how to use this ebook · unit 3:-human resource management concepts and perspectives in hrm- hrm in...

How to use this eBook

This eBook has 3 Sections.

Section 1: section-1 of this eBook contains Topic wise questions from previous

year papers grouped together

Topic wise total questions details is given below:

S.No Topic Total number of

questions in this eBook

1 Managerial Economics 94

2 Organizational Behavior 91

3 Human Resource Management 92

4 Financial Management 92

5 Marketing 99

6 Production Management 86

7 Advance Statistics and MIS 93

8 Corporate Strategy 88

9 Entrepreneurship and Small Business 87

10 Business Ethics and Management System 86

TOTAL = 908

The answers to the questions are given in red or green color. This section will give

you an idea about how questions come from each Topic. You can take Print out as

answers are marked ticked also.

Section 2: This section of eBook contains full length year wise questions with

answer. You can practice full length paper here. You can take Print out as answers

are marked ticked also.

Section 3: This section has full length papers without answers for your practice.

You can take print out and practice and check how much marks your score in each

paper.

INDEX

SECTION 1:

Topic Page Number

Managerial Economics 10-33

Organizational Behavior 34- 55

Human Resource Management 56- 78

Financial Management 79- 104

Marketing 105- 128

Production Management 129- 149

Research Methodology ( Statistics ) 150- 174

Corporate Strategy 175- 200

Entrepreneurship and Small Business 201- 222

Business Ethics and Management System 223- 247

SECTION 2:

TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

SOLVED PAPER2 NOVEMBER 2017 249- 264

SOLVED PAPER2 JANUARY 2017 265- 279 SOLVED PAPER2 JULY 2016 280- 295

SOLVED PAPER2 DECEMBER 2015 296- 311

SOLVED PAPER2 JUNE 2015 312- 322


SOLVED PAPER2 JUNE 2014 337 – 350


SOLVED PAPER2 SEPTEMBER 2013 364- 379

SOLVED PAPER2 JUNE 2013 380– 395



SOLVED PAPER2 DECEMBER 2011 419– 432






SECTION 3:

TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

UNSOLVED PAPER2 NOVEMBER 2017 489- 504

UNSOLVED PAPER2 JANUARY 2017 505- 519

UNSOLVED PAPER2 JULY 2016 520- 535

UNSOLVED PAPER2 DECEMBER 2015 536- 550

UNSOLVED PAPER2 JUNE 2015 551- 560


UNSOLVED PAPER2 JUNE 2014 574- 586 UNSOLVED PAPER2 DECEMBER 2013 587- 598

UNSOLVED PAPER2 SEPTEMBER 2013 599- 613










SYLLABUS

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION

NET BUREAU

CODE NO. 17

Subject: Management (including Business

Administration, Management / Marketing/Industrial

Relations and Personnel Management etc.)

Unit 1:-Managerial Economics

Managerial Economics – Demand Analysis, Production Function, Cost output

relations, Market Structures, Pricing theories, Advertising, Macro Economics,

National Income Concepts, Infrastructure- Management and Policy, Business

Environment, Capital Budgeting

Unit 2:-Organizational Behavior

The Concept and Significance of Organizational Behavior- Skills and Roles in an

Organization- Classical, Neo classical and Modern Theories of Organizational

Structure, Organizational Structure, Organizational Design, Understanding and

Understanding and Managing Group Behavior, Processes, Inter- personal and

Group Dynamics, Communication, Leadership, Managing Change, Managing

Conflicts, Organizational Development.

Unit 3:-Human Resource Management

Concepts and Perspectives in HRM- HRM in Changing Environment, Human

Resource Planning, Objectives, Process and Techniques, Job Analysis- Job

Description, Selecting Human Resources Induction, Training and Development,

Exit Policy and Implications, Performance Appraisal and Evaluation, Potential

Assessment, Job Evaluation, Wage Determination, Industrial Relations and Trade

Unions, Dispute Resolution and Grievance Management, Labor Welfare and Social

Security Measures.

Unit 4:-Financial Management

Financial Management Nature and Scope, Valuation Concepts and Valuation of

Securities, Capital Budgeting Decisions, Risk Analysis, Capital Structure and Cost

of capital, Dividend Policy, Determinants, Long term and Short-term Financing

Instruments, Mergers and Acquisitions

Unit 5:-Marketing

Marketing Environment and Environment Scanning Marketing Information

Systems and Marketing Research, Understanding Consumer and Industrial

Markets, Demand Measurements and Forecasting, Market Segmentation, Targeting

and Positioning, Product Decisions, Product Mix, Product life Cycle, New Product

Development, Branding and Packaging, Pricing Methods and Strategies,

Promotion Decisions, Promotion Mix, Advertising, Personal Selling, Channel

Management, Vertical Marketing Systems, Evaluation and Control of Marketing

Effort, Marketing of Services, Customer Relationship Management, Uses of

Internet as a Marketing Medium- Other Related Issues Like Branding, Market

Development, Advertising and Retailing on the Net, New Issues in Marketing

Unit 6:- Production Management

Role and Scope of Production Management:- Facility Location: Layout Planning

and Analysis , Production Planning and Control, Production Process Analysis,

Demand Forecasting for Operations, Determinants of Product Mix, Production

Scheduling, Work Measurement, Time and Motion Study, Statistical Quality

Control, Role and Scope of Operations Research, Linear Programming, Sensitivity

Analysis, Duality, Transportation Model, Inventory Control, Queuing Theory,

Decision Theory, Markov Analysis, PERT/CPM.

Unit 7:-Advance Statistics and MIS

Probability Theory Probability Distribution- Binomial, Poisson, Normal and

Exponential, Correlation and Regression Analysis, Sampling Theory, Sampling

Distributions, Tests of Hypothesis, Large and Small Samples, t, z , F, Chi-square

Tests, Use of Computers in Managerial Applications, Technology Issues and Data

Processing in Organizations, Information Systems, MIS and Decision-making,

System Analysis and Decision, Trends in Information Technology, Internet and

Internet based Applications, Design.

Unit 8:-Corporate Strategy

Concept of Corporate Strategy Components of Strategy Formulation, Ansoff’s

Growth Vector, BCG Model, Porter’s Generic Strategies, Competitor Analysis,

Strategic Dimensions and Group Mapping, Industry Analysis, Strategies in

Industry Evolution, Fragmentation, Maturity and Decline, Competitive Strategy

and Corporate Strategy , Trans nationalization of Word Economy, Managing

Cultural Diversity, Diversity Global Entry Strategies, Globalization of Financial

System and Services, Managing International Business, Competitive Advantage of

Nations, RTF and WTO.

Unit IX:- Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Concepts- Types, Characteristics Motivation, Competencies and its Development

and Development to be shifted from 8th

Chapter and Entrepreneurship, Small

Business- Concept Government Policy for Promotion of Small and Tiny

Enterprises , Process of Business Opportunity Identification, Detailed Business

Plan Preparation, Managing Small Enterprises, Planning for Growth; Sickness in

Small Enterprises, Rehabilitation of Sick Enterprises, Intrapreneurship (

Organizational Entrepreneurship)

Unit 10:-Business Ethics and Management System

Ethics and Management System Ethical Issues and Analysis in Management,

Value Based Organizations, Ethical Personal, Framework for Ethical Choices,

Pressure on Individual in Organizations, gender issues, Ecological Consciousness,

Environment Ethics: Social Responsibility of Business, Corporate Governance and

Ethics

SECTION-1

TOPIC WISE

QUESTIONS

WITH

ANSWERS

Unit 1:-Managerial Economics

Managerial Economics – Demand Analysis, Production Function, Cost output

relations, Market Structures, Pricing theories, Advertising, Macro Economics,

National Income Concepts, Infrastructure- Management and Policy, Business

Environment, Capital Budgeting

Questions from previous papers:

NOV 2017

1. Managerial economics is concerned with which combination of the

following?

(a) Investment Analysis and Decisions

(b) Production Behavior and Cost Analysis

(c) Input Reward Analysis and Decisions

(d) Economic Environment Analysis

Code:

(1) (a), (b) and (c)

(2) (b), (c) and (d)

(3) (a), (b) and (d)

(4) (a), (c) and (d)

2. When P0 and P1 and Q0 and Q1 denote before and after change in the

price and quantity respectively and in both the situations, total outlay remains

the same, which of the following formulae give the similar value of the arc

price - elasticity of demand?

(a) Qo-Q1 X Po+ P1 ( b) Qo-Q1 XPo

Po-P1 Qo+Q1 Po-P1 Q1

(c) Qo-Q1 X Po (d) Qo-Q1 X P1 (e) Qo-Q1 X P1

Po-P1 Qo Po-Q1 Q1 Po-P1 Qo

Code:

(1) (b), (c) and (e)

(2) (a), (b) and (e)

(3) (a), (c) and (e)

(4) (b), (c) and (d)

3. In case the producer‟s equilibrium shifts to a higher isoquant due to

decrease in price of aninput, the curve combining the successive equilibrium

positions is known as:

(1) Product Possibility Curve (2) Price Factor Curve

(3) Expansion Path (4) Product Line

4. Which one of the following statements is not correct?

(1) Marginal cost declines at a faster rate as compared to the average cost.

(2) Marginal cost rises at a faster rate as compared to the average cost.

(3) Marginal cost equals average cost where average cost is minimum.

(4) Average cost equals marginal cost where marginal cost is minimum.

5. Cost - Plus pricing is not suitable for:

(1) Product Tailoring (2) Profit Maximizing

(3) Monopsony Pricing (4) Public Utility Pricing

JAN 2017

6. Indicate the correct code for the scope of managerial economics from the

following:

a. Demand Analysis

b. Production and Cost Analysis

c. Pricing and Investment Decisions

d. Factor pricing Decisions

e. Economic Environmental Analysis

Codes:

(1) a, b, c, d (2) b, c, d, e

(3) a, b, c, e(4) a, c, d, e

7. Price elasticity of demand for a product is measured by

(1) Ed = ΔQ × ΔP (2) Ed = ΔQ ÷ ΔP

Q P Q P

(3) Ed = ΔP × Q (4) Ed = ΔP ÷ ΔQ

ΔQ P P Q

(Where Ed = elasticity of demand, Q = Quantity, P = Price and Δ = represents

change)

8. Which one of the following will be the appropriate pricing strategy for a

new product expecting an expanding market?

(1) Monopoly pricing (2) Skimming pricing

(3) Penetrating pricing(4) Differential pricing

9. Match the items of the List – I with those of the List – II and suggest the

correct code from the following:

List – I List – II

i. Loss Leader a. Locational price differentials

ii. Unchanged Pricingb. Products with high initial demands

iii. Basing Point pricing c. Product line pricing

iv. Skimming Pricing d. Oligopoly pricing

Codes:

i ii iii iv

(1) a b c d

(2) c d a b

(3) d b a c

(4) c a b d

10. In case the firm makes varying investments on the different investment

projects, the appropriate project evaluation technique would be, which one of

the following?

(1) Average annual rate of return technique

(2) Payback period technique

(3) Net present value technique

(4) Profitability index technique

JULY 2016

11. The following is the demand function: Q = 100 – 5P

What will be the point price elasticity of demand at price Rs10?

(1) 2.00 (2) 1.00

(3) 0.85 (4) 0.50

12. The short-run cost function of a firm is as under:

TC = 200 + 5Q + 2Q2

What will be the level of output at which AC and MC will be equal?

(1) 20 (2) 15

(3) 10(4) 5

SECTION 2 FULL PAPERS

WITH

ANSWERS

UGC NET PAPER II NOVEMBER 2017

1.Managerial economics is concerned with which combination of the

following?





Code:

(1) (a), (b) and (c)

(2) (b), (c) and (d)

(3) (a), (b) and (d)

(4) (a), (c) and (d)





(a) Qo-Q1 X Po+ P1 ( b) Qo-Q1 X Po




Code:

(1) (b), (c) and (e)

(2) (a), (b) and (e)

(3) (a), (c) and (e)

(4) (b), (c) and (d)














6. Match the following and select the correct code of matching :

List - I List - II

(a) F.W. Taylor (i) Fair day’s pay for fair day’s work

(b) Henry L. Gantt (ii) Motion study

(c) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (iii) Graphic scheduling for planning and

controlling of work

(d) Max Weber (iv) Bureaucratic organization

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(2) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

(3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(4) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

7. The achievement of goals with the least amount of resources is:

(1) Effectiveness

(2) Efficiency

(3) Productivity

(4) Both (1) and (2)

8. Which one of the following is the fundamental rethinking and radical

redesign of business processes to achieve improvements in performance?

(1) Reengineering(2) Reorganizing

(3) Revisiting (4) Rescheduling

9. Match the following and select the code of correct matching:

List - I List - II

(a) Motivating through rewards (i) Charismatic leadership and

penalties

(b) Changing organization by creating (ii) Situational leadership and

communicating a vision

(c) Influencing by dint of personality (iii) Transactional leadership and charm

(d) Modifying style with respect to (iv) Transformational leadership readiness of

followers

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

(2) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

(3) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

(4) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

10. Which one of the following is not a „hygiene factor‟ of Herzberg‟s Two

Factor theory?

(1) Interpersonal relations (2) Working conditions

(3) Responsibility (4) Job security

UGC NET PAPER II JANUARY 2017

1.Indicate the correct code for the scope of managerial economics from the

following:

a. Demand Analysis





Codes:

(1) a, b, c, d (2) b, c, d, e

(3) a, b, c, e(4) a, c, d, e


(1) Ed = ΔQ × ΔP(2) Ed = ΔQ ÷ ΔP

Q P Q P

(3) Ed = ΔP × Q (4) Ed = ΔP ÷ ΔQ

ΔQ P P Q


change)




(3) Penetrating pricing(4) Differential pricing








Codes:

i ii iii iv

(1) a b c d

(2) c d a b

(3) d b a c

(4) c a b d



the following?





SECTION 3 FULL PAPERS UNSOLVED

FOR PRACTICE

UGC NET PAPER II NOVEMBER 2017

1.Managerial economics is concerned with which combination of the

following?





Code:

(1) (a), (b) and (c)

(2) (b), (c) and (d)

(3) (a), (b) and (d)

(4) (a), (c) and (d)





(a) Qo-Q1 X Po+ P1 ( b) Qo-Q1 X Po




Code:

(1) (b), (c) and (e)

(2) (a), (b) and (e)

(3) (a), (c) and (e)

(4) (b), (c) and (d)














6. Match the following and select the correct code of matching :

List - I List - II

(a) F.W. Taylor (i) Fair day’s pay for fair day’s work

(b) Henry L. Gantt (ii) Motion study

(c) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth (iii) Graphic scheduling for planning and

controlling of work

(d) Max Weber (iv) Bureaucratic organization

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(2) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

(3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(4) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

7. The achievement of goals with the least amount of resources is:

(1) Effectiveness (2) Efficiency (3) Productivity (4) Both (1) and (2)

8. Which one of the following is the fundamental rethinking and radical

redesign of business processes to achieve improvements in performance?

(1) Reengineering (2) Reorganizing

(3) Revisiting (4) Rescheduling


List - I List - II

(a) Motivating through rewards (i) Charismatic leadership and

penalties

(b) Changing organization by creating (ii) Situational leadership and

communicating a vision

(c) Influencing by dint of personality (iii) Transactional leadership and charm

(d) Modifying style with respect to (iv) Transformational leadership readiness of

followers

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)

(2) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)

(3) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)

(4) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

10. Which one of the following is not a „hygiene factor‟ of Herzberg‟s Two

Factor theory?

(1) Interpersonal relations (2) Working conditions

(3) Responsibility (4) Job security

11. Assertion (A): Promotion is a move within the organization to a higher

position that has greater responsibilities and requires more advanced skills.

Reasoning (R): Promotion may not involve a raise in status but a hike in

salary is a must.

Code:

(1) (A) and (R) both are correct.

(2) (A) and (R) both are incorrect.

(3) (A) is correct whereas (R) is incorrect.

(4) (A) is incorrect whereas (R) is correct.


List - I List – II

(a) Identification of leadership potential (i) Vocational Tests

(b) Finding most suitable area of working (ii) Aptitude Tests

(c) Discovering interest and potential (iii) Intelligence Tests

for acquiring skills

(d) Measuring capacity to think, learn (iv) Personality Tests

and draw relationships

Code:

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(1) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)

(2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(3) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)

(4) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)

13. Which one of the following is a facility to file anonymous complaints?

(1) Juke Box (2) Wide Box (3) Gripe Box (4) Hard Box

14. Which of the following is/are not gain sharing plan(s)?

(a) Scanlon Plan

(b) Rucker Plan

(c) Employee Stock Option Plan

(d) Improshare Plan

Code:

(1) (c) only

(2) (d) only

(3) (c) and (d) both

(4) (b), (c) and (d)

15.In which one of the following methods of performance appraisal,

predetermined percentages of rates are placed in various performance

categories?

(1) Alternation Ranking Method

(2) Forced Distribution Method

(3) Paired Comparison Method

(4) Check - list Method

16. Indicate the correct code for the combination from the following regarding

the superiority of the wealth maximization over the profit maximization

objective of the financial management:

(a) It takes into account long term stability and survival of the firm.

(b) It takes care of all other objectives of the firm like exploring and

expanding markets, etc.

(c) It is based on the assumption of perfect competition in the market.

(d) It considers risk along with returns.

Code:

(1) (a), (b), (c) and (d)

(2) (b), (c) and (d)

(3) (a), (b) and (d)

(4) (a), (c) and (d)

17. The controller function of the financial management concerns with:

(1) Advertising the public issue of the firm

(2) Negotiating with banks for loans

(3) Analyzing variance between standard costs and actual costs

(4) Estimating the future cash flows from certain project

18. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) for risk measurement has been given

by:

(1) Sharpe and Lintner

(2) Lintner and Treynor

(3) Sharpe, Lintner and Treynor

(4) Lintner, Modigliani and Miller

19. Beta (β) is a measure of:

(1) Systematic Risk (3) Total Risk

(2) Unsystematic Risk (4) Business Risk

20. Capital budgeting is concerned with:

(1) Arranging cash resources for the project.

(2) Managing the working capital of the firm.

(3) Managing the fixed assets through repairs and renewals.

(4) Evaluating the returns and investment in projects.

21. Which one of the following is the demand state where “Consumers dislike

the product and may even pay to avoid it”?

(1) Unwholesome demand (3) Negative demand

(2) Declining demand (4) Latent demand

22. Evaluate the statements according to Brand Asset Valuator Model of

Brand Equity:

Statement (I): Knowledge measures the degree to which a brand is seen as

different from others as well as its pricing power.

Statement (II): Esteem measures perceptions of quality and loyalty or how

well the brand is regarded and respected.

Code:

(1) Both the Statements are correct.

(2) Both the Statements are incorrect.

(3) Statement (I) is correct while Statement (II) is incorrect.

(4) Statement (I) is incorrect while Statement (II) is correct.

23. If a coaching institute provides some supporting study material along with

teaching, then which one of the following service mix category would it be?

(1) Hybrid offering

(2) Major Service with accompanying minor goods and services

(3) Tangible good with accompanying services

(4) Pure service

24. Statement (I): A low market - penetration index indicates substantial

growth potential for all the firms.

Statement (II): Generally, price competition increases and margins fall when

the market -penetration index is already high.

Code:

(1) Both the Statements are correct.

(2) Both the Statements are incorrect.

(3) Statement (I) is correct while Statement (II) is incorrect.

UGC NET PAPER II JANUARY 2017

1.Indicate the correct code for the scope of managerial economics from the

following:

a. Demand Analysis





Codes:

(1) a, b, c, d (2) b, c, d, e

(3) a, b, c, e (4) a, c, d, e


(1) Ed = ΔQ × ΔP (2) Ed = ΔQ ÷ ΔP

Q P Q P

(3) Ed = ΔP × Q (4) Ed = ΔP ÷ ΔQ

ΔQ P P Q


change)




(3) Penetrating pricing (4) Differential pricing








Codes:

i ii iii iv

(1) a b c d

(2) c d a b

(3) d b a c

(4) c a b d



the following?





6. According to Henry Fayol, which one of the following combinations of

qualities are required in a manager?

(1) Physical, mental, experience, educational and conceptual

(2) Technical, human, conceptual, mental and moral

(3) Physical, mental, moral, educational, technical and experience

(4) Mental, moral, conceptual, educational, technical and experience

7. Neo-classical organization theory emphasizes on which one of the

following?

(1) Flat structure of organization

(2) Tall structure of organization

(3) Coordination by hierarchy

(4) Unity of command

8. According to Graicuna‟s formula of span of management, if a superior has

threesubordinates, what number of cross-relationships would be?

(1) Three

(2) Six

(3) Nine

(4) Eighteen

9. In Reddin‟s „Tridimensional Grid‟, which one of the following is a less

effective style of leadership?

(1) Developer (2) Missionary

(3) Executive (4) Bureaucrat

10. Assertion (A): Attribution theory is based on relationship between

personal perception and interpersonal behavior.

Reasoning (R): Since most „whys‟ are not directly observable, people must

depend upon cognitions, particularly perception.

Codes:

(1) (A) is right but (R) is wrong.

(2) (A) is wrong but (R) is right.

(3) Both (A) and (R) are right but (R) does not explain (A).

(4) Both (A) and (R) are right and (R) explains (A).

11. Arrange the following steps of training and development process in the

right sequence:

a. Need analysis

b. Validation

c. Evaluation

d. Implement the programme

e. Instructional design

(1) a, e, d, c, b (2) a, e, c, b, d

(3) a, e, b, d, c (4) a, b, e, c, d

12. Which one of the following is related to „Standard of Personnel‟?

(1) Job Specification (2) Job Description

(3) Job Design (4) Job Evaluation

13. If an employee desires to pay more than the minimum required

contribution under the Employees‟ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous

Provisions Act, 1952, then

(1) Employer shall also pay an amount equal to the total contribution of employee.

(2) Employer shall pay only half of the additional contribution of employee.

(3) Employer is under no obligation to pay the additional contribution.

(4) The act is silent regarding this matter.

14. Under the Employees‟ State Insurance Act, 1948, sickness benefit can be

paid for which one of the following maximum periods?

(1) 45 days in two consecutive benefit periods.




15. Which one of the following laws is enacted by the Central Government

and enforced by the State Governments?

(1) The Employees State Insurance Act, 1948

(2) The Employees’ Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952

(3) Factories Act, 1948

(4) The Mines Act, 1952

16. The cost of external equity can be most appropriately computed as per the

(1) Earnings price ratio

(2) Dividend price ratio

(3) Dividend price plus growth ratio

(4) Capital assets pricing model

17. For the following items in List – I and List – II, indicate the correct code

after matching them:


i. Net income approach for capital structure a. Modigliani, M. and Miller

M.H.

ii. Net operating income approach for capital structure b. Robert Bruner

iii. Irrelevance of capital structure for the value of the firm. c. Ezra Soloman

iv. FRICT analysis for capital structure d. David Durand

Codes:

i ii iii iv

(1) a b c d

(2) d c a b

(3) d c b a

(4) b a d c

18. Which one of the following is not a feature of „Preference Shares‟?

(1) Prior claim on income / assets of the company over equity shareholders.

(2) Redeemability after certain period.

(3) Possessing voting rights on important issues of the company.

(4) May possess the right to participate in surplus profits of the company.

19. The basic consideration for dividend pay-out for a company excludes

which one of the following?

(1) Investment opportunities for the company

(2) Expectations of the shareholders of the company

(3) Legal and financial restrictions for the company

(4) Stability of the dividend considerations

20. For the following two statements of Assertion (A) and Reasoning (R)

indicate the correct code:

Assertion (A): Shareholders Wealth Maximization (SWM) and not the profit

Maximization is an appropriate and operationally feasible financial

management goal.

Reasoning (R): There exists a principal-agent relationship between the

shareholders and the management of the company.

Codes:

(1) (A) and (R) both are correct.

(2) (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.

(3) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.

(4) (A) and (R) both are incorrect.

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