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How Plastic Injection Molding Works March 16, 2016 By: Matt Guerin Every day, people take what they have and how it works for granted. Many people have used a zipper almost every day of their lives and still do not know exactly how it works. This is also true for production of plastic parts. Most common household items are made using a plastic injection molding machine. This includes bottles, pens, lids, toys, DVD cases, plates, cups, bowls, automotive dashboards, toothbrushes and so much more. Have you ever wondered how these plastic parts are made? A variety of common plastic parts made using an injection molding machine. Source: http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/426325/2424529/0/1153036809/Plastic_Injection_Moulding_Part s_Plastic_components_Plastic_molding_parts.jpg Most plastic parts are made in plastic injection molding machines. These machines are generally very large and powerful. They consist of three main parts: an injection unit, a clamping unit, and an ejection unit. To put it simply, molten plastic is injected into a partshaped mold and then clamped together and cooled to create the part. That part is then ejected from the mold. In reality, an injection molding machine and its processes are not nearly that simple. Below are some of the main components of each unit.

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How  Plastic  Injection  Molding  Works  March  16,  2016  By:  Matt  Guerin  

    Every  day,  people  take  what  they  have  and  how  it  works  for  granted.  Many  people  have  used  a  zipper  almost  every  day  of  their  lives  and  still  do  not  know  exactly  how  it  works.  This  is  also  true  for  production  of  plastic  parts.  Most  common  household  items  are  made  using  a  plastic  injection  molding  machine.  This  includes  bottles,  pens,  lids,  toys,  DVD  cases,  plates,  cups,  bowls,  automotive  dashboards,  toothbrushes  and  so  much  more.  Have  you  ever  wondered  how  these  plastic  parts  are  made?      

A  variety  of  common  plastic  parts  made  using  an  injection  molding  machine.  Source:  http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/426325/2424529/0/1153036809/Plastic_Injection_Moulding_Parts_Plastic_components_Plastic_molding_parts.jpg           Most  plastic  parts  are  made  in  plastic  injection  molding  machines.  These  machines  are  generally  very  large  and  powerful.  They  consist  of  three  main  parts:  an  injection  unit,  a  clamping  unit,  and  an  ejection  unit.  To  put  it  simply,  molten  plastic  is  injected  into  a  part-­‐shaped  mold  and  then  clamped  together  and  cooled  to  create  the  part.  That  part  is  then  ejected  from  the  mold.         In  reality,  an  injection  molding  machine  and  its  processes  are  not  nearly  that  simple.  Below  are  some  of  the  main  components  of  each  unit.      

Injection  Unit         The  main  functions  of  the  injection  unit  are  to  melt  the  plastic  material,  inject  the  molten  plastic  into  the  mold,  and  to  build  up  packing  and  holding  pressure.        

Labeled  Injection  Unit.  Source:  https://www.xcentricmold.com/images/injection-­‐molding-­‐machine.jpg        

• Hopper  –  The  hopper  is  where  the  plastic  enters  the  machine.  The  plastic  enters  the  hopper  in  small  pebbles.  

• Barrel  –  The  barrel  houses  the  injection  screw  and  is  wrapped  with  heater  bands.  It  is  a  long  cylindrical  shape.  

• Heaters  –  The  heaters  are  located  inside  the  barrel  and  melt  the  plastic  that  comes  in  from  the  hopper.  

• Screw  –  The  screw  moves  the  molten  plastic  forward  as  it  rotates  and  ejects  the  plastic  out  of  the  nozzle.  

• Check  Ring  –  The  check  ring  is  located  around  the  screw  right  before  the  tip.  It  prevents  back  flow  of  the  molten  plastic.  

• Nozzle  –  The  nozzle  is  a  tapered  section  at  the  tip  of  the  barrel.  The  molten  plastic  is  ejected  out  of  the  nozzle  and  into  the  mold.  

           

     Clamping  Unit       The  main  functions  of  the  clamping  unit  are  to  support  the  mold  and  open  and  close  the  mold.    

 Labeled  Clamping  Unit.  Source:  http://www.beejaymolding.com/image-­‐files/Clampi1.gif          

• Stationary  Platen  –  The  stationary  platen,  also  known  as  the  “A”  Side  platen,  holds  half  of  the  mold.  The  nozzle  is  inserted  through  the  stationary  platen  and  into  the  mold.  

• Moving  Platen    -­‐  The  moving  platen,  also  known  as  the  “B”  Side  platen,  contains  the  other  half  of  the  mold.  After  the  part  is  made  and  the  mold  is  opened,  the  part  sticks  to  this  platen.  

• Toggle  Linkages  –  The  toggle  linkages  are  responsible  for  moving  the  B-­‐Side  platen.  

• Tail  Stock  Platen  –  The  tail  stock  platen  is  connected  to  the  moving  platen  by  the  toggle  linkages.  It  acts  as  a  sturdy  base.  

• Tie  Bars  –  The  tie  bars  are  large  rails  that  the  moving  platen  rides  on.  They  also  keep  everything  in  line.  

     

     Ejection  Unit       The  main  function  of  the  ejection  unit  is  to  eject  the  parts  from  the  mold  after  it  opens.    

Labeled  Ejection  Unit.  Source:  http://www.imould.com/upload/remote/200941195251066.jpg        

• Ejection  Cylinder  –  The  ejection  cylinder  is  responsible  for  moving  the  ejection  platen.  

• Ejection  Platen  –  The  ejection  platen  is  located  directly  behind  the  moving  platen.    

• Ejector  Rods  –  The  ejector  rods  are  long  rods  attached  to  the  ejection  platen.  These  rods  go  through  small  holes  in  the  moving  platen  to  push  the  part  out.  

               

      Not  only  are  the  machines  complex,  but  so  is  the  process.  The  process  can  be  broken  into  five  stages.    First  Stage  –  Filling  In  the  filling  stage,  the  linear  movement  of  the  screw  forces  plastic  through  the  nozzle  and  into  the  mold.  The  mold  cavity  is  filled  with  molten  plastic  to  approximately  99%  of  its  capacity.      

 Plastic  injection  molding  mold.  Source:  https://www.luxexcel.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2015/03/injection-­‐molding.jpg      Second  Stage  –  Pack  and  Hold  In  the  pack  and  hold  stage,  additional  material  flows  into  the  mold  to  compensate  for  the  shrinkage  of  the  cooling  plastic.  The  pressure  is  increased  during  this  stage.                  

Third  Stage  –  Plastication  and  Screw  Recovery  After  the  nozzle  has  been  removed  from  the  mold,  the  screw  rotates  and  the  leftover  plastic  is  reheated  for  the  next  cycle.    

 Injection  screw.  Source:  http://www.xaloy.com/Files/Products/EasyMeltInjectionScrew.jpg    Fourth  Stage  –  Cooling  The  plastic  is  cooled  while  in  the  mold  until  it  is  ready  to  be  ejected.    Fifth  Stage  –  Part  Ejection  The  mold  opens  after  the  part  has  cooled.  The  ejector  rods  push  the  part  out  of  the  mold.  Sometimes,  there  is  a  bucket  or  a  conveyor  belt  that  the  parts  drop  onto.  If  it  is  a  larger  part,  there  is  often  a  robotic  arm  that  enters  the  mold  and  removes  the  part.  The  mold  is  then  closed  and  starts  the  next  cycle.              

  All  of  that  may  seem  complex,  so  why  use  plastic  injection  molding  in  the  first  place?  Injection  molding  is  great  if  you  need  to  make  complex  three-­‐dimensional  parts  that  would  take  too  long  to  3D  print.  Injection  molding  is  also  beneficial  if  the  company  needs  the  product  to  be  within  a  tight  tolerance.  The  most  significant  reason  companies  use  plastic  injection  molding  machines  is  because  they  are  very  economical.  They  have  an  extremely  fast  cycle  time  and  have  almost  no  material  waste.  The  one  major  drawback  is  that  these  machines  are  expensive  upfront,  but  they  pay  themselves  off  quickly.          

A  plastic  injection  molding  machine.  Source:  http://image.made-­‐in-­‐china.com/2f0j00temEGYayvTqB/HDT-­‐Plastic-­‐Injection-­‐Molding-­‐Machine-­‐HDT-­‐160-­‐.jpg             Plastic  injection  molding  is  a  technology  of  ever-­‐growing  importance.  It  is  one  of  the  few  manufacturing  methods  that  the  United  States  does  not  outsource.  In  fact,  other  countries  depend  on  the  United  States  for  plastic  production.  This  is  an  industry  that  is  growing  fast,  and  understanding  the  basic  aspects  of  the  machines  and  the  processes  could  be  very  valuable.