how to use this presentation

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

ResourcesChapter menu

How to Use This Presentation

• To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.”

• To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar.

• From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource.

• From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation.

• You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key.



Chapter Presentation

Transparencies

Image and Math Focus Bank

Bellringers

Standardized Test Prep

Visual Concepts

Resources



Earthquakes

Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?

Section 2 Earthquake Measurement

Section 3 Earthquakes and Society

Chapter 8

Table of Contents



Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?

Bellringer

What do you think an earthquake is? Do you think the way earthquakes are portrayed on television and in movies is accurate? Why or why not? Write your answers in your science journal.

Chapter 8



Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?Chapter 8

• Explain where earthquakes take place.

• Explain what causes earthquakes.

• Identify three different types of faults that occur at plate boundaries.

• Describe how energy from earthquakes travels through the Earth.

Objectives




What Are Earthquakes?• There is more to earthquakes than just the shaking of the ground. An entire branch of Earth science, called seismology, is devoted to the study of earthquakes.

• Earthquakes are complex, and they present many questions for seismologists, the scientists who study earthquakes.




Where Do Earthquakes Occur?• Most earthquakes take place near the edges of tectonic plates. This figure shows the Earth’s tectonic plates and the locations of recent major earthquakes.




Where Do Earthquakes Occur?, continued

• Tectonic plates move in different directions and at different speeds. As a result, numerous features called faults exist in the Earth’s crust.

• A fault is a break in the Earth’s crust along which blocks of the crust slide relative to one another.

• Earthquakes occur along faults because of this sliding.




What Causes Earthquakes?• As tectonic plates move, stress increases along faults near the plates’ edges. In response to this stress, rock in the plates deforms.

• Deformation is the change in the shape of rock in response to the stress of bending, tilting, and breaking of the Earth’s crust.




What Causes Earthquakes?, continued• Rock along a fault deforms in mainly two ways.

• Rock deforms in a plastic manner, like a piece of molded clay, or in an elastic manner, like a rubber band.

• Plastic deformation does not lead to earthquakes. Elastic deformation does. Like a rubber band, rock can be stretched only so far before it breaks.




What Causes Earthquakes?, continued• Elastic rebound is the sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its undeformed shape. Elastic rebound occurs when more stress is applied to rock than the rock can withstand.

• During elastic rebound, energy is released. Some of this energy travels as seismic waves, which cause an earthquake.




Elastic Deformation and Elastic Rebound

Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.

Visual Concept




Faults at Tectonic Plate Boundaries• A specific type of plate motion takes place at different tectonic plate boundaries.

• Each type of motion creates a particular kind of fault that can produce earthquakes.




Faults at Tectonic Plate Boundaries, continued

• Transform motion occurs where two plates slip past each other, creating strike-slip faults. Blocks of crust slide horizontally past each other.





• Convergent motion occurs where two plates push together, creating reverse faults. Blocks of crust that are pushed together slide along reverse faults.





• Divergent motion occurs where two plates pull away from each other, creating normal faults. Blocks of crust that are pulled away from each other slide along normal faults.





• Earthquake Zones Most earthquakes happen in the earthquake zones along tectonic plate boundaries. Earthquake zones are places where a large number of faults are located.

• Not all faults are located at tectonic plate boundaries. Sometimes, earthquakes happen along faults in the middle of tectonic plates.




How Do Earthquake Waves Travel?• Waves of energy that travel through the Earth away from an earthquake are called seismic waves.

• Seismic waves that travel along the Earth’s surface are called surface waves.




Seismic Waves: Surface Waves



Visual Concept




How Do Earthquake Waves Travel?, continued

• Seismic waves that travel through Earth’s interior are called body waves. There are two types of body waves: P waves and S waves.

• P waves are seismic waves that cause particles of rock to move in a back-and-forth direction.

• S waves are seismic waves that cause particles of rock to move in a side-to-side direction.



Chapter 8 Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?



Section 2 Earthquake Measurement

Bellringer

Create a qualitative scale for gauging earthquakeintensity. Describe the effects of very minor earthquakes and extreme earthquakes.

What kind of damage would be done to buildings, water and power supplies, animals, forests, and people?

Chapter 8



Section 2 Earthquake MeasurementChapter 8

• Explain how earthquakes are detected.

• Describe how to locate an earthquake’s epicenter.

• Explain how the strength of an earthquake is measured.

• Explain how the intensity of an earthquake is measured.

Objectives




Locating Earthquakes• Scientists use seismographs to study earthquakes.

• A seismograph is an instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake.

• When earthquake waves reach a seismograph, it creates a seismogram, a tracing of the earthquake’s motion.




Locating Earthquakes, continued• Determining Time and Location of Earthquakes Seismograms are used to find an earthquake’s epicenter.

• An epicenter is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s starting point.




Locating Earthquakes, continued• A focus is the point inside the Earth where an earthquake begins.

• An earthquake’s epicenter is on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake’s focus.




Locating Earthquakes, continued

• The S-P Time Method is perhaps the simplest method by which seismologists find an earthquake’s epicenter.

• This method is explained in the following Visual Concepts presentation.




S and P Time Method: Finding an Epicenter



Visual Concept




Measuring Earthquake Strength and Intensity

• The Richter Magnitude Scale Throughout much of the 20th century, seismologists used a scale created by Charles Richter to measure the strength of earthquakes.

• Earthquake Ground Motion A measure of the strength of an earthquake is called magnitude. The Richter scale measures the ground motion from an earthquake and adjusts for distance to find its strength.




Richter Scale



Visual Concept




Measuring Earthquake Strength, continued

• Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale A measure of the degree to which an earthquake is felt by people and the damage it caused is called intensity.

• Currently, seismologists use the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale to measure earthquake intensity. This is a numerical scale that uses Roman numerals from I to XII to describe earthquake intensity levels.




Measuring Earthquake Strength, continued

• In the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale, an intensity of I describes an earthquake that is not felt by most people. An intensity level of XII indicates total damage of an area.

• Because the effects of an earthquake vary based on location, any earthquake will have more than one intensity value. Intensity values usually are higher near the epicenter.



Section 3 Earthquakes and Society

BellringerIf you have ever experienced an earthquake, write a short paragraph describing how you felt and what you did to protect yourself during the quake. If you have not experienced an earthquake, write a paragraph describing what you think you would do during a moderate earthquake.

Do you know what to do in an earthquake, fire, tornado, or serious storm?

Chapter 8



Section 3 Earthquakes and SocietyChapter 8

• Explain how earthquake-hazard level is determined.

• Compare methods of earthquake forecasting.

• Describe five ways to safeguard buildings against earthquakes.

• Outline earthquake safety procedures.

Objectives




Earthquake Hazard• Earthquake hazard is a measurement of how likely an area is to have damaging earthquakes in the future.

• An area’s earthquake-hazard level is determined by past and present seismic activity.

• The greater the seismic activity, the higher the earthquake-hazard level.




Earthquake-Hazard Level



Visual Concept




Earthquake Forecasting• Forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur and their strength is difficult.

• By studying areas of seismic activity, seismologists have discovered some patterns in earthquakes that allow them to make some general predictions.




Earthquake Forecasting, continued• Strength and Frequency Earthquakes vary in strength. The strength of earthquakes is related to how often they occur.

• This table shows more detail about the relationship.




Earthquake Forecasting, continued• Another method of forecasting an earthquake’s strength, location, and frequency is the gap hypothesis.

• The gap hypothesis is based on the idea that a major earthquake is more likely to occur along the part of an active fault where no earthquakes have occurred for a certain period of time.




Earthquake Forecasting, continued• An area along a fault where relatively few earth-quakes have occurred recently but where strong earthquakes have occurred in the past is called a seismic gap.




Earthquake Forecasting, continued• Using the Gap Hypothesis Not all seismologists believe the gap hypothesis is an accurate method of forecasting earthquakes.

• But some seismologists think the gap hypothesis helped forecast the approximate location and strength of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in California.




Gap Hypothesis and Seismic Gaps



Visual Concept




Earthquakes and Buildings• Earthquakes can easily topple buildings and destroy homes. Today, older structures in seismically active places, such as California, are being made more earthquake resistant.

• Retrofitting is the name given to the process of making older structure more earthquake resistant.




Earthquakes and Buildings, continued• A common way of retrofitting an older home is to securely fasten it to its foundation.

• Steel is often used to strengthen buildings and homes made of brick.




Earthquakes and Buildings, continued• Earthquake-Resistant Buildings A lot has been learned from building failure during earthquakes.

• With this knowledge, architects and engineers use new technology to design and construct buildings and bridges to better withstand earthquakes.

• The next slide shows some of the technology used to make earthquake-resistant buildings.




Earthquakes and Buildings, continued




Are You Prepared for an Earthquake?

• Before the Shaking Starts The first thing should do safeguard your home against earthquakes.

• Place heavier objects on lower shelves so they do not fall during an earthquake.

• Find safe places within each room of your home and outside of your home.

• Make a plan with others to meet in a safe place after the earthquake is over.




Earthquake Preparations, continued• When the Shaking Starts If you are indoors, crouch or lie face down under a table or desk.

• If you are outside, cover your head with your hands and lie face down away from buildings, power lines, or trees.

• If you are in a car on an open road, you should stop the car and remain inside.




Earthquake Preparations, continued• After the Shaking Stops Try to calm down and get your bearings.

• Remove yourself from immediate danger, such as downed power lines, broken glass, and fire hazards.

• Do not enter any damaged buildings unless you are told it is safe by someone in authority.

• Beware that aftershocks may cause more damage.



Earthquakes

Concept MapUse the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

Chapter 8

seismographseismic wavesearthquakes

surface wavesbody wavesS waves



EarthquakesChapter 8



End of Chapter 8 Show



Reading

Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

Chapter 8 Standardized Test Preparation



Passage 1 At 5:04 p.m. on October 14, 1989, life in California’s San Francisco Bay area seemed normal. While 62,000 fans filled Candlestick Park to watch the third game of the World Series, other people were rushing home from a day’s work. By 5:05 p.m., the area had changed drastically. The area was rocked by the 6.9 magnitude Loma Prieta earthquake, which lasted 20 s and caused 68 deaths, 3,757 injuries, and the destruction of more than 1,000 homes. Considering that the earthquake was of such a high magnitude and that the earthquake happened during rush hour, it’s amazing that more people did not die.




1. In the passage, what does the word drastically mean?

A continuously

B severely

C gradually

D not at all




2. Which of the following statements about the Loma Prieta earthquake is false?

F The earthquake happened during rush hour.

G The earthquake destroyed more than 1,000 homes.

H The earthquake lasted for 1 min.

I The earthquake had a magnitude of 6.9.




3. Which of the following statements is a fact in the passage?

A Thousands of people were killed in the Loma Prieta earthquake.

B The Loma Prieta earthquake happened during the morning rush hour.

C The Loma Prieta earthquake was a light to moderate earthquake.

D The Loma Prieta earthquake occurred during the 1989 World Series.




Passage 2 In the United States, seismologists use the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Japanese seismologists, however, use the Shindo scale to measureearthquake intensity. Earthquakes are assigned a number between 1 and 7 on the scale. Shindo 1 indicates a slight earthquake. Such an earthquake is felt by few people, usually people who are sitting.Shindo 7 indicates a severe earthquake. An earthquake that causes great destruction, such as the earthquake that struck Kobe, Japan, in January 1995, would be classified as Shindo 7.




1. In the passage, what does the word assigned mean?

A named

B voted

C given

D chosen




2. Which of the following statements about the Shindo scale is true?

F The Shindo scale is used to measure earthquake strength.

G The Shindo scale, which ranges from 1 to 7, is used to rank earthquake intensity.

H The Shindo scale is the same as the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.

I Seismologists all over the world use the Shindo scale.




3. Which of the following is a fact in the passage?

A American seismologists use the Richter scale instead of the Shindo scale.

B Japanese seismologists measure the intensity of large earthquakes only.

C The Kobe earthquake was too destructive to be given a Shindo number.

D Shindo 1 indicates a slight earthquake.




Interpreting Graphics

The graph below shows the change in temperature during a chemical reaction. Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.




1. According to the seismogram, which waves travel the fastest?

A P waves travel the fastest.

B S waves travel the fastest.

C P waves and S waves travel at the same speed.

D The graph does not show how fast P waves and S waves travel.




2. What is the approximate difference in minutes between the time the first P waves arrived at station B and the time the first S waves arrived at station B?

F 22 1/2 min

G 10 1/2 min

H 8 min

I 3 min




3. Station A is approximately how much closer to the epicenter than station B is?

A 1,800 km

B 4,000 km

C 5,800 km

D 8,600 km




Math

Read each question, and choose the best answer.




1. If a seismic wave travels at a rate of 12 km/s, how far will it travel away from the earthquake in 1 min?

A 7,200 km

B 720 km

C 72 km

D 7.2 km




2. If a P wave travels a distance of 70 km in 10 s, what is its speed?

F 700 km/s

G 70 km/s

H 7 km/s

I 0.7 km/s




3. Each time the magnitude of an earthquake increases by 1 unit, the amount of energy released is 31.7 times greater. How much greater is the energy for a magnitude 7.0 earthquake than a magnitude 5.0 earthquake?

A 31,855 times as strong

B 63.4 times as strong

C 634 times as strong

D 1,005 times as strong




4. An approximate relationship between earthquake magnitude and frequency is that when magnitude increases by 1.0, 10 times fewer earthquakes occur. Thus, if 150 earthquakes of magnitude 2.0 happen in your area this year, about how many 4.0 magnitude earthquakes will happen in your area this year?

F 50

G 10

H 2

I 0




5. If an average of 421,140 earthquakes occur annually, what percentage of these earthquakes are minor earthquakes if 49,000 minor earthquakes occur annually?

A approximately .01%

B approximately .12%

C approximately 8.6%

D approximately 86%




Chapter 8 Section 1 What Are Earthquakes?



Chapter 8 Section 2 Earthquake Measurement

how to use this presentation

Documents