hpp301 week two slides

8/3/2019 HPP301 Week Two Slides

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Contemporary Issues in Health

and Exercise

HPP301

Week Two



Physical Activity Debate

• Into your teams please

• The rules

– Each team has two minutes to make an opening

statement – You then have four minutes for an exchange of views

– Finally, you have one minute each to make a closingstatement

– Rock, paper scissors decides who starts

• Emphasis will be on referring to theory orresearch in your arguments



Learning Outcomes

• By the end of the session you should have

– An understanding of the basics of Self-

Determination Theory (SDT)

– An appreciate of the basic psychology of SDT

– The beginnings of a ‘critical approach’ to the

theory



What is Self-Determination Theory?

• Theory of

– Human motivation

– Personality development

– Well-being

• Particularly ‘volitional’ or ‘self -determined’

behaviour



Concept of a Meta-Theory

• SDT consists of

– Cognitive Evaluation Theory

– Organismic Integration Theory

– Causality Orientations Theory – Basic Psychological Needs Theory

– Goal Contents Theory

• What do we think about the concept of a‘macro-’ or ‘meta-theory’



Philosophy of SDT

• This is the first consideration when evaluating a theory

• SDT is an ‘organismic’ theory

– Considers the concept of ‘happiness’ to be unhelpful

–

Focuses instead on well-being• ‘vital’, ‘full-functioning’

• Mindfulness, self-reflection, wellness

– People are active organisms with a tendency towardspsychological growth

• Piaget, Rogers

– Seek out new challenges, novelties and opportunities

– Propensity to integrate social practices and values



Intrinsic Motivation

• Early theory recognised the intrinsic/extrinsicdichotomy

• Orthogonal concepts

•

Assumption was that more motivation was better – Intrinsic motivation + extrinsic motivation = optimum

motivation

• Emergent evidence suggested this was not thecase

• Addition of extrinsic rewards reduced intrinsicmotivation – E.g. Lepper & colleagues (1974, 1975)



Compromising Intrinsic Motivation

• By extrinsically rewarding an intrinsically

motivating task the absolute motivation level

drops once the reward is removed

– i.e. no longer intrinsically motivated

• Can we hypothesize further effects?

– This drop would continue over time

– Extrinsic rewards will be subject to diminishing

returns principle



Are Rewards Harmful?

• So what do we know and what can we conclude aboutthe effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation?

• Rewards are not always harmful

– Expected rewards have a negative effect

– Unexpected rewards do not compromise intrinsicmotivation

• IF

– Rewards are administered to reward increasingcompetence

– Rewards are avoided that control

• i.e. goal is to obtain reward



Cognitive Evaluation Theory

• Intrinsic motivation is the central concept in CET – Doing something for its own sake

– Sport, leisure or play

– Continued in the absence of extrinsic reward

• If supported by the environment intrinsicmotivation will increase

• If thwarted by the environment intrinsicmotivation will reduce

• Key role in perceived autonomy and competencein the appraisal of the environment



Activity One

• In pairs, discuss what methods of motivation,coercion or convincing are available – Token economy

– Financial reward

– Punishment

– Deadlines

– Feedback

– Pressure

• How effective would CET predict these to be?

• Is it simple that some support and some thwart? – Remember perceived and appraise



Activity Two

• Take turns to interview each other and find

out

– What are the things they really love doing?

– What are the things that really motivate them?

– Why does it motivate them?

• Give a one minute description of your

partners motivation with reference to CET



Goal Contents Theory

• Extrinsically orientated goals are not effective atmaintaining motivation – Fame, image or materialism do not sustain motivation

• Even when they are achieved

• Intrinsically orientated goals are conducive tosatisfaction – Volunteering, intimate relationships, personal growth

– Facilitating health and well-being

• Adherence is higher when goals are framedtowards intrinsic aims rather than extrinsicoutcomes

hpp301 week two slides

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