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How Users Associate Wireless Devices Ming Ki Chong (chong@comp.lancs.ac.uk) Hans Gellersen (hwg@comp.lancs.ac.uk) CHI 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada Slide 2 2 Slide 3 Which of these devices are connected? Wired connectionWireless connection 3 Slide 4 Introduction Device association Ideally, an association should be Quick & Easy No preparation Without Instructions Spontaneous interaction E.g., printing a document in a public environment 4 Slide 5 Question What types of actions do people spontaneously produce to associate wireless devices? How would you do it? 5 Slide 6 Some examples Synchronous Gestures (Hinckley, 2003) Spatial Alignment. Pointing a laser (Mayrhofer, 2007) Pen Gestures. Stitching (Hinckley, 2004) 6 Shaking. Shake well before use (Mayrhofer, 2009) Proximity (Rekimoto, 2003) And, lots more Slide 7 Methodology User-defined actions Similar to Wobbrock et al. (2009) and Kray et al. (2010) Spontaneous actions, i.e., without premeditation and no hints 18 non-technical participants (9, 9 ) 7 Slide 8 Generic Prototypes 12 types of wireless devices We made low-fi plastic props with minimal user interfaces 8 (Left) Interactive Display (Right, top row) Tablet Computer, Keyboard (Second row) Media player, Digital Camera, Microphone, Mouse, Handheld Projector (Bottom row) Digital Watch, Mobile Phone, Gaming Device, Headphones Slide 9 Setup 37 combinations of devices 30 pairings 7 groups of 3 or more Selected 3 primary devices Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display At least one primary in each combination Slide 10 Library Environment 10 Camera Participant Plastic Props Conductor *A mock-up picture of the user study setup. Slide 11 Video : Mobile Phone + Handheld Projector 11 Handheld Projector Mobile Phone Slide 12 Video : Interactive Display + Wireless Keyboard 12 Interactive Display Wireless Keyboard Slide 13 Results Collected 752 instances 36 unique actions. For example: 13 DockingHangingPhysical Contact PointingSnap a pictureSwiping Device Touch Slide 14 Twelve categories The top five categories Search & Select Proximity Button Event Device Touch Gesture Not a single category with a large proportion 5 large shares 14 Overall occurrences of the twelve categories Slide 15 Total number of occurrences 37 Device Combinations 3 or more Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices Total number of occurrences 12 Categories Top Five Categories Slide 16 Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices Wireless Headset 3 4 1 5 3 - - 1 - 1 1 - 3 4 1 5 3 - - 1 - 1 1 - Slide 17 Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices Highest numbers only Proximity Projector Projector Projector Projector Gesture Search & Select Slide 18 Mobile Phone Tablet Computer Interactive Display Multiple Devices Token Slide 19 Discussion / Reflection People have many ideas Commercial products have adopted search & select, bumping, device touch Overlaps between researchers and users, but not always in harmony, e.g.: Shaking Physical Token Slide 20 Summary Presented a study of user-defined actions for spontaneous device association No single favourite action, instead five dominant categories were found The data we have is a snapshot of peoples current view 20