How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century?

by Hugh Tuffen

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 368(1919):2535-2558

May 28, 2010

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Explosive phreatomagmatic activity at Grímsvötn, Iceland, on 2 November 2004.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, showing the path of an ice–rock avalanche that originated from a geothermally active zone high in the summit region adapted from Huggel (2009), photograph by

R. Wessels.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

Dramatic recent loss of snow and ice from the summit of Kilimanjaro.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Disruption of ice at the site of the 1998 Grímsvötn eruption, Vatnajökull, Iceland.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

Modelled acceleration in melting of the Icelandic mantle during the last deglaciation (modified from Maclennan et al. 2002).

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) The ratio of post-glacial (18–7 ka) to glacial (40–20 ka) activity at volcanoes worldwide plotted against a proxy for the amount of ice unloading from ice mass balance models (Huybers &

Langmuir 2009).

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

Some approximate rates and amounts of ice thinning since the Little Ice Age and during deglaciation, together with projections for the twenty-first century using current rates of ice

melting.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society

Results of modelling of rhyolitic eruptions under ice from a 1.5 km long fissure.

Hugh Tuffen Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:2535-2558

©2010 by The Royal Society