+)&-2%-#$R! +-.+/$#&)! +0! .%'+-%.! $0! $! 0B%/+$R! %hB)%00+&-! #($#!B)&*+.%0!+-'&)2$#+&-!$4&A#!%-*+)&-2%-#$R!/&-.+#+&-0!&)!B%)'&)2$-/%F!

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5F5! L(%!.+''%)%-#!]%&])$B(+/$R!0/$R%0!&'!+-.+/$#&)0!

Each problem has a relevant scale of evaluation and solutions also the functions of municipalities,

regions, states are extremel varied because of the traditions and political structures in each countr.Q)&B&0+#+&-0!2A0#!4%!$.$B#%.!#&!%$/(!0+#A$#+&-F!

Some specific indicators could be used at regional, national or international scales. Some others areexclusivel used at the local even urban scale.

Some basic indicators could be used for the entire urban environment as ell as at national orinternational scales.

Data hich have to be collected statistics or scientific data for measuring geographical indicators areoften erratic. Putting them at our disposal implies the improvement of surve sstems and sstems of

observation concerning phsical, economic and social environments at different levels of relevancefor each problem countr, conurbation, administrative regions, cities, neighbourhood... and theseobservations have in most of European countries to be created or improved.

Taing the example of ater management, the best a to implement global principles and ensureater access for essential users and ecosstemic balance in the long term, is to do so at the local level.Implementing ne mechanisms of governance for local ater communities is a a to appl anintegrated approach to problems.

At this level, local communities have an essential role to pla in mobilising the hole sector of ateractors residents and the principal partner groups of sustainable development hich are quoted insection III of the Rio Agenda 21.


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The RESPECT project must lead to

#"0A+#$4R%! +-.+/$#&)0! '&)! #(%! 0%##+-]! AB! &'! $-! %-*+)&-2%-#$R! schedule in ever participatingcommunit!

#"a complete methodolog enabling an other communit in the European Union, hatever itsregional level , to provide for itself a landmar instrument evaluating and monitoring!

%-*+)&-2%-#$R!B&R+/+%0F!

!"@)$2%,&)i!&'!$-$R10+0!Q)%00A)%!K!"#$#%!?!;%0B&-0%!The indicators ithin the RESPECT schedule have been ored out in accordance ith thecompulsor and voluntar duties of the communities. Thus, the enable the monitoring of theirenvironmental policies the are )%0AR#0! +-.+/$#&)0. The methods of implementation are given asadditional information.

The tae into consideration the ')$2%,&)i! qQ)%00A)%! ?! "#$#%! ?! ;%0B&-0%q! jQ";k developed bOECD Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development.

=F!L(%!qN%$R#(1!G+#+%0q!B)&])$22%!&'!#(%!c&)R.!N%$R#(!O)]$-+0$#+&-`J

!cNO!

L(%!cNO!N%$R#(1!G+#+%0 project is a long-term international development project that aims to placehealth high on the agenda of decision-maers in the cities of Europe and to promote comprehensivelocal strategies for health and sustainable development based on the principles and objectives of Ythestrateg for health for all in the tent-first centur[ and Local Agenda 21.

A set of indicators as produced and then, formall adopted b cities participating in the HealthCities program in 199. The aims of collecting this data ere to

Provide a description of health in the cities Provide a baseline of information for future comparisons Identif indicators hich best characterise cities Compare and contrast cities in the Health Cities project netor

The Ma! +-.+/$#&)0 devised cover the areas of (%$R#(X! (%$R#(! 0%)*+/%0X! %-*+)&-2%-#$R! $-.! 0&/+&?%/&-&2+/!'$/#&)0F!

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In order to achieve this, the European Commission urged Municipal authorities to participate directlin the process, hence close collaboration beteen the European Commission and the cities asnecessar.

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The French Institute for the Environment 9@7T is oring on the elaboration of environmentalindicators at the national scale but some expert oring groups have also been created in theeconomic, social and environmental sectors. Thus, IFEN has alread ored on programmes for thecreation of %-*+)&-2%-#$R! +-.+/$#&)017C! environmental performance indicators, sector basedindicators tourism and environment, the industr, energ and environment program.

Since 1996, IFEN has developed its on ideas about 0A0#$+-$4R%!.%*%R&B2%-# including

a A methodological approach

The establishment of a 2%#(&.&R&]+/$R!0/&B% able to integrate the different elements of sustainabledevelopment and to include various actors from multiple disciplinar origins in the construction ofindicators. This has three precise purposes

- To improve understanding of the phenomenon - To help decision maing - To inform the public.

The or realised in that context as quite original because +#!,$0!/(&0%-!#&!$)#+/AR$#%!#(%!.+''%)%-#!.+2%-0+&-0!&'!0A0#$+-$4R%!.%*%R&B2%-# according to the studies of the Brundtland Commission +-!$!2&.AR$)!$)/(+#%/#A)% as represented in the figure belo, and to have a coherent sstem that can beassessed independentl.

The result is the creation of$!)%$R+0#+/!0%#!&'a6e!+-.+/$#&)0!&)]$-+0%.!+-!>!2&.AR%0! reach of thesemodules is represented b a number on the diagram.

According to the IFEN, 5 axes characterise the definition of sustainable development in theBrundtland report

- balanced groth creating more emploment and productivit and feerexternalities.module 1

- greater care for the management and the restoration of critical forms of capital includinghuman and institutional capital.modules 2 and 3

- good lins beteen local and global modules 4 and 5- the satisfaction of present generations b reducing inequalities and dissatisfaction

modules 6 and 7- the integration of future generations b using of the precaution principle for resource

management and for adaptations to unforeseeable situations modules 8 and 9.

16 French Institute of Environment Institut Franyais de lEnvironnement Established on November 18th 1991,IFEN is a public administrative bod under the authorit of the French Ministr of Environment. Appendix 1.d17

IFEN, tudes et travaux nz35 YPropositions dindicateurs de dveloppement durable pour la France.18 see appendix 1-d


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c&)i+-]! ])&AB0 including than 5 experts, decision maers, researchers ere created in 1998-9ithin a programme concerning sustainable development indicators.

This second approach results from defining critical natural capital, important because the loss of thiscapital ould compromise the possibilit of sustainable development.

The IFEN processes tr to lin to demands

- the reference to a /&(%)%-#!'+%R.!&'!)%'R%/#+&-! , enabling the integration of the differentdimensions of sustainable development

- the creation of -A24%)%.! +-.+/$#&)0 mostl state or evaluation indicators clearlsituated in the general scheme and directl usable b the actors concerned .


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In German, the Federal Statistical Office has tried to develop indicators aimed at sustainabledevelopment. The purpose of the Environmental Economic Approach UGR is #& )%B)%0%-#!+-#%).%B%-.%-/+%0! 4%#,%%-! %/&-&2+/! $/#+*+#+%0! $-.! #(%! %-*+)onment. UGR shos hat naturalresources are used up, devalued or destroed b production and consumption and ho efficientl the

econom and societ deal ith energ and areas. The UGR sstem allos the determination of the pressure put on nature b using it as a sin for residuals and pollutants and permits compiling+-'&)2$#+&-!&-!#(%!0#$#%!&'!#(%!%-*+)&-2%-#!$-.!#(%!/&0#0!&'!%-*+)&-2%-#$R!B)%/#+&-. Folloingthis pattern of issues, UGR results are structured b the folloing subjects fields material and energflos, use of areas and space, state of the environment, measures for environmental protection, andabatement costs. This shos that the modular structure is an essential feature of the UGR concept. TheUGR subject fields are self-contained and, at the same time, connected ith each other in statisticalterms so that, taen together, the form an overall picture. Depending on the issue examined, differentmethodological approaches are used, for example accounting methods, the development of indicators,or geographical information sstems. Phsical and monetar values are equall important as results.here appropriate, %-*+)&-2%-#?)%R$#%.!.$#$!$)%!$R,$10!/&2B+R%.!+-!$!'&)2!%-$4R+-]!#(%2!#&!4%!R+-i%.!,+#(!%/&-&2+/!.$#$ from national accounts or other statistics.

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The German Federal Ministr for Environmental Affairs developed the German Yenvironmentalbarometer[, hich is calculated in a similar a to an index used on stoc exchange The Germanstoc-exchange-index is called DA, comparable to the Do _ones index in NC. Accordingl itis called DU { Deutscher UmeltIndex. This index is based on 6 indicators given belo. Eachindicator is given certain points for reaching set targets. If the target reaches 1|, 1 points aregiven. For October 2 the index amounted to 155 points.

- Climatic index 67 max 1 points- Air 692 max 1 points- Soil -11 max 1 points- ater max 1 points- Energ 164 max 1 points- Ra Materials 53 max 1 points

A number of approaches are alread orientated toards an environment taing more account of thedifferent pressures exerted on it. In this a, tools for creating sustainable development indicators areno developed at national, regional and local scales of urban environment.

19 DR.arl Schoer et al. Umelt}onomische Gesamtrechnungen 2, Franfurt am Main, Otober 2YGerman State-of-the-art Report[, http//crisp.cstb.fr, see also appendix 1-g

2 Description taen from ETEL, C. ~RLE, G. MAER, E. Fraunhofer IBP, 21 CRISP GermanState of the art report, section 2.1


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aF!"P"L


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21

W$+-!%*%-#0C!

Ten ears after Rio and six ears after HABITAT 2 Istanbul, sustainable development is finallbeginning to reach cities but its influence is still ea.

The folloing table summarises #(%!2&0#!+2B&)#$-#!%*%-#0!'&)!0A0#$+-$4R%!.%*%R&B2%-#

fA-%!`>e5! "#&/i(&R2!First Conference of the United Nations on Environment

Call from scientists for nature conservation

`>rb! Catastrop76 of \c7erno56l in _Hraine

`>re! =)A-#R$-.!;%B&)#!'&)!

#(%!P-+#%.!T$#+&-0!

For a development hich does not penalise the futuregenerations. Identification of to riss the greenhouse effect andoone laer destruction !

`>re!D!`>>a!

Protocol of Montreal /London andCopenhagenAmendments

Commitment of States to stop CFC consumption and productionb 1/1/1995 and HCFC consumption b 215.

a!K!`J!fA-%!`>>5! %io de Waneiro

G&-'%)%-/%! &'! #(%! P-+#%.! T$#+&-0! &-! 7-*+)&-2%-#! $-.!

3%*%R&B2%-#C! /R+2$#%X! 0#$#%2%-#0! &-! '&)%0#0F! @+)0#! B%)0B%/#+*%! &-! #(%!

T&)#(%)-!$-.!"&A#(%)-!$BB)&$/(%0F!

`>>J! BerlinFirst Parts Conference consensus to decrease CO2 emissions bacto their 199 level b 2.

`>>b! GenevaSecond Parts Conference on climatic changes approval b States,ithout reservation, of the IPCC22 report and of the necessit toadopt legall restricting Yquantified objectives[

`>>b! Istanbul

N$4+#$#!5!"A22+#!&'!#(%!P-+#%.!T$#+&-0! hich recognises citiesas partners of the United Nations and confirms the Riocommitments Yto protect the orld ide environment and toimprove the qualit of life in human establishments, e commitourselves to respect sustainable modes of production,consumption, transport and urbanisation, to prevent pollution, torespect the ecosstems capacit and to preserve the chances offuture generations[ statement, paragraph 1

3%/%24%)!`>>e! otoThird YParts Conference[ giving CO2 emission reductionobjectives for industrialised countries from no until 28-212

5b!


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22

"A0#$+-$4R%!3%*%R&B2%-#!9-.+/$#&)0!At the Rio Conference, in 1992, Sustainable Development Indicators SDI ere presented as anindispensable tool for improving the information supporting decisions. Chapter 4 of Agenda 21recalls that /&))%/#!+-'&)2$#+&- must be the basis for decisions and that to elements must be taeninto account the elimination of gaps hich exist beteen levels of information and the improvementof access to information. For reaching these objectives, a ne activit is to establish SustainableDevelopment Indicators. Agenda 21 stipulates that different countries as ell as internationalorganisations should define SDI in order to be able to identif them, then the should use them innational and international accounting.

Chapter 28 of Agenda 21 focuses on cit initiatives to promote Local Agenda 21. The proposed actionis its implementation. At this level, dialogue ith residents, local organisations and enterprises is themain topic. To improve empoerment, information sstems must be also improved. SDI at this locallevel could be also a means to improving this information and encouraging the analsis of localauthorit programmes.

aF5! L(%!-$#+&-$R!R%*%R!

aF5F`! !"A0#$+-$4R%!3%*%R&B2%-#!9-.+/$#&)0!41!#(%!P-+#%.!T$#+&-05a

!

L(%!P-+#%.!T$#+&-0!G&-'%)%-/%!&-!7-*+)&-2%-#!$-.!3%*%R&B2%-# UNCED too place in Rio de_aneiro, Brail, in 1992. The Earth Summit as convened to address problems of environmental

protection and socio-economic development. The assembled leaders signed the FrameorConvention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversit, endorsed the RioDeclaration and the Forest Principles, and adopted Agenda 21 for achieving sustainable development.

L(%! G&22+00+&-! &-! "A0#$+-$4R%! 3%*%R&B2%-# CSD as created in December 1992 to ensure

follo-up of UNCED and to monitor and report on implementation of the Earth Summit agreements atthe local, national, regional and international levels. The CSD is a functional commission of the UNEconomic and Social Council ECOSOC, ith 53 members. CSD has ored out a oring list ofSustainable Development Indicators. L(+0!0(&AR.!4%!0%%-!$0!$!'R%h+4R%!R+0#!')&2!,(+/(!/&A-#)+%0!/$-!/(&&0%!+-.+/$#&)0!$//&).+-]!#&!-$#+&-$R!B)+&)+#+%0X!B)&4R%20!$-.!#$)]%#0 .

The indicators are presented in a 3)+*+-]!@&)/%!?!"#$#%!?!;%0B&-0%!')$2%,&)i5J.

The UN sustainabilit indicators aim at describing societ from the point of vie of sustainabledevelopment. The Driving Force indicators address activities and processes that affect the sustainabledevelopment of a societ the application of those for the assessment of different inds of activitiesand processes is not straightforard. As the indicators formulated b CSD are applied for theassessment of activities or end products - lie buildings and built environment - state indicators cannot

be used as such. Hoever, part of the Driving Force indicators ma be applied ithin one socio-economic sector in a societ.

23http//.un.org/esa/sustdev/orlist.htm24 Driving Force indicators indicate human activities, processes and patterns that impact on sustainabledevelopment. State indicators indicate the state of sustainable development and Response indicatorsindicate polic options and other responses to changes in the state of sustainable development. The list ofindicators is presented in Appendix 1-f.


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aF5F5! 7/&?%''+/+%-/1!/&-/%B#!41!c=G"3!

The concept of eco-efficienc as first introduced b the orld Business Council for SustainableDevelopment BCSD in its report for the UN conference on sustainable development in 199225.

The meaning of eco-efficienc concept has been idel discussed ever since. The OECD 2627 has

defined the term in such a a that Eco-efficienc expresses the efficienc ith hich ecologicalresources are used to meet human needs.

According to the OECD report, eco-efficienc can also be defined as a ratio of output and input so thatthe output represents the value of the products or services that a compan produces and the input is thesum of environmental pressures caused b the production.

7/&!%''+/+%-/1!t!:$RA%!&'!B)&.A/#0!&)!0%)*+/%0D!7-*+)&-2%-#$R!B)%00A)%0!

This definition is B)&.A/#?)%R$#%. and the approach is /R&0%!#&!R+'%?/1/R%!$00%002%-# . According tothe above definition of eco-efficienc, it does not address all three pillars of sustainable development.

hile it strives to improve economic and environmental efficienc, the concept does not pertain tosocial issues.

aFa! L(%!A)4$-!0/$R%!!

3.3.1 7A)&B%$-!-%#,&)i0C!#(%!`6!/&2B&0+#%!+-.+/$#&)0!'&)!0A0#$+-$4+R+#1!41!3Z!^9

5r

`6! /&2B&0+#%! +-.+/$#&)0 have been established b a oring group managed b the EuropeanCommission, 3Z!7-*+)&-2%-# DG I.

These 1 indicators ere presented for the first time in Hanover in Februar 2 as Ytoards a LocalSustainabilit profile[ at the Third European Conference on Sustainable Cities and Tons. Thisindicator-based monitoring initiative aimed at supporting local authorities in their or toardssustainabilit and providing objective and comparable information on progress toards sustainabilitacross Europe. It does so b helping local communities monitor progress toards sustainabilit, notonl in relation to their on performance, but also in a ider perspective, alloing them to recognisetheir strengths and eanesses and identif here the can learn from others. The monitoringinitiative aims to enable cities and tons to sho in a coherent a ho urban areas contribute tosustainabilit in Europe.

25 BCSD has defined the concept of eco-efficienc as follos #coefficienc6 is reac7ed 56 t7e deliver ofcompetitivel6 priced goods and services t7at satisf6 7uman needs and 5ring qualit6 of life= ;7ile progressivel6reducing ecological impacts and resources intensit6 t7roug7out t7e life c6cle= to a level in line ;it7 t7e eart7Ksestimated carr6ing capacit6.

BCSD also aims at developing a frameor measuring and reporting eco-efficienc. According to theBCSD report http//.bcsd.ch/ee/EEBriefAug99Final.PDF , hen harmonising indicators it isimportant that the terminolog used is logic, simple and straight-forard.26 The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD. 1998. Eco-Efficienc.27

OECD Meetings of the Environment Polic Committee at Ministerial Level, Februar 1996 and April 1998 28http//.sustainable-cities.org


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The initiative is a contribution of the Expert Group on the Urban Environment set up as an advisorbod in 1991 b the European Commissions Directorate-General Environment to the European Citiesand Tons Campaign. The or has been carried out b a oring Group of the Expert Group, inclose collaboration ith a Group of Local Authorities set up to ensure that as man local authorities as

possible could tae an active role in defining and agreeing on the indicators.

The 1 European composite indicators are divided in 2 groups

$"M!/&)%!+-.+/$#&)0!j/&2BAR0&)1k!" Citien satisfaction ith the local communit!" Local contribution to global climatic change!" Local mobilit and passenger transportation!" Availabilit of local public green areas and local services!" Qualit of local outdoor air

$"M!$..+#+&-$R!+-.+/$#&)0!j*&RA-#$)1k!" Children s journes to and from school!" Sustainable management of the local authorit and local business!" Noise pollution!" Sustainable land use!" Products promoting sustainabilit

The Urban Expert Group has no published 2%#(&.&R&]1!0(%%#027 setting out ho to measure andtest the indicators and thus help Local Authorities to use them

Local authorities across Europe are encouraged to participate in the monitoring of initiatives badopting the European Common Indicators and integrating them into existing municipal managementsstems, and contribute activel to the further development of this set of voluntaril agreed indicatorsduring the testing period.

aFaF5! T$#+&-$R!&)!R&/$R!B)&])$22%0!


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L(%!-$#+&-$R!/&)%!0%#!&'!`M6!+-.+/$#&)0!+0!+-#%-.%.C! #&!.%0/)+4%, overall, hether the government is achieving sustainable development #&!(+](R+](# e national-scale polic initiatives relevant to sustainable development and to

monitor hether the government is meeting e targets and commitments in those areas to educate the public about hat sustainable development means #&!)$+0% public and business aareness of particular actions hich the need to tae in order

to achieve more sustainable development #&!)%B&)#!B)&])%00 to international audiences #&!(%RB!#&!2$i%!#)$-0B$)%-# the trade-offs and snergies beteen sustainable development

objectives.

As a complement of this strateg, the United ingdom has developed too #(%!o;%]+&-$R!SA$R+#1!&'!8+'%! G&A-#0[ in 2. Its aim is to measure for each of the nine English regions the 15 headlineindicators.

At last, $-(%)! B)&])$22%! /$RR%.! o8&/$R! EA$R+#1! &'! R+'%! /&A-#0p determined local indicators in2and ill be explained in the part concerning local initiatives belo.

There are currentl no moves in the U to introduce statutor qualit of life indicators. Guidance isdeveloped b central government in partnership ith local government. It is seen as good practice totae account of this advice, although local government is free to adapt it to local circumstances.

The structure of U government Sustainable Development Indicators is described briefl inAppendix.

+

!+-.+/$#&)0, from hich local authorities in England maish to consider using a selection for reporting their Local Agenda 21 and Communit Strategies.These local indicators build on the or alread carried out at local as ell as national levels 3 andinclude some of the 15 national headline indicators. It as developed b a joint initiative beteenlocal and central government.

?out7;arH and t7e U\_? pro-ect31

The Local Indicators to Monitor Urban Sustainabilit project LITMUS addresses the need to gainmore experience of engaging local communities in the development and application of indicators ofsustainabilit. The project is focussed on to major urban regeneration programmes in the LondonBorough of Southar, United ingdom.

29.sustainable-development.gov.u/indicators/index.htm and also appendix U3 see^ational sustaina5le indicators in _nited jingdom31 Final report of the LITMUS Project-Local indicators to Monitor Urban Sustainabilit-carried out b the

London Borough of Southar beteen October 1997 and March 2- Southar Council, March 21and eb site http//.southar.gov.u/litmus/ and appendix U.


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The project taes sustainabilit indicators beond the development of technicall based indicators,accessible and understood b professionals, to communit based indicators developed and oned blocal communities. This approach is based on the idea that the understanding b and activeinvolvement of citiens in B)&2+-]! 0A0#$+-$4R%!.%*%R&B2%-#! +0! #(%!4%0#! ]A$)$-#%% of buildingsustainabilit into urban management processes.

LITMUS sees to demonstrate that the development of communit indicators of sustainabilit canlead to changes in individual behaviour, increased public environmental aareness, increased localparticipation in neighbourhood management and the development of a clear direction for improvingurban regeneration programmes. !

3%'+-+#+&-!&'!#(%!+-.+/$#&)0!

The to areas concerned ith this project are Pecham and Alesbur, to of the most deprivedards in the United ingdom.

The project establishes hat local people consider to be the most important signs of the changingqualit of their lives and aims to generate discussion among people ith different bacgrounds andviepoints.

For this purpose 89LWP" has ored ith local people to develop and monitor a set of localsustainabilit indicators. This is done b a series of consultation activities, practical projects, and localmeetings.

The indicators have been determined in five lined phases

?!!$-!+-+#+$R!B($0% to raise aareness of sustainabilit and environmental issues

?! $! /&-0AR#$#+&-! B($0% aimed at exposing the common values of local people andvoluntar groups in a a hich trul expresses the e communit sustainabilitissues for the area

?!$!0A0#$+-$4+R+#1!+-.+/$#&)!.%*%R&B2%-#!B($0% aimed at supporting local people indeveloping appropriate indicators

?!!$-!+-.+/$#&)!2&-+#&)+-]!B($0% to involve local people in data collection

?!$-.!$-!$/#+&-!B($0% aimed at using information gathered through monitoring theindicators as a means of identifing and catalsing local responses and action.

!

UP+;2*+\"0&$+3-@@#&-'+]"%)&$H+-/+T&/*+G'0&4%$-,#+J,-^*4$+

The Audit Commissions Qualit of Life Indicators project is an important recent collaboration beteen central and local government. The Audit Commission is the central government bodresponsible for auditing the spending of public funds. Its core or in local government is concernedith more traditional performance indicators, but it has recentl become interested in qualit of lifeindicators as a a of assessing the effectiveness of local services. The project as started in responseto the Local Government Act of 2, hich gave local authorities a ne dut to promote the social,economic and environmental ell-being of their area. Building on the central and local governmentindicator or of the late 199s, the Commission consulted on a set of QOL indicators in the autumnof 2. Folloing this consultation, a voluntar pilot test of the indicators as held, in hich 9 localauthorities participated during the financial ear 21/2. The result of this process has been the

production of a list of indicators grouped under the headings Economic, Environmental, Socialand Social - Communit Development. Each indicator is supported b advice on ho to collect anduse the data, baced up b the experience of the pilot authorities. The Commission is organisingcontinuing support through seminars and handboos. There is a particular focus on improving theeffectiveness and influence of indicators, and communicating them to the public. The use of theindicators is voluntar and discretionar. It is expected that local authorities ill adapt the indicatorlist to their local circumstances, changing, omitting and adding indicators as appropriate.

Reference http//2.audit-commission.gov.u/pis/qualit-of-life-indicators.shtml


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27

=F!3%-2$)i!

VP+G'$,-0"4$&-'+

In Denmar or to define sustainable development indicators has been going on since the earlnineties. The strateg plan sustainable development for Denmar has among other things clarified the

need for measurable entities indicators that in an easil comprehensible a sho the state of or thedirection in hich e are moving ith respect to sustainabilit.

The development of indicators in other countries has been extensivel studied and used as a basis forthe development of Danish indicator sets29. The Danish government presented a proposal for anindicator set in April 21. This has been commented on b the public and a final set produced inOctober 213.

The Danish indicator sets have been developed ith a focus on the possibilit of using the +-.+/$#&)0!#&!2%$0A)%!#(%!0A//%00!&'!#(%!$/#+&-!BR$-0!+-+#+$#%.!#&,$).0!0A0#$+-$4+R+#1F!!

It has been decided to develop #,&!0%#0 of indicators

1. A detailed set of indicators for each area of the strateg plan describing development and

)%0AR#0!+-!)%R$#+&-!#&!#(%!]&$R0!$-.!+-+#+$#+*%0!&'!#(%!BR$-.2. A set of`M!0%R%/#%.!i%1!+-.+/$#&)0 lie the U Yheadline[ or the Sedish Ye[ indicatorsthat describe development and condition in relation to the overall objectives of the strateg

plan for a sustainable development.

This set of e indicators has been 0%R%/#%.! +-! /R&0%! )%R$#+&-! ,+#(! r! $+20! $-.! B)+-/+BR%0 of theDanish vie on sustainable development e indicators mentioned in parenthesis32

1. e shall maintain high social elfare and brea the lin beteen groth and harming theenvironment N1, N2, N3 N4

2. e shall create a safe and health environment for everbod and maintain a high level

of protection N5, N6 N73. e shall assure a high level of biological diversit and protect ecosstems N84. e shall exploit resources more efficientl N95. e shall contribute activel to international developments N16. e shall ensure that environmental concerns are taen into account b all sectors N11

N127. e shall assure that the maret supports sustainable development N138. Sustainable development is a common responsibilit and e shall measure progress N14

N15!

!I%1!+-.+/$#&)0

N1 GNP pr. capita N2 Environment impact from 4 factors CO2-eq., N- and P- emissions to the sea and acidit inrelation to GNP

29 Internationale erfaringer med strategier for baeredtig udviling- En analse af strategis arbejde medbaeredgtig udviling i udvalgte europaeise lande og internationale organisationer. Miljo og Energiministeriet,Otober 23 Danmars nationale strategigi for baeredgtig udviling. Udviling med omtane - faelles ansvarIndiatorsaet. The Danish Government, Otober 21.

Indiatorer i fremtidig strategi g - metodemaessige overvejelser og esempler. Rapport. Miljo - og

Energiministeriet, Otober 232 see appendix Denmar-15 e indicators


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N3 Real savingsN4 Emploment distributed b ageN5 Mean living age distributed on omen and menN6 CO2-eq. emissions from different sectorsN7 Use of dangerous chemicalsN8 Sie of nature areasN9 Energ use, ater use and aste in relation to GNPN1 Economical value of international development supportN11, N12 Indicators selected for each ear for specific sectorsN13 Number of products that have an environmental specification e.g. San marN14 Number of governmental institutions that have a green buing policN15 Number of companies ith an environmental certification.


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29

For ne developments not covered b the VVM la requirement, the general specifications in regi-onal, urban and local plans appl and in addition there are special requirements in overall suppl plansfor heating and or gas services.

Further to the VMM requirement different cities and municipalities have their on requirements forne developments.

9P+`*&12(-",2--0R+;2*+?%'+",(%'+,*1*'*,%$&-'+*aF*,&@*'$UU+

The Danish urban regeneration experiment is an experiment in citien participation and integrated andcoordinated urban regeneration in selected urban areas. Telve urban areas in Denmar are participa-ting in an extensive urban regeneration experiment. The purpose is partl to improve the individualresidential areas as a hole and partl to provide models for urban polic in the future. !

L(%!2$+-!'%$#A)%0!&'!#(%!A)4$-!)%]%-%)$#+&-!%hB%)+2%-# are as follos

- The projects concern selected areas, and not individual residents or properties- The projects are based on coordinated and integrated action

- The projects are aimed at increasing local participation- The projects are part of a controlled process

@&/A0!&-!)%0+.%-#!B$)#+/+B$#+&-!

The projects are democratic in that the are based on local forces. In the projects the residents are participating in oring groups on the urban regeneration plans themes, e.g. traffic, environment,cultural life and emploment.

!

9-.+/$#&)0!+-!#(%!3$-+0(!A)4$-!)%]%-%)$#+&-!%hB%)+2%-#!

The project does - spea of +-.+/$#&)0!4A#!of0A//%00!/)+#%)+$, but the meaning is the same. The

criteria are subdivided in to categories process-oriented criteria and thematic criteria for theindividual projects. The criteria selected under each theme relate to the overall objectives of the

particular neighbourhood regeneration project.

Belo are examples of the indicators success criteria used

L(%2%! G)+#%)+$!#&!2%$0A)%!)%0AR#0! G)+#%)+$!#&!2%$0A)%!B)&/%00!

Citien grouping

Average income

Number of persons ith an incomeabove a threshold

Pct. of people receiving social securit ,oning their on home, emploed

Partnerships beteen the municipalitand the housing associations

Participation

Number of persons participating Number of participants at citienmeetings and other similar arrangements

Pct. of the people participating in largercultural events

Pct. of participants in or- and project-groups that are from another ethnicalbacground than Danish

Number of attempts to activate personsthat once have been active, but no arepassive

The phsical environmentSpecific objectives ith respect to theactual building of specific buildingsfulfilled

Number of cultural unions / thematicgroups involved in the development

33 See appendix upon Denmar


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3

Number of ne squares, of pared carsshos the degree of increased activitin the central area

Average speed on selected streets

Number of sustainable elements in neor renovation building projects i.e.

additional insulation, solar heating, etc.

Pct. of houses using district heating

Energ use, ater use, asteproduction, CO2 emissions

Pct. of citiens ho experience it movesafe to move in the traffic on foot / onbiccle

Culture and integration

Pct. of visitors at cultural arrangementcoming from outside the neighbourhood

Number of arrangements for ethnicalolder people

Number of senior dellings establish

Number of citien ho have beentrained as bridge-builders

The existence of a formalisedcooperation beteen the municipalit

and the housing associations to deal ithtraumatied fugitives

Children and oung people

Number of arrangements here theoung people are responsible

Number of arrangements here oungand elderl meet over a common activit

Criminalit index

The existence of a netor of childrenand oung

_obs and emploment

Pct. of emploed people Number ofne jobs in the neighbourhood, of shopsin the shopping centre

Pct. groth in the turnover of the centralshopping centre

Image and local identit

Pct. of citien moving aa from thearea Level of Yfeeling safe[

Number of positive exposures of thearea in regional and national media

Number of nesletter issued

Pct. of the citiens ho no about theregeneration project

>P+;2*+3&$H+_+4-@@"'&$H+#4%)*+

A number of Danish counties, cities and municipalities are developing 0%#0!&'!+-.+/$#&)0!for a sustain-able development $0!B$)#!&'!#(%!%-]$]%2%-#!+-!


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ater use aste ater outlet electricit use district heating energ use CO2-emissions

green procurement arrangements for the cit

There are *%)1!'%,!%h$2BR%0!&'!#(%!+-#)&.A/#+&-!$-.!A0%!&'!+-.+/$#&)0!'&)!0A0#$+-$4+R+#1 . One ofthese is in the count of Frederisborg. The count published in ear 2 a proposal for indicators forthe count that should give a clue as to hether or not the count is moving in a sustainable direction.The count has selected a set of 17 indicators out of more than 1 possible indicators. The are

ater consumption per capita aste per capita electricit use per capita number of clean ater streams in the open land personal transport m per capita emploment - percentage education level culture criminalit or environment number of or injuries safet in the traffic number of illed and injured in the traffic mean life length life expectanc alcohol sicness number of people ith long lasting sicnesses smoing phsical activit felt ell-being

The count of Frederisborg sees these indicators as the first step, more indicators might be acceptedat a later stage.

In the larger cities in Denmar e.g. Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, Odense there is focus on hat iscalled Yholistic urban reneal[. In this process the planning process is cross-cutting on social, phsicaland environmental developments for the selected areas and indicators are under development tosupport the process selected under each theme related to the overall objectives of the particularneighbourhood regeneration project.

cP+3-F*'2%1*'+

Copenhagen ants to be a sustainable cit. The Cit Council has, based on that ambition, established aCouncil for Sustainable Development. The Council ill advise and inspire the municipalit, so that itcan move forard in a sustainable direction. According to the Councils terms of reference, it has tosubmit suggestions to the Copenhagen Municipalit regarding

Targets for sustainable development Ho to promote citien participation Ho to promote cross-sectorial collaboration Ho to popularise the principles of Agenda 21 in private enterprises, organisations and civil

movements


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32

The Council has chosen to articulate long-term targets and visions for the environmental field, as itsfirst main assignment. The Council has chosen to focus on environment from a phsical point of vie,!$-.!-!]+*%!B)&2+-%-/%!#&!#$)]%#0!'&)!0&/+$R?!$-.!%/&-&2+/!0A0#$+-$4+R+#1. The Councils long-term visions are the starting point, henever the Council comments on specific plans and suggestions,for instance on aste or ground ater.

The Council for Sustainable Development has described visions and targets ithin the folloingthemes ZR&4$R!/R+2$#%X!L)$''+/!+-!#(%!/+#+%0X!"&+RX!3)+-i+-]!,$#%)X!c$#%)0X!G(%2+/$R!0A40#$-/%0!$-.! B)&.A/#0X! Q)&*+0+&-0X! c$0#%! $-.! '+-$RR1! Z)%%-! 0B$/%0. In accordions ith the terms ofreference, #(%! G&A-/+R! ($0! 'A)#(%)2&)%! .%0/)+4%.! +#0! *+0+&-! '&)! B)&2+-]! /)&00?0%/#&)+$R!/&RR$4&)$#+&-!$-.!/+#+\%-!B$)#+/+B$#+&- . Some of the indicators used are

c$0#%

amount of household aste per D earned b the residents amount of aste from different sectors amount of household aste distributed b tpes of aste energ produced from aste incineration

Z)%%-!0#)%%#!$)%$0

number of nel-planted trees number of trees taen donL)$''+/

car traffic m/da in total car traffic on main streets and smaller streets distribution number of trips ith public transportation per da ccling through the center and across the cit boundar distribution b means of transportation feet, ccles, public, cars development in the number of people oning their on car

+

LP+!H'$2*#+It appears that at $!/&A-#)1!R%*%R!,&)i!($0!4%%-!]&+-]!&-!+-!#(%!3$-+0(!7-*+)&-2%-#$R!


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33

GF!9#$R1!

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9#$R+$-!9-.+/$#&)0!$#!#(%!.+''%)%-#!R%*%R0!!

j4A+R#!%-*+)&-2%-#X!-%+](4&A)(&&.X!/+#1k!.%'+-%.!41!.+''%)%-#!&)]$-+020!j"#$#%X!;%]+&-0!$-.!G+#+%0k!

T$#+&-$R! ;%]+&-$R! 8&/$R!jG+#1k!

=P9839TZD=P98L!787W7TL"!

T%,!.%*%R&B2%-#!

7h+0#+-]!0#&/i!

for buildings singularindicators coming fromsectorial Italian las energsavings, ater qualit, etc.

for great ors roads, plants,airport, etc. V.I.A.Environmental ImpactsAssessment

NTR Normativa tecnicaregionale Regional TechnicalRegulation b EmiliaRomagna Region

BRIC Building InnovationRegulation Captured on theeboard b Bologna Cit

Council

T79ZN=OP;NOO3! VALSIA - b Bologna CitCouncil

!

G9LY!

!

LegambienteCensis

Anpa

Enea

Local Agenda 21 Coord.

Regione Toscana

Regione Sicilia

Regione Emilia-Romagna

Local Agenda 21 b differentcities

Actions for comparing and developing indicators at the -$#+&-$R!R%*%R are currentl being undertaenb ENEA and the co-ordinator of local Agenda 21, as ell as b ANPA.

Taing account of the international and Italian experience cited above, in the context of the

National Energ and Environment Conference in 1998 ENEA proposed launching a project ofnational significance to propose indicators hich ould also be checed through a directcomparison ith Italian cities. The results have not et been published.

The Italian co-ordinator for local Agenda 21s, created in April 1999 on the initiative of about5 local authorities, has set up a or group on indicators ith the aim of exchanging localexperience and communicating directl ith the national and European agencies that aredeveloping sstems of indicators.

Through


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34

referring to the status of the environment, the pressure exerted on it and the responses implementedfor the 13 municipalities that are also Provincial capitals.

Local experience and that of YEcosistema Urbano[ provide important information for checs andassessments regarding the availabilit of data and an difficulties there ma be in appling sstems ofindicators in local conditions in Ital.

The examples given belo are considered those most representative of the debate in progress in Ital.

+


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35

5. Reduction of indoor electromagnetic fields6. Natural illumination.7. Forced ventilation of living spaces.

"&2%!&'!#(%!2$+-!$-.!/&-/)%#%!)%0AR#0 of Bric application are listed belo

1 Introduction of-%,!$)/(+#%/#A)$R!%R%2%-#0 greenhouses and sun spaces, solar shading devicesfor summer periods, green roofs.

2 Introduction of -%,! #%/(-&R&]+%0 sstemic introduction of centralised heating, sstems ithcondensing boilers or connections to the urban district heating sstem heat pumps, mechanicalventilation sstems integrated ith natural ventilation, return ater storage tans.

3 The use of-%,!,&)i!+-0#)A2%-#0 in the education of planners and experts of the Municipalitshading sstems, control instruments for passive solar sstems performance in summer andinter, control instruments for assessing the qualit of natural illumination in planning phase.

4 T%,!+.%$0 for updating of the regulation in force greenhouses not to be counted as usable space b the planning sstem aims criteria for rainater reuse as aste ater building materials

certification38

.5 T%,! #(%2%0 for the site analsis compared to Ytraditional[ themes of environmental impact

studies electromagnetic fields, climate and microclimate, gas Radon emissions from the ground.


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36

The procedure is described in a guideline that offers methodolog grids and +-.+/$#&)0 4 orientedtoards a more sustainable urban groth.

The handboo provides a list of subjects that should be considered in the evaluation of possibleimpacts, but does not indicate a rating sstem.

The use VALSIA is quite complex requiring a lot of basic information the parameters requested foreach subject of the analsis are not clearl defined except for some energ saving procedures derivedfrom national las, there is a lac of reference standards.

9P+;2*+4&$H_4-@@"'&$H+#4%)*+

9PV+T*1%@(&*'$*+:+[,(%'+64-#H#$*@+4V+

Ecosistema Urbano, first established in 1994, as the first attempt anhere in the orld to organiseenvironmental data for cities to provide an assessment and benchmaring for environmental

performance.

Provided one does not overemphasise the mere position in the classification, the Ecosistema Urbano

indicators mae it possible to understand the a in hich environmental management is changing inItal, here the load factors on the environment are, hat are the points of crisis of the ecologicalqualit of the cities.

Ecosistema Urbano is based on an extensive collection of data on 45 environmental parameters,through questionnaires and intervies ith municipalities and from other public sources of statistics.

`r!+-.+/$#&)0!J5

!$)%!0%R%/#%.!$-.!.%*%R&B%. on the basis of the data collected.

The Ecosistema Urbano scale is constructed b standardising the absolute values of each indicator ona scale of 1, based on maximum and minimum thresholds. The values thus standardised are theneighted. The sum of the points obtained is divided b the maximum score theoreticall assignable to

each municipalit on the basis of the indicators available. Municipalities for hich at least 67| of thetheoretical score for the indicators are taen into account are not assessed.

The indicators can be related to 3 macro classes

- pressure indicators to evaluate the eight of human activities on environment- state indicators measuring the qualit of phsical environment- repl indicators to estimate the efficienc of environmental policies

Information and data are gathered both ith questionnaires and direct intervies and ith statisticaldata on more than 4 parameters.

9P


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37

form, since the Tuscan Region believes that noledge of the territor and the environment isderived not onl from direct experience, but also from acquisition of a set of elements and evaluations

based on the data.

In the noledge that environmental data and indicators are subject to continuous processing binternational, European and national bodies and that the complex objective of definition of

Ysustainable development[ passes through a stage of Yenvironmental accounting[ that developsclassifications, instruments for forecasting, monitoring and control through a generalised sharedmethodolog, Tuscan Region is maing an initial attempt at sstematising environmental informationat the Regional level on the basis of the data currentl available.

The start from the concept that the noledge base must permit preparation of data and indicatorsthat can be understood immediatel and have a high information content, this being an essential

precondition for collective participation in the success of environmental policies.

The or of010#%2+0$#+&-!&'!%-*+)&-2%-#$R!+-.+/$#&)044 hich can also be seen on the Internet atthe eb address .rete.toscana.it/index.htm therefore has more the aim of promoting anapproach and an analtical path or interpretation than of presenting the final result of application of amethodolog. This requires further or to verif its requirements and to integrate the information.

The data and indicators thus far examined have been divided b Topical Area and, on the basis of theirorigin, refer to the DPSIR Subjects those hich, often in quite independent as, cause most of the

pressures on the environment

Pressure[ exerted on the environment Status of or Impact on a specific environmentalcomponent Response provided b environmental protection policies. Each piece of data has beenreferred to a specific Ydomain[ competent organisation hich has and does update and interpret thegraphics and/or tables provided on its on page, indicating the source of the data utilised.

Furthermore, to encourage a reading of the indicators articulated b environmental topics, a territorialreconstruction of the phenomena has been introduced - especiall as regards pressure folloing

profiles hich are significant in relation to the topics. For example, the pressure exerted b theYanthropic presence[ in the territor is represented as follos.

For the Topic Urban Environment densit of human settlements division of the population beteencapital and non-capital municipalities focusing on urbanisation phenomena

For the Topic Land Deterioration variation of the resident population b altitude.

In this a, measurements of the incidence of general pressure factors population or buildingsbecome more specific in the ambit of a specific problem, as ell as becoming more easil connectedto measurements of status.

44 see appendix Ital-Tuscan


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!

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38

3F!Z%)2$-1!

VP+G'$,-0"4$&-'+

Indicators or sets of indicators aiming to measure urban sustainable development have been developedfor all spatial levels. But the emphasis is ling in the cit level and in the building level. Onl ver fe

sets of sustainable indicators have been developed especiall for the neighbourhood level. Thedevelopment of sustainable indicators at national level has also been brought forard in recent ears.Meanhile exist first proposals of the National Sustainable Council concerning the topics justice

beteen the generations, qualit of life, social cohesion, international responsibilit and managementrules for sustainabilit. The national ministr of the environment and also the Federal EnvironmentalAgenc put forard sets of indicators referring to the ecological sector Yenvironmental barometer[resp. Ybasis for a national sstem of indicators[. Additionall the Federal Environmental Agenc isoring on the development of a sstem of indicators in order to measure the material flos atnational level originating from the construction, renovation and demolition of buildings.

The best documented sstems of indicators have been developed b national or local authorities orresearch institutions. The idel existing lac of sstems of indicators designed exclusivel for the

neighbourhood level is liel to result from the lac of self-government at the neighbourhood level.The administration at district level existing in some large German cities do not have their on budget.Therefore on the neighbourhood level there are no institutions having a specific interest in indicatorsexclusivel ored out for the neighbourhood level and also providing the financial andorganisational capacities.

The sstems of indicators described belo ere selected b their relevance for the discussion of themethodolog of the process of sustainable development in German. The main criterion for thedecision to choose the folloing examples as the number of mentions in literature. Due to the factmentioned above that local initiatives usuall do not have the possibilities to disseminate their resultson a large scale the examples chosen onl reflect those processes initiated b establishes institutions.


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39

ssues criteria

General issues of the guideline are- Loering the energ demand and the consumption of operating materials- Utilisation of reusable or recclable building products and materials- Extension of the lifetime of products and buildings

- Ris-free return of materials to the natural ccle- Comprehensive protection of natural areas and use of all possibilities for land-saving constructionC-,+$2*+0*$%&)*0+)$+-/+4,&$*,&%_&'0&4%$-,#+#**+%FF*'0&a+?V+


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4

The indicators concentrate on the topics construction and energ in order to minimise the inputnecessar to elaborate the indicators. The intention is to provide the communities and municipalities in

North Rhine-estphalia ith a set of indicators alloing them to use these indicators as an instrumentto facilitate their local decisions and to complete the set of indicators b local needs. Important for thecompilation of the indicators as the comprehensibilit and the reduction to the main topics.

The range of indicators concentrates on four main categories energ, social cit, urban developmentand resources, material flo. The are divided in general indicators, municipal real estate andsupplementar indicators, all together 28 indicators.

C-,+$2*+&'0&4%$-,#+#**+%FF*'0&a+?U+

+

!-4&%)+ -,&*'$*0+ ",(%'+ 0*.*)-F@*'$+ d+ 0$,&4$#+ N&$2+ #F*4&%)+ 0*.*)-F@*'$+ '**0#+ A!-g&%)-,&*'$&*,$*+

!$%0$*'$N&4I)"'1+:+!$%0$$*&)*+@&$+(*#-'0*,*@+6'$N&4I)"'1#(*0%,/D+

Aepartment of ur5an development ]erlin B?enatsver;altung fr ?tadtent;icHlung ]erlinE

In Berlin 15 neighbourhoods ere selected in the context of the programme Ysocial cities[ financed bthe national housing department in order to stabilise and enhance the neighbourhoods concerned. Theaim of the programme is to initiate a sustainable development process in the neighbourhood bestablishing an integrated development of the neighbourhood on the local level as an instrument ofsocial urban development. The objective is to set free snergetic effects and additional resources in theneighbourhoods selected b an efficient use of subsidies, programmes and projects. The emphasis ofthe programme is laing mainl on social aspects. In each neighbourhood a special team is dealingith the implementation of the programme.

The indicators used to select the 15 neighbourhoods are all quantitative indicators and do all focus onsocial aspects. The belong to the folloing four categories indicators for urban monitoring stabilit and dnamic of the resident population selective migration social data

The first interim report about the programme and the progress ithin the 15 neighbourhoods in Berlinsuggests four additional indicators social structure of inhabitants people living there less than 5 ears and exchange of population unemploment spending poer

In contrast to the idea of sustainable development to combine economic, ecological and social aspectsthe programme does onl focus on the social aspects. The indicators are not meant to measuresustainable development in all its aspects.

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b"&0*)&'*+d+G'0&4%$-,#+/-,+#"#$%&'%()*+0*.*)-F@*'$+&'+$2*+4-'$*a$+-/+$2*+T-4%)+\1*'0%+


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41

ear of testing the core indicators in telve communities and four counties a guideline as developedto help the communities and counties ith there efforts to promote the process of the Local Agenda21. A part of the final set is applied for example ithin the Bremen LA 21 process.

C-,+$2*+&'0&4%$-,#+#**+%FF*'0&a+?9+

+

3&$&*#+-/+$2*+C"$",*+A!$%*0$*+0*,+h"I"'/$D+

Federal Ggenc6 for Construction and %egional Rlanning B]undesamt fr ]au;esen und%aumordnungE

Since 1996 the research area Ycities of the future[ is part of the research programme Yexperimentalhousing construction and urban development[ ExoSt. It is supported b the Federal Ministr ofTransport, Building and Housing, looed after b the Federal Agenc for Building and RegionalPlanning.

The intention of the research area as to test the implementation of sustainable development and toelaborate and to evaluate standards for the progress in the process of sustainable development. Theindicators developed first tried to measure the success in the to topics sociall responsible suppl of housing business development to safeguard the locations of enterprises

Later on the scheme as extended b three additional topics sustainable land use precautionar environmental protection cit-compatible mobilit managementThe orientation values for the model cities represent quantitative objectives for the evaluation ofsuccess. ithin the programme cities of the future the 24 indicators selected serve as a checlist forthe evaluation of the achievement of objectives in the four model cities.

C-,+$2*+&'0&4%$-,#+#**+%FF*'0&a+?>+

!"#$%&'%()*+4-@@"'&$H+Ag"I"'/$#/i2&1*+8-@@"'*D+

erman aid for t7e environment BAeutsc7e _m;elt7ilfeE

The German aid for the environment together ith the Ecolog-Institut Hannover, the GP-researchgroup Munich and the Agenda-Transfer-Project Bonn started a competition and an accompaningcampaign Ysustainable communit[. Tent communities of 4 ansering the request ere selectedfor the pilot studies. A team consisting of the Federal Environmental Agenc, the Federal Agenc forConstruction and Regional Planning, several association of communities and diverse other institutionsaccompanied the oring process. hile filtering a large range of indicators the difficult as to

ensure the compatibilit beteen large and small communities, the significance toards local issues,their relevance for the process of sustainable development and the availabilit of data.

Finall all partners involved agreed on a set of 38 indicators divided in four main categories ell-being, social equit, qualit of environment / efficienc of resources, economic efficienc. This list ofindicators as supplemented b 14 optional indicators concerning local objectives. For theseindicators hoever hardl an data exist so far.

The qualitative criteria for the process of a local Agenda 21 as ell elaborated during the earlong process represent a stimulus for municipalities, local organisations, associations and environmentalgroups in order to get in contact again, to improve dail or and to create a common basis forevaluating their activities. In fall 21 started this process ith conferences in several cities folloed

b regional meetings aiming to discuss the questions of the municipalities and support them at their

or to collect the data.C-,+$2*+&'0&4%$-,#+#**+%FF*'0&a+?E+


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>P+!H'$2*#+Ab*,@%'+0"##&-'D+

In all the examples selected the sstem of indicators as ored out b expect approach. In literatureoccur onl fe examples for processes setting up indicators for sustainable development originated bsmall local groups. The objectives for the elaboration of indicators are on one hand the sensitisation of

both decision maers and members of local groups alread active in the process of Agenda 21 toards

sustainabilit and on the other hand to provide municipalities ith a tool to use in dail orsupporting them in decision processes toard sustainabilit. Some of the processes focus onsensitisation of the persons and institutions involved other aim mainl to implement the set ofindicators selected as a clear guideline for decisions made b the municipalities.

The implementation of sustainable indicators is still at the stage of experimentation. The use inpractice is limited to approve them in pilot projects onl. This ma explain h time series or the vieat trends are not subject of the indicators selected.

The sstems of indicators are addressed to policmaers, decision maers and members of local

groups and not directl to the inhabitants themselves. Due to the expert approach used in the processesof developing the indicators the use the top-don methodolog is just consequential. This proceedinghardl provides possibilities for the participation of average inhabitants and is lacing of co-operationith peoples not alread involved or engaged in political processes.

The great majorit of the indicators selected are state indicators. Some sstems of indicatorsadditionall use a small number of response indicators - especiall the set of indicators for asustainable development ored out in North Rhine-estphalia. The onl set of indicators equallutilising pressure indicators besides state indicators as ored out in Berlin for the programme ofYsocial oriented urban development[. The intention in this programme as to select neighbourhoods ina process of devaluation as a first step and not measuring the process of sustainable development

itself. This set of indicators is therefore not sufficient measuring the process of sustainabledevelopment. But the method applied is suitable to discover negative social developments inneighbourhoods. All the other sstems of indicators are lacing of an orientation toards

precautionar elements.

Nearl exclusivel simple indicators are used measuring the state of a simple topic. Ver rarelassembled indicators ere selected. Sstemic indicators do not occur at all.

Sectoral indicators for the social, economic and ecological sector are in common use since long time.In contrast to these sectoral indicators the development and implementation of interlining indicatorsis still at the beginning. hereas a range of indicators expresses the combination of economic aspects

ith social or ecological aspects the compatibilit of social and ecological aspects seems to be quitedifficult. The indicators mainl used concern social or ecological aspects. In some of the examples aforth dimension is added e.g. called participation or ell-being. Although the classification is oftennon-specific economic matters obviousl seem to be rarel measured. In the most sets of indicators thethree aspects of sustainable development are not equall represented. Especiall the ecologicaldimension is accentuated in comparison to the others.

Some sets of indicators consist of a ver large range of indicators up to 55 indicators maingdifficult the implementation of the hole set of indicators ithin an acceptable dimension ofexpenditure of human labour. Although the indicators themselves are clear and comprehensible a largeset of indicators is not liel to be universall comprehensible and easil to communicate. The

composition of the sets of indicators is idel comprehensible. As the sstems portraed above onlconsist in quantitative indicators the results are reproducible.


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43

The different sets of indicators hoever can onl partl be compared ith each other due todifferences in structure three or more main categories, sie and differences beteen the indicatorsselected. The use of quantitative indicators ithout local peculiarities allos the comparison beteenspatial units of the same level categor. The comparison beteen spatial units of different levelscategories is restricted b the availabilit of data at neighbourhood level resp. at cit level.

Apart from one set of indicators none of the sets of indicators at neighbourhood or cit level set priorities ithin the range of indicators corresponding to their significance for sustainabledevelopment. But it is common to set priorities according to the availabilit of data in order toeconomise on the expenditure of human labour b selecting first of all indicators measuring data easilavailable. Nevertheless the overvie shos that a need for the or ith indicators toardssustainable development in German is idel recognied and the schemes under discussion provide aide foundation for the discussion of shared indicators ithin the European approach of HQE\R.

7F!G$#$R&-+$!D!"B$+-!

Usuall the indicators concerning 4A+R.+-]0 ne ones and existing ones are used or integrated in theregional regulation las Decret 22, in the municipal ordinances Municipal Ordinance forenvironmental aspects or the technical conditions established for some public institutions for public

projects Diputaci de Barcelona, Generalitat de Cataluna, Ajuntament de Barcelona In addition, ecan find some indicators integrated in some assessment tools, for example in the Maintenance Testdeveloped b the technical architects institution.

ForA)4$- aspects, e can find more elaborate sstems, but mabe the do not alread cover all thefactors of sustainabilit. The best non is the assessment method elaborated b Diputaci deBarcelona, hich has become an important reference in the European local orld.

+

VP+S"&)0&'1+_+("&)$+*)*@*'$#+

VPV+`*N+?*.*)-F@*'$+

G. !S_?^ CG\GUG^ !S_?^ RUG^ 2002

This ne la, hich ill be approved this ear, establishes in its article 24, called Specific programsfor sustainable construction, some indicators hich allo the technical evaluation of sustainableaspects in fact, onl environmental aspects in order to determine if the construction of a building canreceive or obtain public economic aid.

$F!"+#A$#+&-!D!O)+%-#$#+&-!- 8 | of housing units dining-room to receive one hour of dire

hqe2r indicateurs urbains_état des lieux européen

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