how to use and cite literature effectively
TRANSCRIPT
10 – How to use and cite literature effectively10 How to use and cite literature effectivelyy
Th
e W
ater
, En
gin
eeri
ng
an
d D
evel
op
men
t C
entr
e is
on
e o
f th
e w
orl
d’s
le
adin
g e
du
cati
on
an
d r
esea
rch
inst
itu
tes
for
dev
elo
pin
g k
no
wle
dg
e an
d c
apac
ity
in w
ater
an
d s
anit
atio
n f
or
sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
and
em
erg
ency
rel
ief.
We
focu
s on
sol
utio
ns fo
r p
eop
le in
low
- an
d m
idd
le-in
com
e co
untr
ies,
hel
pin
g to
pro
vid
e ev
iden
ce-b
ased
ans
wer
s to
imp
orta
nt q
uest
ions
– n
ot o
nly
abou
t w
hat n
eed
s to
be
don
e to
imp
rove
bas
ic in
fras
truc
ture
and
ess
entia
l ser
vice
s –
but
als
o ho
w to
go
abou
t it.
Foun
ded
in 1
971,
WE
DC
is b
ased
in th
e S
choo
l of C
ivil
and
Bui
ldin
g E
ngin
eerin
g a
t Lou
ghb
orou
gh
Uni
vers
ity, o
ne o
f the
top
UK
uni
vers
ities
. Thi
s p
rovi
des
a s
ound
bas
is fo
r sc
rutin
y of
all
we
do:
WE
DC
is r
egul
ated
, and
bei
ng
par
t of a
lead
ing
Uni
vers
ity g
ives
us
a re
cog
nise
d p
latfo
rm o
f ind
epen
den
ce a
nd
qua
lity.
Wha
t mak
es u
s st
and
out
from
the
crow
d is
our
out
reac
h to
pra
ctiti
oner
s –
usin
g ou
r kn
owle
dg
e b
ase
and
our
ap
plie
d r
esea
rch
wor
k to
dev
elop
the
cap
acity
of
ind
ivid
uals
and
org
aniz
atio
ns th
roug
hout
the
wor
ld, p
rom
otin
g th
e in
teg
ratio
n of
soc
ial,
tech
nica
l, ec
onom
ic, i
nstit
utio
nal a
nd e
nviro
nmen
tal a
ctiv
ities
as
a p
rere
qui
site
for
dev
elop
men
t.
Vis
it o
ur
web
site
to
fin
d o
ut
mo
re a
bo
ut
us
and
do
wn
load
fre
e re
sou
rces
fr
om
Th
e W
ED
C K
no
wle
dg
e B
ase.
Wat
er, E
ng
inee
rin
g a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Cen
tre
Th
e Jo
hn
Pic
kfo
rd B
uild
ing
Sch
oo
l of
Civ
il an
d B
uild
ing
En
gin
eeri
ng
Lou
gh
bo
rou
gh
Un
iver
sity
Le
ices
ters
hir
e L
E11
3T
U U
K
t: +
(0)
150
9 22
2885
f: +
(0)
150
9 21
1079
e:
wed
c@lb
oro.
ac.u
kw
: ht
tp:/
/wed
c.lb
oro.
ac.u
k
ISB
N 9
78 1
843
80 1
50 4
Book
let
10
How
to u
se a
nd c
ite
liter
atur
e ef
fect
ivel
y
Cont
ents
of t
his
book
let
Intr
od
uctio
n ...
......
......
......
......
......
...1
Lear
ning
fro
m o
ther
s ....
......
......
......
1P
lag
iari
sm ..
......
......
......
......
......
......
4A
go
od
ref
eren
ce ..
......
......
......
......
.5H
ow
to
cite
wo
rk ..
......
......
......
......
..9
Dis
ting
uish
ing
the
wo
rk o
f oth
ers
..10
Bib
liog
rap
hic
refe
renc
es ..
......
......
.11
Cita
tion
conv
entio
ns ..
......
......
......
.21
Num
eric
cita
tion
syst
ems
......
......
..23
Furt
her
read
ing
.....
......
......
......
......
24R
efer
ence
s ...
......
......
......
......
......
...25
Mo
st o
f w
hat
we
kno
w,
we
lear
n f
rom
oth
er p
eop
le.
As
child
ren
, m
uch
of
this
info
rmat
ion
is a
ccep
ted
wit
ho
ut
qu
esti
on
, b
ut
as le
arn
ing
pro
gre
sses
to
a h
igh
er le
vel,
as it
do
es w
hen
stu
dyi
ng
to
war
ds
a u
niv
ersi
ty d
egre
e,
stu
den
ts a
re e
xpec
ted
to
cri
tica
lly a
pp
rais
e w
hat
th
ey a
re le
arn
ing
, ju
dg
ing
th
e ev
iden
ce a
nd
qu
esti
on
ing
wh
at is
pre
sen
ted
. B
ein
g a
ble
to
lo
cate
, o
rgan
ize
and
co
mp
are
dif
fere
nt
sou
rces
of
info
rmat
ion
is a
co
re
skill
req
uir
ed o
f st
ud
ents
an
d g
rad
uat
es.
The
cons
eque
nces
of n
ot r
efer
enci
ng o
ther
peo
ple
’s w
ork
corr
ectly
can
be
serio
us a
nd
this
mis
cond
uct i
s b
ecom
ing
eas
ier
to d
etec
t. Th
is b
ookl
et p
rese
nts
an o
verv
iew
of
why
the
use
of o
ther
peo
ple
’s w
ork
is e
ncou
rag
ed a
t uni
vers
ity, b
ut o
nly
with
in c
erta
in
cond
ition
s an
d s
ubje
ct to
par
ticul
ar s
tand
ard
s an
d c
onve
ntio
ns. I
t dis
cuss
es w
ays
to
mak
e a
goo
d r
efer
ence
and
intr
oduc
es m
etho
ds
of c
iting
wor
k co
rrec
tly.
© W
ED
C, L
oug
hbor
oug
h U
nive
rsity
, 201
2
Text
: Bria
n R
eed
and
Bria
n S
kinn
er
Ed
ited
by
Julie
Fis
her
and
Rod
Sha
w
Illus
trat
ions
: Rod
Sha
w
Qua
lity
Ass
uran
ce: T
ricia
Jac
kson
Des
igne
d a
nd p
rod
uced
by
WE
DC
Pub
licat
ions
This
boo
klet
is o
ne o
f a s
erie
s of
pub
lishe
d le
arni
ng r
esou
rces
whi
ch a
re a
vaila
ble
for
pur
chas
e in
prin
t or
avai
lab
le to
dow
nloa
d fr
ee o
f cha
rge
from
the
WE
DC
Kno
wle
dg
e B
ase.
Any
par
t of t
his
pub
licat
ion,
incl
udin
g th
e ill
ustr
atio
ns (
exce
pt i
tem
s ta
ken
from
ot
her
pub
licat
ions
whe
re W
ED
C d
oes
not h
old
cop
yrig
ht)
may
be
cop
ied
, rep
rod
uced
or
ad
apte
d to
mee
t loc
al n
eed
s, w
ithou
t per
mis
sion
from
the
auth
or/s
or
pub
lishe
r, p
rovi
ded
the
par
ts r
epro
duc
ed a
re d
istr
ibut
ed fr
ee, o
r at
cos
t and
not
for
com
mer
cial
en
ds
and
the
sour
ce is
fully
ack
now
led
ged
. Ple
ase
send
cop
ies
of a
ny m
ater
ials
in
whi
ch te
xt o
r ill
ustr
atio
ns h
ave
bee
n us
ed to
WE
DC
at t
he a
dd
ress
giv
en b
elow
.
Pub
lishe
d b
y W
ED
C, L
oug
hbor
oug
h U
nive
rsity
ISB
N 9
78 1
843
80 1
50 4
Wat
er, E
ng
inee
rin
g a
nd
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Cen
tre
Th
e Jo
hn
Pic
kfo
rd B
uild
ing
Sch
oo
l of
Civ
il an
d B
uild
ing
En
gin
eeri
ng
Lou
gh
bo
rou
gh
Un
iver
sity
Le
ices
ters
hir
e L
E11
3T
U U
K
t: +
(0)
150
9 22
2885
f: +
(0)
150
9 21
1079
e:
wed
c@lb
oro.
ac.u
kw
: ht
tp:/
/wed
c.lb
oro.
ac.u
k
Plea
se n
ote:
In th
is b
ookl
et, e
xam
ple
s of
cita
tions
are
typ
eset
in
Pal
atin
o an
d a
re
pla
ced
eith
er {
in b
race
s –
com
mon
ly k
now
n as
‘cur
ly
bra
cket
s’}
or a
re in
den
ted
.
Exa
mp
le c
itatio
ns a
re
not n
eces
saril
y ac
tual
re
fere
nces
and
so
are
not
liste
d a
t the
end
of t
he
doc
umen
t.
25
24
“Sta
ndin
g on
the
shou
lder
s of
gia
nts”
In 1
676
Issa
c N
ewto
n w
rote
a le
tter
to R
ober
t Hoo
ke, w
here
he
stat
ed “
if I h
ave
seen
furt
her
it is
by
stan
din
g o
n th
e sh
ould
ers
of g
iant
s”, w
hich
in tu
rn w
as b
ased
on
John
of S
alis
bur
y’s
1159
ac
coun
t of B
erna
rd o
f Cha
rtre
s (d
c 1
130)
, acc
ord
ing
to th
e O
xfor
d D
ictio
nary
of Q
uota
tions
and
Pro
verb
s, e
dite
d b
y S
usan
R
atcl
iffe,
pub
lishe
d in
200
1 b
y th
e O
xfor
d U
nive
rsity
Pre
ss b
ased
in
Oxf
ord
, UK
. The
full
quo
te (
tran
slat
ed fr
om th
e or
igin
al L
atin
) is
:
“We
are
like
dw
arfs
on
the
shou
lder
s of
gia
nts,
so
that
we
can
see
mor
e th
an th
ey, a
nd th
ing
s at
a g
reat
er d
ista
nce,
not
by
virt
ue o
f an
y sh
arp
ness
of s
ight
on
our
par
t, or
any
phy
sica
l dis
tinct
ion,
but
b
ecau
se w
e ar
e ca
rrie
d h
igh
and
rai
sed
up
by
thei
r g
iant
siz
e.”
Whe
n st
udyi
ng, w
e ar
e b
uild
ing
on
the
wor
k of
our
pre
dec
esso
rs,
and
it is
imp
orta
nt to
cre
dit
peo
ple
for
thei
r co
ntrib
utio
n,
pro
vid
ing
a g
ood
foun
dat
ion
for
new
idea
s.
1
Intr
oduc
tion
As
stud
ents
pro
gre
ss th
roug
h th
eir
stud
ies,
the
leve
l of l
earn
ing
bec
omes
hig
her,
mor
e co
mp
lex
and
mor
e sp
ecia
lized
. The
y m
ove
from
gen
eral
ly a
ccep
ted
fact
s to
war
ds
an
app
roac
h to
lear
ning
whe
re w
hat i
s ‘r
ight
’ or
‘cor
rect
’ is
not s
o cl
ear.
Whe
n st
uden
ts
carr
y ou
t res
earc
h th
ey e
nter
a r
ealm
that
is li
kely
to b
e un
clea
r or
dis
put
ed, f
ull o
f gap
s in
kno
wle
dg
e an
d p
opul
ated
with
unp
rove
n th
eorie
s an
d s
upp
ositi
on. I
nfor
mat
ion
at
this
inte
rfac
e b
etw
een
the
know
n an
d u
nkno
wn
is fo
cuse
d in
sp
ecia
list p
ublic
atio
ns.
The
stud
ent i
s re
qui
red
to p
iece
tog
ethe
r in
div
idua
l sou
rces
of i
nfor
mat
ion,
jud
gin
g th
e q
ualit
y an
d r
elev
ance
of e
ach,
in o
rder
to m
ove
forw
ard
s th
e fr
ontie
r of
kno
wle
dg
e.
Lear
ning
from
oth
ers
“A m
an w
ho r
evie
ws
the
old
so
as to
find
ou
t the
new
is q
ualif
ied
to te
ach
othe
rs.”
Co
nfu
ciu
s 55
1-47
9 B
C A
nale
cts
At s
choo
l and
und
erg
rad
uate
leve
l, on
e of
the
mai
n so
urce
s of
kno
wle
dg
e w
ill b
e th
e te
ache
r or
lect
urer
. The
y w
ill
sele
ct to
pic
s an
d p
rese
nt th
em in
a w
ay
that
will
hop
eful
ly m
ake
them
eas
ier
to
und
erst
and
. Thi
s w
ill b
e su
pp
orte
d b
y on
e or
two
text
boo
ks c
over
ing
sim
ilar
info
rmat
ion
that
the
stud
ent c
an r
e-re
ad
at h
is o
r he
r ow
n p
ace.
Som
e of
this
is
obje
ctiv
e, fa
ctua
l inf
orm
atio
n th
at c
an
be
cons
ider
ed ‘r
ight
’ or
‘wro
ng’.
Oth
er
mat
eria
l is
sub
ject
ive,
bas
ed o
n op
inio
n an
d p
erce
ptio
n an
d o
pen
to d
ebat
e an
d d
iscu
ssio
n. S
ome
info
rmat
ion
is
qua
ntita
tive
that
can
be
exp
ress
ed a
s a
mea
sure
men
t whi
lst o
ther
info
rmat
ion
is
qua
litat
ive
and
exp
ress
ed a
s a
view
or
a tr
end
.
Pur
e sc
ienc
es te
nd to
use
mai
nly
obje
ctiv
e, q
uant
itativ
e kn
owle
dg
e w
hils
t th
e fin
e ar
ts u
se s
ubje
ctiv
e, q
ualit
ativ
e kn
owle
dg
e. S
ocia
l sci
ence
s, a
pp
lied
Figu
re 1
. St
udy
push
es fo
war
d th
e fro
ntie
r of
kno
wle
dge
(Sou
rce:
Ree
d, 2
012)
scie
nces
and
eng
inee
ring
usu
ally
co
mb
ine
the
two
app
roac
hes.
Nea
r an
d a
t the
fron
tier
of k
now
led
ge,
al
l top
ics
bec
ome
less
cer
tain
and
mor
e su
bje
ctiv
e, a
s th
eorie
s ar
e p
ut fo
rwar
d an
d h
ypot
hese
s te
sted
. All
sub
ject
s ne
ed
to b
e d
iscu
ssed
, deb
ated
and
ass
esse
d.
Evi
den
ce w
ill h
ave
to b
e d
raw
n fr
om
a va
riety
of s
ourc
es, c
omp
ared
and
an
alyz
ed. R
esea
rche
rs n
eed
to e
stab
lish
the
fron
tiers
of k
now
led
ge
to e
nsur
e th
ey
Theoretical Disputed
Unknown
Gap
Known
2
are
bui
ldin
g o
n es
tab
lishe
d fo
und
atio
ns
and
not
was
ting
tim
e an
d m
oney
by
rep
eatin
g w
ork,
re-
dis
cove
ring
kno
wn
issu
es o
r fo
llow
ing
a r
oute
that
has
bee
n tr
ied
and
pro
ven
not t
o w
ork.
Stud
y sk
ills
“We
bel
ieve
a s
cien
tist b
ecau
se h
e ca
n su
bst
antia
te h
is r
emar
ks, n
ot b
ecau
se
he is
elo
que
nt a
nd fo
rcib
le in
his
en
unci
atio
n. In
fact
, we
dis
trus
t him
w
hen
he s
eem
s to
be
influ
enci
ng
us b
y hi
s m
anne
r.” I.A
. Ric
har
ds
1893
-197
9S
cien
ce a
nd p
over
ty (
1923
)
For
hig
her
leve
ls o
f ed
ucat
ion,
stu
den
ts
are
exp
ecte
d to
lear
n m
ore
than
mer
e fa
cts.
The
y ne
ed to
be
dis
cern
ing
, re
fere
ncin
g in
form
atio
n an
d e
xpla
inin
g w
hy th
ey th
ink
it is
rel
evan
t and
tr
ustw
orth
y. T
he s
tud
ent i
s ex
pec
ted
to a
sses
s, a
naly
se, a
pp
rais
e, e
valu
ate,
q
uest
ion
and
deb
ate,
not
to r
egur
gita
te
exis
ting
kno
wle
dg
e.
Whe
n le
ctur
ers
are
mar
king
cou
rsew
ork,
th
ey a
re lo
okin
g fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f sou
nd
stud
y sk
ills.
Whe
n a
stud
ent i
s g
iven
a
mat
hem
atic
al p
rob
lem
, the
y ha
ve to
sh
ow h
ow th
ey w
orke
d o
ut th
e so
lutio
n st
ep-b
y-st
ep. T
he s
ame
pro
cess
is
need
ed to
sup
por
t the
con
clus
ions
of
an e
ssay
or
a re
por
t. B
y re
ferr
ing
to
pub
licat
ions
, stu
den
ts c
an s
how
they
ha
ve m
aste
red
the
pro
cess
of f
ind
ing
, se
lect
ing
, rea
din
g a
nd u
nder
stan
din
g p
ublic
atio
ns. T
he le
ctur
er c
an s
ee th
at
a st
uden
t has
rea
d a
roun
d th
e su
bje
ct,
and
has
not
just
focu
sed
on
one
or
two
boo
ks b
ut h
as fo
und
and
sel
ecte
d p
ublic
atio
ns th
at a
re:
•
rele
vant
,
•
rece
nt,
•
trus
twor
thy,
and
•
wid
e-ra
ngin
g, i
ncor
por
atin
g d
iffer
ent
view
s.
Beh
ind
this
, the
lect
urer
has
evi
den
ce
that
the
stud
ent k
now
s ho
w to
use
lib
rarie
s an
d d
atab
ases
.
By
citin
g p
ublic
atio
ns, s
tud
ents
can
im
plic
itly
pre
sent
thei
r ow
n th
oug
hts
alon
gsi
de
the
refe
renc
ed w
ork
of o
ther
s.
Ulti
mat
ely,
not
giv
ing
cre
dit
to o
ther
s is
a
form
of c
heat
ing
.
Figu
re 2
. R
eadi
ng a
roun
d th
e su
bjec
t is
impo
rtant
in h
ighe
r edu
catio
n
23
Bri
tish
Sta
nd
ard
sN
AM
E O
F A
UTH
OR
IZIN
G
OR
GA
NIZ
ATI
ON
, Yea
r. N
umb
er a
nd
title
of s
tand
ard
. Pla
ce o
f pub
licat
ion:
P
ublis
her.
Th
eses
an
d d
isse
rtat
ion
sA
UTH
OR
, Yea
r. Ti
tle. D
esig
natio
n (L
evel
, e.g
. MS
c, P
hD.)
, Ins
titut
ion.
Exh
ibit
ion
cat
alo
gu
esA
RTI
ST,
Yea
r. Ti
tle o
f exh
ibiti
on.
[Exh
ibiti
on c
atal
ogue
]. P
lace
of
pub
licat
ion:
Pub
lishe
r.
Map
SU
RV
EYO
R/ C
AR
TOG
RA
PH
ER
etc
., Ye
ar, T
itle
of m
ap. [
scal
e], s
ize,
ser
ies,
P
lace
of p
ublic
atio
n: P
ublis
her.
Oth
er
info
rmat
ion
e.g
. pro
ject
ion,
orie
ntat
ion.
Web
site
s S
ome
web
site
s d
o no
t hav
e al
l the
el
emen
ts s
o ci
te th
e on
es fo
und
.A
UTH
OR
(S),
Yea
r. Ti
tle o
f doc
umen
t. [o
nlin
e]. O
rgan
izat
ion
resp
onsi
ble
(o
ptio
nal).
[d
ate
view
ed].
Ava
ilab
le
from
: web
ad
dre
ss
Ele
ctro
nic
mes
sag
es f
rom
a p
ub
lic
do
mai
n. e
.g. d
iscu
ssio
n b
oard
s or
co
nfer
ence
s.A
UTH
OR
(of
mes
sag
e), Y
ear.
Title
. In:
El
ectr
onic
con
fere
nce
or b
ulle
tin b
oard
. [o
nlin
e]. [
dat
e vi
ewed
]. A
vaila
ble
from
: w
eb a
dd
ress
.
Web
log
s (B
log
s)A
UTH
OR
, Yea
r. Ti
tle o
f the
pos
ting
(if
app
licab
le).
In: T
itle
of th
e b
log.
[on
line]
. [d
ate
view
ed].
Ava
ilab
le fr
om: w
eb
add
ress
.
Wik
isW
IKI N
AM
E, Y
ear.
Title
of a
rtic
le. [
onlin
e].
[dat
e vi
ewed
]. A
vaila
ble
from
: web
ad
dre
ss.
Med
ia (
vid
eo, f
ilm, o
r b
road
cast
)Ti
tle, Y
ear.
[Typ
e of
med
ia].
OR
IGIN
ATO
R
(e.g
. dire
ctor
). P
lace
of p
rod
uctio
n:
Pro
duc
tion
com
pan
y.
Po
dca
sts
BR
OA
DC
AS
TER
(if
avai
lab
le),
Yea
r. N
ame
of p
odca
st [
typ
e of
res
ourc
e e.
g. p
odca
st].
Org
aniz
atio
n/p
ublis
her
resp
onsi
ble
(op
tiona
l), [
dat
e ac
cess
ed].
A
vaila
ble
from
: web
ad
dre
ss
THE
PIL
KIN
GTO
N L
IBR
AR
Y, (
n.d
.).
Citi
ng a
nd R
efer
enci
ng: U
sing
Brit
ish
Sta
ndar
d H
arva
rd. A
dvi
ce S
heet
. Lo
ughb
orou
gh:
Lou
ghb
orou
gh
Uni
vers
ity. V
iew
ed 0
3/09
/201
2.
Ava
ilab
le fr
om: h
ttp:/
/ww
w.lb
oro.
ac.u
k/m
edia
/ww
wlb
oroa
cuk/
cont
ent/
libra
ry/
dow
nloa
ds/
advi
cesh
eets
/cita
tion.
pd
f
22
Ther
e ar
e p
lent
y of
on-
line
sour
ces
that
g
ive
gui
dan
ce, b
ut fo
r a
def
initi
ve g
uid
e,
the
Brit
ish
Sta
ndar
d B
S IS
O 6
90:2
010
/ IS
O 6
90:2
010(
E)
shou
ld b
e co
nsul
ted
.
Sof
twar
e p
acka
ges
are
ava
ilab
le to
hel
p m
anag
e re
fere
nces
but
thes
e ar
e on
ly a
to
ol a
nd d
o re
qui
re s
ome
effo
rt to
lear
n th
eir
pro
per
use
.
Furt
her
read
ing
CO
TTR
ELL
, S.,
2003
. The
Stu
dy
Ski
lls
Han
db
ook,
2nd
ed
. Bas
ing
stok
e, U
K:
Pal
gra
ve M
acm
illan
.
MC
MIL
LAN
, K. a
nd W
EY
ER
S, J
., 20
07.
How
to W
rite
Dis
sert
atio
ns a
nd P
roje
ct
Rep
orts
. Har
low
, UK
: Pea
rson
Ed
ucat
ion.
Refe
renc
esR
ATC
LIFF
E S
. (ed
.), 2
001.
Oxf
ord
Dic
tiona
ry o
f Quo
tatio
ns a
nd P
rove
rbs
Oxf
ord
. UK
: Oxf
ord
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
.
LOU
GH
BO
RO
UG
H U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y,
2011
. Aca
dem
ic M
isco
nduc
t. S
tud
ent h
and
boo
k. L
oug
hbor
oug
h,
UK
: Lou
ghb
orou
gh
Uni
vers
ity.
Ava
ilab
le fr
om: h
ttp:/
/ww
w.
lbor
o.ac
.uk/
stud
ents
/wel
com
e/ha
ndb
ook/
exam
sand
asse
ssm
ent/
acad
emic
mis
cond
uct/
and
http
://
ww
w.lb
oro.
ac.u
k/st
uden
ts/w
elco
me/
hand
boo
k/ex
amsa
ndas
sess
men
t/p
lag
iaris
m/ (
view
ed 4
Oct
201
1).
SAY
WE
LL, D
. and
CO
TTO
N, A
., 19
99. S
pre
adin
g th
e W
ord
: Pra
ctic
al
guid
elin
es fo
r re
sear
ch d
isse
min
atio
n st
rate
gies
. Lou
ghb
orou
gh,
UK
. WE
DC
: Lo
ughb
orou
gh
Uni
vers
ity.
Sum
mar
y of
bib
liogr
aphi
c re
fere
nces
B
oo
ksA
UTH
OR
(S),
Yea
r. Ti
tle. E
diti
on [
if no
t the
1s
t] P
lace
of p
ublic
atio
n: P
ublis
her.
Ch
apte
rs f
rom
an
ed
ited
bo
oks
AU
THO
R(S
), Y
ear.
Title
of c
hap
ter.
In:
AU
THO
R(S
)/ E
DIT
OR
(S),
ed
.(s.
). B
ook
title
. Ed
ition
. Pla
ce o
f pub
licat
ion:
P
ublis
her,
pag
es.
Jou
rnal
art
icle
sA
UTH
OR
(S),
Yea
r. Ti
tle o
f art
icle
. Titl
e of
jo
urna
l, Vo
l. no
.(P
art n
o./Is
sue/
Mon
th),
P
ages
.
New
spap
er a
rtic
les
AU
THO
R(S
), Y
ear.
Art
icle
title
. N
ewsp
aper
title
. Day
and
Mon
th
(ab
bre
viat
ed),
pag
es.
Imag
esA
RTI
ST,
Yea
r. Ti
tle o
f the
wor
k [M
ater
ial
typ
es].
At o
r In
: [w
here
foun
d, f
or
exam
ple
in a
boo
k or
mus
eum
] IN
: A
UTH
OR
/ED
ITO
R o
f boo
k, Y
ear.
Title
. P
lace
of p
ublic
atio
n: P
ublis
her.
Pap
ers
in c
on
fere
nce
pro
ceed
ing
sA
UTH
OR
(S),
Yea
r. Ti
tle. I
n: E
DIT
OR
(S)
Title
of c
onfe
renc
e p
roce
edin
gs. P
lace
an
d d
ate
of c
onfe
renc
e (u
nles
s in
clud
ed
in ti
tle).
Pla
ce o
f pub
licat
ion:
Pub
lishe
r, p
ages
.
3
setti
ng th
e sc
ene
and
com
mun
icat
ing
to a
rea
der
a h
ost o
f allu
sion
s an
d co
ncep
ts.
Pres
entin
g ar
gum
ents
Whe
n w
ritin
g e
ssay
s an
d r
epor
ts, t
he
auth
or w
ill n
eed
to p
rovi
de
evid
ence
to
sup
por
t the
con
clus
ions
; the
idea
s an
d d
isco
verie
s of
oth
er p
eop
le c
an b
e us
ed a
s b
uild
ing
blo
cks
to b
uild
up
and
ju
stify
the
conc
lusi
ons.
Som
e le
vel o
f co
mm
on u
nder
stan
din
g b
etw
een
the
writ
er a
nd r
ead
er c
an u
sual
ly b
e as
sum
ed.
If ev
eryt
hing
had
to b
e ex
pla
ined
from
a
bas
ic le
vel o
f und
erst
and
ing
, wor
ks w
ould
b
e lo
ng, u
nwie
ldy
and
not
ver
y in
tere
stin
g,
as m
any
issu
es th
at a
re fa
mili
ar to
the
read
er (
and
aut
hor)
wou
ld b
e in
clud
ed
unne
cess
arily
. Ref
eren
ces
bec
ome
a so
rt
of in
telle
ctua
l sho
rt-c
ut –
peo
ple
who
al
read
y kn
ow a
bou
t a c
ited
pub
licat
ion
can
take
not
e of
it a
nd b
uild
on
thei
r ex
istin
g k
now
led
ge
to fu
rthe
r un
der
stan
d a
new
nar
rativ
e. T
hose
who
do
not k
now
ab
out i
t can
eith
er a
ccep
t it (
esp
ecia
lly if
it
is fr
om a
rep
utab
le s
ourc
e) o
r ca
n fin
d an
d r
ead
the
orig
inal
wor
k. T
he r
efer
ence
th
eref
ore
save
s tim
e b
ut a
lso
pro
vid
es
evid
ence
to s
upp
ort t
he a
utho
r’s
own
idea
s.
Ref
eren
cing
als
o p
rote
cts
the
auth
or;
if a
cite
d fa
ct is
inco
rrec
t or
a q
uote
d op
inio
n is
con
trov
ersi
al. T
he e
rror
or
dis
put
ed c
omm
ent c
an b
e tr
aced
bac
k an
d c
heck
ed. T
his
is s
imila
r to
put
ting
the
wro
ng n
umb
er in
to a
cal
cula
tion;
the
final
an
swer
mig
ht b
e in
corr
ect b
ut if
the
right
p
roce
ss w
as u
sed
, the
n d
ue c
red
it ca
n g
iven
for
und
erst
and
ing
the
pro
cess
.
Ano
ther
lite
rary
dev
ice
is th
e us
e of
a
quo
tatio
n to
intr
oduc
e a
pas
sag
e of
pro
se,
A q
uo
te, q
uo
tati
on
, cit
atio
n o
r re
fere
nce
is th
e d
irect
or
ind
irect
us
e of
som
ebod
y el
se’s
inte
llect
ual
pro
per
ty (
e.g
. id
eas
or d
ata)
in a
ne
w p
iece
of w
ork.
Bib
liog
rap
hic
ref
eren
ces
are
cita
tions
of p
ublic
atio
ns th
at h
ave
bee
n d
irect
ly u
sed
in a
new
pie
ce
of w
ork.
A r
ead
ing
list
is a
sel
ectio
n of
re
com
men
ded
pub
licat
ions
that
will
p
rovi
de
bac
kgro
und
kno
wle
dg
e or
fu
rthe
r in
form
atio
n re
latin
g to
the
top
ic u
nder
dis
cuss
ion,
but
not
ne
cess
arily
cite
d.
A b
iblio
gra
ph
y is
a li
st o
f p
ublic
atio
ns in
the
area
of s
tud
y.
An
an
no
tate
d b
iblio
gra
ph
y m
ay
incl
ude
a b
rief a
bst
ract
of t
he
cont
ents
.
Ack
no
wle
dg
emen
ts r
ecog
nize
p
eop
le a
nd s
ourc
es o
f inf
orm
atio
n,
but
with
out a
cle
ar c
onne
ctio
n to
ei
ther
a s
pec
ific
item
in th
e ne
w te
xt
or a
sp
ecifi
c so
urce
.
Cit
atio
n r
epo
rts
sum
mar
ize
how
m
any
peo
ple
hav
e re
ferr
ed to
a
spec
ific
pub
licat
ion
in a
sub
seq
uent
p
ublis
hed
wor
k.
4
shar
ed id
eas
and
ref
eren
ces
mea
n th
at th
e w
ork
is n
ot th
e re
sult
of th
eir
own
ind
ivid
ual e
ffort
. The
sha
ring
of
info
rmat
ion
in th
is c
onte
xt is
dee
med
to
be
chea
ting
.
Pena
lties
for c
opyi
ngP
lag
iaris
m is
reg
ard
ed a
s ac
adem
ic
mis
cond
uct a
nd th
e co
nseq
uenc
es c
an
be
serio
us (
LU, 2
011)
. Stu
den
ts m
ay n
ot
only
lose
mar
ks fo
r th
e co
urse
wor
k, b
ut
in m
ajor
cas
es, c
an b
e d
ism
isse
d fr
om
the
univ
ersi
ty a
s th
ey w
ill b
e co
nsid
ered
as
tryi
ng to
gai
n a
qua
lific
atio
n th
roug
h fr
aud
ulen
t mea
ns.
Addi
ng to
the
body
of k
now
ledg
e“D
isco
very
con
sist
s of
see
ing
wha
t ev
eryb
ody
has
seen
and
thin
king
w
hat n
obod
y ha
s th
ough
t.”
Alb
ert
von
Sze
nt-
Gyö
rgyi
189
3-19
86
Irvi
ng G
ood
(ed
.)
The
Sci
entis
t Sp
ecul
ates
(19
62)
Ref
eren
ces
also
get
use
d b
y ot
her
peo
ple
to tr
ace
the
dev
elop
men
t of
idea
s. R
efer
ence
s in
dic
ate
the
stat
e of
kno
wle
dg
e w
hen
a p
ublic
atio
n w
as
writ
ten
(look
ing
bac
k); o
ther
cita
tion
rep
orts
sho
w w
ho h
as q
uote
d a
p
ublic
atio
n on
ce it
has
bee
n p
ublis
hed
(look
ing
forw
ard
). T
his
web
of r
efer
ence
s al
low
s th
e co
ntrib
utio
n of
eac
h su
cces
sive
aut
hor
to b
e as
sess
ed a
nd
thei
r co
ntrib
utio
n ac
know
led
ged
.
Plag
iari
smC
opyi
ng o
ther
peo
ple
’s w
ork
with
out
giv
ing
them
cre
dit
is p
lag
iaris
m. T
his
coul
d b
e us
ing
ano
ther
stu
den
t’s w
ork
or
cop
ying
wor
k fr
om p
ublic
atio
ns o
r fr
om
the
Inte
rnet
. Thi
s is
a s
erio
us is
sue,
as
it is
a c
omb
inat
ion
of in
telle
ctua
l the
ft an
d fr
aud
. The
offe
nder
is p
rete
ndin
g th
at th
e w
ork
is th
eir
own
and
so
is s
teal
ing
oth
er
peo
ple
’s id
eas.
Pla
gia
risin
g th
e w
ork
of
othe
rs a
lso
rest
ricts
the
opp
ortu
nity
to
lear
n fo
r on
esel
f and
to d
emon
stra
te th
is
lear
ning
.
Stu
den
ts w
ho w
ork
tog
ethe
r on
co
urse
wor
k (s
uch
as a
n es
say)
that
is
mea
nt to
be
per
sona
l and
not
a p
iece
of
gro
up w
ork
are
gui
lty o
f col
lusi
on.
Alth
oug
h th
ey m
ay w
rite
sep
arat
e es
says
,
Det
ecti
ng
pla
gia
rism
is b
ecom
ing
incr
easi
ngly
sop
hist
icat
ed.
Ass
esso
rs o
f stu
den
t wor
k ca
n id
entif
y ar
eas
whe
re th
e w
ritin
g st
yle,
lang
uag
e us
ed a
nd q
ualit
y of
w
ork
sud
den
ly c
hang
es. T
hey
also
kn
ow th
e to
pic
are
a w
ell a
nd w
ill b
e fa
mili
ar w
ith th
e m
ain
text
s.
Com
put
er p
rog
ram
s ca
n b
e us
ed
to id
entif
y w
here
sec
tions
of t
ext
in a
pie
ce o
f cou
rsew
ork
mat
ch
exis
ting
wor
k. T
he d
atab
ases
use
d no
t onl
y in
clud
e te
xt a
vaila
ble
on
the
Inte
rnet
, but
als
o co
urse
wor
k th
at
has
pre
viou
sly
bee
n sc
anne
d b
y un
iver
sitie
s ar
ound
the
wor
ld.
Ass
esso
rs c
an s
ee h
ow m
uch
mat
eria
l has
bee
n q
uote
d, w
here
the
mat
eria
l has
com
e fr
om a
nd w
heth
er
it ha
s b
een
refe
renc
ed c
orre
ctly
.
21
conv
entio
ns. H
owev
er, t
he u
nder
lyin
g p
rinci
ple
s st
ill a
pp
ly, n
amel
y:
•
ackn
owle
dg
ing
the
wor
k of
oth
ers;
an
d
•
enab
ling
the
info
rmat
ion
used
to b
e tr
aced
.
Con
sulta
ncy
rep
orts
follo
w a
cad
emic
co
nven
tions
to a
deg
ree,
thou
gh
ofte
n on
ly fo
otno
tes
are
used
and
onl
y ke
y fa
cts
or s
upp
ortin
g d
ocum
ents
are
re
fere
nced
.
Text
boo
ks a
nd fa
ctsh
eets
giv
e th
e so
urce
s of
dat
a b
ut h
ave
a lo
wer
leve
l of
rig
our
than
a jo
urna
l pap
er, p
artly
b
ecau
se th
e in
form
atio
n is
gen
eral
ly
acce
pte
d a
nd th
e ne
ed to
pro
vid
e co
mp
ellin
g e
vid
ence
is le
ss.
Web
pag
es r
efer
ring
to o
ther
mat
eria
l on
the
Inte
rnet
sim
ply
hav
e a
hyp
erlin
k to
th
e re
leva
nt s
ourc
e. S
imila
r ci
tatio
n an
d re
fere
ncin
g c
an b
e us
ed in
em
ails
.
Whe
n p
rese
ntin
g a
t a c
onfe
renc
e, th
e p
rese
ntat
ion
may
hav
e so
me
cita
tions
(p
erha
ps
men
tione
d o
rally
) b
ut th
e co
nfer
ence
pap
er w
ill p
rovi
de
the
bac
kgro
und
mat
eria
l. If
a p
rese
ntat
ion
is m
ore
gen
eral
, a li
st o
f sou
rces
can
be
mad
e av
aila
ble
for
thos
e w
ho w
ant m
ore
det
ail.
TV a
nd r
adio
pro
gra
mm
es, m
agaz
ine
and
new
spap
er a
rtic
les
req
uire
sep
arat
e (u
npub
lishe
d)
doc
umen
tatio
n th
at
just
ifies
the
cont
ent,
to p
rovi
de
evid
ence
to
the
edito
r (a
nd th
e la
wye
rs!)
that
the
text
is fa
ctua
lly c
orre
ct. N
ames
and
cont
act d
etai
ls fo
r th
e w
riter
and
ed
itor
are
pro
vid
ed. Q
uote
s m
ay h
ave
bee
n p
rovi
ded
by
nam
ed o
r un
nam
ed p
eop
le,
so a
sou
rce
is a
llud
ed to
rat
her
than
m
ade
exp
licit
(sai
d a
n in
dus
try
sour
ce).
In
dee
d, t
hey
will
wan
t to
pro
tect
thei
r so
urce
s to
ena
ble
peo
ple
to s
pea
k fr
eely
(an
d p
reve
nt o
ther
jour
nalis
ts fr
om
stea
ling
thei
r m
ater
ial).
Text
boo
k au
thor
s, c
onsu
ltant
s an
d jo
urna
lists
wan
t to
be
seen
as
trus
ted
sour
ces
of in
form
atio
n, s
o th
eir
long
-te
rm r
eput
atio
n g
ives
the
cred
ibili
ty
to th
eir
wor
k, r
athe
r th
an im
med
iate
ci
tatio
n of
sou
rces
. Thi
s is
not
a lo
wer
st
and
ard
than
aca
dem
ic r
efer
enci
ng,
just
a d
iffer
ent a
pp
roac
h fo
r a
diff
eren
t co
ntex
t. In
aca
dem
ic w
ork
the
writ
er h
as
to p
ersu
ade
the
read
er th
at th
e fa
cts
are
corr
ect;
in te
xtb
ooks
and
new
spap
ers,
th
e au
thor
has
to p
ersu
ade
the
edito
r an
d th
is s
tag
e of
qua
lity
cont
rol b
uild
s tr
ust w
ith th
e re
ader
ship
.
Top
tip!
Mak
e a
note
of t
he fu
ll re
fere
nce
of
ever
y ite
m y
ou r
ead
and
sto
re th
em
som
ewhe
re s
afel
y. T
ryin
g to
find
the
sour
ce o
f a q
uote
at a
late
r d
ate
can
be
time
cons
umin
g, f
rust
ratin
g a
nd
lead
to m
ista
kes.
Lib
raria
ns a
nd tu
tors
can
giv
e g
uid
ance
on
bot
h th
e te
chni
cal
asp
ects
of r
efer
enci
ng a
nd w
hat
mak
es a
goo
d r
efer
ence
.
20
sing
le ‘p
’ is
used
for
one
pag
e, ‘p
p.’
is
used
for
a se
ries
of p
ages
.
Num
eric
cita
tion
syst
ems
An
alte
rnat
ive
to th
e N
ame
and
Dat
e co
nven
tion
is th
e nu
mer
ic s
yste
m.
This
num
eric
sys
tem
is o
ften
used
in
scie
ntifi
c p
ublic
atio
ns to
pro
vid
e so
urce
s of
ob
ject
ive
fact
ual i
nfor
mat
ion.
The
na
me
and
dat
e sy
stem
is p
refe
rred
for
sub
ject
ive
top
ics
in th
e ar
ts a
nd s
ocia
l sc
ienc
e, w
here
per
sona
l op
inio
ns a
re
imp
orta
nt.
The
link
to th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce
is m
ade
by
pla
cing
a n
umb
er n
ext t
o th
e fa
ct o
r q
uote
{fo
r ex
amp
le a
s a
sup
ersc
ript 23
or
in b
rack
ets
(24)
}.
Num
eric
sys
tem
s ei
ther
use
the
sam
e re
fere
nce
num
ber
for
ever
y oc
curr
ence
of
the
sam
e ci
tatio
n or
can
use
diff
eren
t nu
mb
ers
each
tim
e an
d in
dic
ate
the
rep
etiti
on in
the
final
ref
eren
ce li
st.
With
num
eric
cita
tions
the
pag
e nu
mb
ers
can
be
inse
rted
in th
e te
xt {
for
exam
ple
(37
p.3
54)}
or
giv
en in
the
final
ref
eren
ce li
st.
Num
eric
al re
fere
nces
Th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce
is li
sted
in a
foot
note
or
end
note
in th
e nu
mer
ical
ord
er th
at
they
occ
ur in
the
text
. If a
sou
rce
is c
ited
seve
ral t
imes
, eith
er
•
the
num
ber
use
d fo
r th
e fir
st
occu
rren
ce is
use
d fo
r al
l sub
seq
uent
oc
curr
ence
s, o
r
•
sub
seq
uent
occ
urre
nces
of t
he
sour
ce ta
ke th
e ne
xt n
umb
er in
the
seq
uenc
e an
d th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce
is
then
:
– lis
ted
in fu
ll fo
r ea
ch o
ccur
renc
e at
th
e en
d o
f the
doc
umen
t, or
– th
ere
is a
cro
ss-r
efer
ence
in th
e lis
t to
the
first
use
of t
he s
ourc
e {e
.g. 2
7 se
e re
f. 14
}, o
r
– if
a so
urce
is u
sed
rep
eate
dly
in
serie
s th
en ‘i
bid
.’ ca
n b
e us
ed in
the
list,
with
sp
ecifi
c p
age
num
ber
s fo
r ea
ch o
ccur
renc
e {e
.g. 3
2. R
ATE
200
3 […
] p
p.1
2-15
}.{3
3. ib
id. p
p.3
4-45
}, o
r
– if
a so
urce
is u
sed
rep
eate
dly
at
vario
us p
oint
s in
the
doc
umen
t, th
en
the
phr
ase
‘op
cit’
(sh
ort f
or ‘o
per
e ci
tato
’ whi
ch is
Lat
in fo
r ‘in
the
wor
k ci
ted
’) is
use
d in
con
junc
tion
with
the
auth
or’s
nam
e. {
For
exam
ple
:
12
. SH
AW
, R. 1
994
[…]
13. D
AV
EY,
K. 1
994
[…]
23. S
HA
W o
p. c
it. p
.21.
}
Wha
teve
r sy
stem
is u
sed
, it i
s im
por
tant
to
be
cons
iste
nt a
ll th
e w
ay th
roug
h th
e d
ocum
ent a
nd n
ot m
ix d
iffer
ent
conv
entio
ns a
nd fo
rmat
s.
Non-
acad
emic
ref
eren
cing
The
advi
ce in
this
boo
klet
is b
ased
on
stan
dar
d a
cad
emic
pra
ctic
e, b
ut th
e re
al w
orld
doe
s no
t fol
low
suc
h st
rict
5
Allo
win
g o
ther
s to
cop
y yo
ur w
ork
or
pro
vid
ing
them
with
ref
eren
ces
mea
ns
that
you
are
hel
pin
g th
e ot
her
per
son
to p
lag
iaris
e yo
ur w
ork,
so
you
are
collu
din
g in
the
offe
nce.
The
re is
a
dis
tinct
ion
bet
wee
n a
gen
eral
dis
cuss
ion
and
deb
ate
arou
nd a
top
ic a
mon
gst
a
wid
e g
roup
of s
tud
ents
(w
hich
is
enco
urag
ed)
and
two
or th
ree
stud
ents
w
orki
ng to
get
her
on w
hat s
houl
d b
e in
div
idua
l ass
ignm
ents
. Hel
pin
g a
colle
ague
to p
rint a
doc
umen
t or
use
gen
eric
sof
twar
e is
not
col
lusi
on,
but
if th
e co
urse
wor
k is
des
igne
d to
d
emon
stra
te y
our
pra
ctic
al s
kills
on
a p
artic
ular
sof
twar
e p
acka
ge,
then
in
form
al h
elp
from
fello
w s
tud
ents
cou
ld
be
dee
med
unf
air.
Copy
right
An
exte
nsio
n of
inte
llect
ual t
heft
is
cop
yrig
ht in
frin
gem
ent.
Mos
t aca
dem
ic
wor
k w
ill o
nly
req
uire
a s
mal
l pro
por
tion
of s
omeb
ody
else
’s w
ork
to b
e q
uote
d. I
f a
boo
k is
sol
d c
omm
erci
ally
, the
re m
ay
be
rest
rictio
ns o
n w
hat c
an a
nd c
anno
t
be
used
with
out e
xplic
it p
erm
issi
on to
re
pro
duc
e a
quo
te, i
n w
hich
cas
e a
fee
may
be
pay
able
.
A go
od r
efer
ence
“In
scie
nce,
rea
d b
y p
refe
renc
e th
e ne
wes
t wor
ks; i
n lit
erat
ure,
the
old
est.”
Ed
war
d B
ulw
er-L
ytto
n 1
803-
73
Cax
toni
ana
The
qua
ntity
and
qua
lity
of r
efer
ence
s ne
eds
to b
e ju
dg
ed c
orre
ctly
. Too
man
y an
d th
e p
rose
will
be
dis
join
ted
and
d
iffic
ult t
o fo
llow
. Not
eve
ry fa
ct r
equi
res
a ci
tatio
n. T
oo fe
w a
nd th
e ev
iden
ce
need
ed to
sup
por
t an
arg
umen
t will
be
lack
ing
.
A v
arie
ty o
f sou
rces
is r
equi
red
; usi
ng
only
one
or
two
refe
renc
es r
epea
ted
ly
doe
s no
t giv
e a
bal
ance
d v
iew
.
Gra
de
AA
wid
e se
lect
ion
of h
igh
qua
lity
fully
ref
eren
ced
sou
rces
BTe
xts
from
rea
din
g li
st
CO
ne o
r tw
o re
leva
nt b
ooks
DB
ooks
cite
d a
re n
ot r
elev
ant
FN
o ad
diti
onal
rea
din
g
Tabl
e 1.
Qua
lity
of re
fere
ncin
g an
d ty
pica
l gr
ade
boun
darie
s
Exam
ple
An
exam
ple
of g
ood
ref
eren
cing
is
the
open
ing
cha
pte
r of
the
boo
k D
ude,
Whe
re’s
My
Cou
ntry
? b
y M
icha
el M
oore
(p
ublis
hed
by
War
ner
in 2
003)
.
He
atta
cks
the
actio
ns o
f the
(th
en)
right
of c
entr
e U
S g
over
nmen
t. A
s th
is c
ould
be
seen
as
pol
itica
lly
bia
sed
, he
cite
s a
rang
e of
rig
ht
win
g m
edia
or
very
rep
utab
le p
ublic
so
urce
s to
pro
vid
e th
e ev
iden
ce fo
r hi
s ar
gum
ents
, rat
her
than
left-
win
g or
ob
scur
e so
urce
s.
6 The
qual
ity o
f pub
licat
ions
“The
imp
orta
nce
of a
sci
entif
ic w
ork
can
be
mea
sure
d b
y th
e nu
mb
er o
f p
revi
ous
pub
licat
ions
it m
akes
it
sup
erflu
ous
to r
ead
.”
Dav
id H
ilber
t 18
62-1
943
attr
ibut
ed L
ewis
Wol
per
t Th
e U
nnat
ural
Nat
ure
of S
cien
ce (
1993
)
An
auth
or o
r p
ublis
her
with
a s
tron
g re
put
atio
n in
a r
elev
ant f
ield
will
lend
b
ette
r su
pp
ort f
or a
n ar
gum
ent t
han
an u
nkno
wn
auth
or. Q
uotin
g N
elso
n M
and
ela
on p
oliti
cal s
trug
gle
will
brin
g w
eig
ht to
the
deb
ate.
How
ever
quo
ting
him
on
conc
eptu
al a
pp
roac
hes
to b
ridg
e d
esig
n w
ould
not
be
as g
ood
as
quo
ting
Mic
hel V
irlog
eux
(who
is a
fam
ous
brid
ge
des
igne
r!).
Som
e so
urce
s m
ay b
e se
en to
be
bia
sed
tow
ard
s on
e vi
ew o
r an
othe
r, so
the
auth
or n
eed
s to
be
awar
e of
the
wid
er
rep
utat
ion
of th
e so
urce
mat
eria
l. Th
e or
gan
izat
ion
that
fund
ed th
e re
sear
ch
may
influ
ence
the
resu
lting
pub
licat
ion.
The
dat
e is
als
o si
gni
fican
t. Q
uotin
g ou
t of d
ate
fact
s d
emon
stra
tes
poo
r un
der
stan
din
g, b
ut c
iting
his
toric
al
text
can
sho
w a
goo
d c
omm
and
of t
he
sub
ject
mat
ter.
One
way
of m
easu
ring
the
‘qua
lity’
of
a p
ublic
atio
n is
to s
ee h
ow m
any
othe
r p
eop
le h
ave
quo
ted
it. A
‘cita
tion
rep
ort’
giv
es d
etai
ls o
f how
man
y tim
es a
par
ticul
ar p
ublic
atio
n ha
s b
een
refe
renc
ed in
oth
er p
ublic
atio
ns.
Whi
lst t
his
coul
d a
lso
show
qua
lity,
it
may
ind
icat
e th
e re
vers
e –
as s
ome
rese
arch
ers
mig
ht b
e te
mp
ted
to
refe
renc
e p
ublic
atio
ns th
at a
re ‘w
rong
’ in
ord
er to
rej
ect e
arlie
r id
eas.
Turn
ing
data
into
kno
wle
dge
“Sci
ence
is b
uilt
up o
f fac
ts, a
s a
hous
e is
bui
lt of
sto
nes,
but
an
accu
mul
atio
n of
fa
cts
is n
o m
ore
a sc
ienc
e th
an a
hea
p o
f st
ones
is a
hou
se.”
Hen
ri P
oin
caré
185
4-19
12
Sci
ence
and
hyp
othe
sis
(190
5)
It is
wor
th u
nder
stan
din
g h
ow k
now
led
ge
is p
rod
uced
in o
rder
to a
sses
s th
e b
est
pub
licat
ion
to q
uote
.
A r
esea
rche
r ex
plo
ring
a to
pic
will
be
look
ing
dire
ctly
at t
he is
sue;
the
pap
ers
and
pre
sent
atio
ns th
at th
ey p
rod
uce
bas
ed o
n th
eir
exp
erie
nces
are
prim
ary
sour
ces.
The
y ta
ke r
aw d
ata,
ana
lyse
th
em a
nd th
en d
raw
con
clus
ions
bas
ed
on th
e ev
iden
ce.
Goo
d s
ourc
es a
re p
eer
revi
ewed
(f
or jo
urna
ls)
or e
dite
d b
y re
put
able
p
ublis
hers
(fo
r te
xtb
ooks
). P
eer
revi
ewed
jo
urna
ls a
nd c
onfe
renc
e p
aper
s ar
e no
rmal
ly r
ead
by
two
othe
r ex
per
ts in
the
sam
e fie
ld, w
ho c
omm
ent o
n th
e q
ualit
y of
the
pap
er a
nd r
ecom
men
d w
heth
er it
sh
ould
be
pub
lishe
d o
r no
t.
Poo
r so
urce
s ar
e w
ebsi
tes
or
pub
licat
ions
whe
re it
is n
ot c
lear
who
the
orig
inat
or w
as o
r w
heth
er th
e in
form
atio
n ha
d b
een
chec
ked
.
19
orig
inal
mat
eria
l, b
ut c
onte
nt th
at h
as b
een
spec
ifica
lly d
evel
oped
can
be
refe
renc
ed
by
usin
g p
hras
es s
uch
as: ‘
in th
e au
thor
’s e
xper
ienc
e’ o
r ‘fr
om th
e au
thor
’s
know
led
ge
of th
e ar
ea’.
Dia
gra
ms,
flow
-ch
arts
, com
put
er s
oftw
are
listin
gs
etc.
ca
n b
e re
fere
nced
by
incl
udin
g ‘S
ourc
e:
Aut
hor
(yea
r)’,
show
ing
the
auth
or’s
su
rnam
e. F
igur
e 1
on p
age
1 of
this
d
ocum
ent g
ives
an
exam
ple
and
mea
ns
that
the
auth
or r
ecei
ves
cred
it an
d th
e re
ader
doe
s no
t thi
nk th
at th
e m
ater
ial h
as
bee
n co
pie
d fr
om s
omeo
ne e
lse
with
out
refe
renc
ing
it.
Repe
ated
cita
tions
The
stan
dar
d (
nam
e an
d d
ate)
cita
tion
is
used
eac
h tim
e it
is r
equi
red
, alth
oug
h re
pea
ted
ref
eren
ce to
the
sam
e so
urce
ca
n b
e in
dic
ated
by
usin
g (
ibid
.) r
athe
r th
an (
nam
e an
d d
ate)
eac
h tim
e. T
his
is
shor
t for
‘ib
idem
’, w
hich
mea
ns ‘i
n th
e sa
me
pla
ce’.
This
can
onl
y b
e us
ed if
ther
e ar
e no
oth
er c
itatio
ns b
etw
een
the
first
and
su
bse
que
nt o
ccur
renc
es o
f the
cita
tion.
If
diff
eren
t pag
e(s)
are
bei
ng r
efer
red
to,
then
eac
h w
ill n
eed
a s
epar
ate
cita
tion
{e.g
. (Fi
sher
, 200
3, p
.26)
, (ib
id. p
.37)
}.
Ther
e ar
e ot
her
way
s of
ack
now
led
gin
g so
urce
s w
ithou
t con
stan
tly r
epea
ting
the
sam
e re
fere
nce.
For
exa
mp
le:
Mat
eria
l in
this
sec
tion
is b
ased
on
stu
die
s m
ade
by D
esai
(199
3, p
p.6
8-10
2)
and
Cha
pm
an (1
995)
.
or
Exc
ept w
here
oth
er s
ourc
es h
ave
been
in
dic
ated
, met
eoro
logi
cal m
ater
ial i
n th
is
chap
ter
has
been
obt
aine
d fr
om th
e fo
llow
ing
pu
blic
atio
ns: H
ale
and
Sno
w
(198
9, p
p.2
0-32
), Te
mp
est e
t al.
(199
6,
pp
.57-
80) a
nd F
ogg
(199
4, p
p.1
7-23
).
The
sub
seq
uent
text
wou
ld th
en b
e a
sum
mar
y of
the
sour
ce m
ater
ial.
Dire
ct q
uota
tions
wou
ld r
equi
re e
xplic
it ci
tatio
ns.
Seve
ral p
ublic
atio
nsIf
mat
eria
l is
wel
l-doc
umen
ted
in s
ever
al
sour
ces,
then
the
cita
tion
can
refe
r to
on
e (o
r m
ore)
sou
rce
that
is r
ead
ily
avai
lab
le. F
or e
xam
ple
:
The
pro
of o
f the
inte
rsec
ting
cho
rd
theo
rem
can
be
fou
nd in
man
y st
and
ard
geo
met
ry te
xtbo
oks,
for
exam
ple
Jaco
bs (1
987,
pp
.37-
40).
Date
sTh
e d
ate
of p
ublic
atio
n is
use
d to
d
istin
gui
sh d
iffer
ent w
orks
by
the
sam
e au
thor
. If a
n au
thor
has
mor
e th
an
one
rele
vant
pub
licat
ion
in o
ne y
ear,
each
cita
tion
is la
bel
led
with
a le
tter
in
alp
hab
etic
ord
er.
Oth
er in
vest
igat
ions
(Ker
shaw
, 198
1a,
p.1
4 an
d 1
981b
, p.2
7) s
how
ed th
at …
Addi
ng d
etai
l to
the
cita
tion
Find
ing
a s
pec
ific
quo
te in
a la
rge
boo
k ca
n b
e d
iffic
ult u
nles
s ex
tra
info
rmat
ion
is p
rovi
ded
. Pag
e nu
mb
ers
may
be
add
ed a
fter
the
cita
tion
{e.g
. (S
mou
t 20
03, p
p 3
47-3
84)}
if th
is le
vel o
f det
ail
is n
eed
ed. T
hey
can
be
omitt
ed if
the
who
le d
ocum
ent i
s b
eing
ref
erre
d to
. A
18 an id
ea o
f how
rec
ent t
he in
form
atio
n is
or
to s
ee h
ow a
ser
ies
of c
itatio
ns
rela
te to
eac
h ot
her
with
out l
ooki
ng u
p th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce
– e.
g. S
anso
m (
1987
) as
sert
ed th
is w
as tr
ue b
ut B
oshe
r (2
003)
d
isag
reed
. Kno
win
g th
e au
thor
’s n
ame
can
also
ad
d a
noth
er d
imen
sion
to th
e ci
tatio
n, a
s so
me
writ
ers
are
reno
wne
d w
ithin
thei
r to
pic
are
a (e
.g. P
ickf
ord
on
low
-cos
t san
itatio
n) a
nd th
is le
nds
extr
a w
eig
ht to
the
quo
te.
Nam
esTh
is s
yste
m s
imp
ly n
otes
the
orig
inal
cr
eato
r of
the
info
rmat
ion
and
the
dat
e it
was
pub
lishe
d {
e.g
. Jon
es, 2
003}
. The
or
igin
al te
xt m
ay s
how
the
first
nam
e (o
r in
itial
s) fi
rst,
follo
wed
by
the
surn
ame
(fam
ily n
ame)
but
onl
y th
e au
thor
’s
surn
ame
or fa
mily
nam
e is
use
d in
the
cita
tion.
{Fo
r ex
amp
le, D
r Ju
lie F
ishe
r w
ould
be
cite
d a
s Fi
sher
and
R.E
. Sco
tt w
ould
be
cite
d a
s S
cott.
}
If a
text
is w
ritte
n b
y up
to th
ree
auth
ors,
th
en a
ll th
ree
are
cite
d {
e.g
. (D
urb
ec,
Am
ier
and
Geb
re, 2
003)
}. W
here
ther
e ar
e fo
ur o
r m
ore
auth
ors,
‘et a
l.’ is
writ
ten
afte
r th
e fir
st a
utho
r’s
nam
e. ‘e
t al.’
is th
e La
tin p
hras
e m
eani
ng ‘a
nd th
e ot
hers
’.
Ear
lier
wor
k in
the fi
eld
(Tho
rne,
198
8;
Pay
ne e
t al.,
199
0, p
p.2
4-37
; Sha
rpe
and
Ti
ngle
, 199
2) h
ad in
dic
ated
that
…
Acr
onym
s (f
or e
xam
ple
, WE
DC
ra
ther
than
‘Wat
er, E
ngin
eerin
g a
nd
Dev
elop
men
t Cen
tre’
) ar
e us
ually
p
refe
rab
le fo
r ci
ting
in th
e te
xt, s
ince
they
ar
e sh
ort.
Seco
ndar
y re
fere
ncin
gIt
is a
lway
s b
est t
o us
e a
prim
ary
sour
ce,
but
if th
is is
not
pos
sib
le (
or y
ou w
ant t
o sh
ow h
ow th
e p
rimar
y so
urce
is b
eing
us
ed b
y ot
hers
), th
en y
ou h
ave
to u
se
seco
ndar
y re
fere
ncin
g. T
he s
econ
dar
y au
thor
(th
e on
e yo
u ar
e re
adin
g)
is
quo
ting
from
a p
rimar
y so
urce
and
bot
h th
e or
igin
al r
efer
ence
and
the
per
son
who
quo
ted
that
ref
eren
ce h
ave
to b
e ci
ted
.
Ear
ly in
dic
atio
ns o
f the
wat
er-q
ual
ity
pro
blem
s w
ere
pro
vid
ed b
y M
arti
n (1
984)
, as
quot
ed b
y P
eter
s (1
993,
p
.127
).
The
incl
usio
n of
a c
itatio
n im
plie
s th
at th
e au
thor
has
act
ually
rea
d th
e re
leva
nt s
ectio
ns fr
om th
e or
igin
al. I
t is
not a
ccep
tab
le to
cop
y re
fere
nces
from
so
meo
ne e
lse’
s w
ork.
In g
ener
al, a
ny u
nref
eren
ced
mat
eria
l in
a te
xt is
ass
umed
to b
e th
e au
thor
’s
Imag
esFi
gur
es, g
rap
hs, p
hoto
gra
phs
, ill
ustr
atio
ns a
nd d
iag
ram
s al
so n
eed
to b
e cr
edite
d to
the
orig
inat
or.
Thes
e m
ay h
ave
to b
e re
-dra
wn
or
amen
ded
in w
hich
cas
e th
e cr
edit
shou
ld u
se p
hras
es li
ke ‘s
ourc
e:’,
‘from
…’,
‘ad
apte
d fr
om …
’, ‘b
ased
on
…’,
or ‘d
ata
from
…’ d
epen
din
g on
the
exte
nt o
f alte
ratio
n fr
om th
e or
igin
al.
7
Prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y so
urce
s“A
n ex
per
t is
one
who
kno
ws
mor
e an
d m
ore
abou
t les
s an
d le
ss.”
Nic
ho
las
Mu
rray
Bu
tler
186
2-19
47
Whe
n a
prim
ary
sour
ce is
ref
eren
ced
and
put
into
the
wid
er c
onte
xt, i
t los
es
som
e of
its
det
ail b
ut c
an b
e m
ore
rele
vant
to th
e re
ader
, sav
ing
the
time
of
read
ing
the
orig
inal
text
. The
aut
hor
of
the
mor
e g
ener
al p
ublic
atio
n w
ill h
ave
com
par
ed d
iffer
ent s
ourc
es o
f prim
ary
info
rmat
ion,
dec
idin
g w
hat i
s tr
ustw
orth
y an
d w
hat i
s un
sub
stan
tiate
d g
uess
wor
k.
This
ad
ds
anot
her
laye
r of
rev
iew
and
ex
per
t sel
ectio
n an
d th
is s
econ
d-h
and
info
rmat
ion
is c
alle
d a
sec
ond
ary
sour
ce.
The
dis
tinct
ion
bet
wee
n p
rimar
y an
d se
cond
ary
liter
atur
e ca
n b
e ca
tog
aris
ed
furt
her.
Sev
eral
stu
die
s re
sulti
ng in
d
ata
may
con
trib
ute
to a
jour
nal p
aper
. M
any
jour
nal a
nd c
onfe
renc
e p
aper
s w
ill b
e us
ed in
a li
tera
ture
rev
iew
. Thi
s ac
cum
ulat
ion
of k
now
led
ge
can
be
gat
here
d to
get
her
in e
dite
d w
orks
, w
ith e
xper
ts c
ontr
ibut
ing
sep
arat
e ch
apte
rs, w
hils
t tex
tboo
ks p
rovi
de
a m
ore
inte
gra
ted
ove
rvie
w. F
inal
ly,
pra
ctic
al g
uid
ance
man
uals
can
pre
sent
th
e g
ener
ally
acc
epte
d s
tate
of a
pp
lied
know
led
ge,
dra
win
g o
n p
ract
ical
ex
per
ienc
e as
wel
l as
theo
retic
al s
tud
ies.
Eve
n w
ithin
this
bro
ad r
ang
e of
ca
tag
orie
s th
ere
are
sub
tle s
ub-
cate
gor
ies.
For
exa
mp
le a
text
boo
k on
in
fras
truc
ture
in lo
w-in
com
e co
untr
ies
will
hav
e le
ss d
etai
l tha
n a
boo
k fo
cusi
ng
only
on
wat
er s
upp
lies.
A b
ook
sole
ly o
n p
oint
sou
rce
villa
ge
sup
plie
s w
ill p
rovi
de
bet
ter
gui
dan
ce s
till i
f tha
t is
the
area
of
inte
rest
, whi
lst a
man
ual o
n d
esig
ning
co
ncre
te ta
nks
will
con
tain
the
pra
ctic
al
det
ails
that
are
nee
ded
to im
ple
men
t ra
inw
ater
har
vest
ing
sch
emes
.
A s
tud
ent s
houl
d b
e ab
le to
find
a
rang
e of
pub
licat
ions
and
then
jud
ge
whi
ch o
nes
are
bes
t in
term
s of
det
ail
and
cov
erag
e, d
epen
din
g o
n th
e p
urp
ose
of th
e ex
erci
se. A
focu
sed
w t w A w
Dat
a: r
ecor
dab
le fa
cts
Info
rmat
ion
: m
eani
ngfu
l co
mb
inat
ions
of d
ata
Kn
ow
led
ge:
the
sum
of w
hat i
s kn
own
by
an in
div
idua
l, or
ab
out
a su
bje
ct. K
now
led
ge
is c
reat
ed
thro
ugh
the
accu
mul
atio
n of
se
lect
ed it
ems
of in
form
atio
n.
Kno
wle
dg
e is
info
rmat
ion
whi
ch h
as
bee
n in
terp
rete
d a
nd m
ade
conc
rete
in
the
light
of t
he in
div
idua
l’s
und
erst
and
ing
of t
he c
onte
xt (
Wor
ld
Ban
k, 1
999)
Co
mm
un
icat
ion
: th
e tr
ansm
issi
on
of d
ata,
info
rmat
ion
or k
now
led
ge
bet
wee
n tw
o or
mor
e p
oint
s.
SAY
WE
LL, D
. and
CO
TTO
N, A
. 199
9.
Sp
read
ing
the
Wor
d. L
oug
hbor
oug
h,
UK
: WE
DC
, Lou
ghb
orou
gh
Uni
vers
ity.
8
rep
ort m
ay la
ck th
e b
read
th o
f a
text
boo
k; a
jour
nal p
aper
may
pro
vid
e d
etai
l but
lack
con
nect
ions
with
oth
er
fact
ors.
As
stud
ent s
tud
y p
rog
ress
es,
few
er te
xtb
ooks
and
mor
e sp
ecia
list
pub
licat
ions
will
be
req
uire
d. P
rimar
y so
urce
s b
ecom
e fa
vour
ed o
ver
seco
ndar
y so
urce
s.
Figu
re 3
. Pub
licat
ions
var
y in
dep
th, b
read
th, f
orm
and
func
tion
(Sou
rce:
Ree
d 20
12)
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
Data
base
Data
base
Jour
nal
pape
rC
onfe
renc
e pa
per
Jour
nal
pape
rJo
urna
lpa
per
Proj
ect
repo
rt
Lite
ratu
re re
view
Edite
d w
orks
Text
boo
k
Best
pra
ctic
e m
anua
l
Primary
Sec
ond
ary
Increasing breadth
Increasing depth
Anno
tate
d bi
blio
grap
hy
17
Whe
re a
n ar
chiv
e an
d m
emb
ersh
ip o
f a
list i
s no
t pub
licly
ava
ilab
le, t
his
need
s to
b
e st
ated
.
TR
AC
E, S
imon
, 2 Ju
ly 1
999.
‘DR
A
conf
eren
ce—
a su
mm
ary
from
W
ater
Aid
’s p
ersp
ecti
ve’ C
ontr
ibu
tion
to
e-c
onfe
renc
e D
eman
d R
espo
nsiv
e A
ppro
ach.
Not
pu
blic
ly a
vaila
ble.
Othe
r boo
k id
entif
iers
In
a li
bra
ry, b
ooks
are
giv
en a
un
ique
num
ber
for
that
lib
rary
– a
n ac
cess
ion
num
ber
ofte
n b
ased
on
the
ord
er th
at th
e d
etai
ls
wer
e en
tere
d in
to a
cat
alog
ue o
r d
atab
ase.
Har
vey
(200
7) r
efer
ence
d a
bov
e ha
s ac
cess
ion
num
ber
000
0456
1 in
the
WE
DC
Res
ourc
es C
entr
e.
This
may
be
usef
ul fo
r fin
din
g it
in
the
cata
log
ue b
ut n
ot o
n th
e b
ooks
helv
es, s
o it
is g
iven
an
alp
hanu
mer
ic c
ode,
in th
is c
ase
628.
742
HA
R w
here
‘HA
R’ a
re th
e fir
st th
ree
lette
rs o
f the
cre
ator
’s
nam
e an
d th
e nu
mb
er is
bas
ed o
n th
e D
ewey
Dec
imal
Cla
ss m
ark
– in
th
is c
ase
600
to 6
99 a
re te
chno
log
y b
ooks
, 620
to 6
29 a
re e
ngin
eerin
g b
ooks
, 628
is s
anita
ry a
nd m
unic
ipal
en
gin
eerin
g, 6
28.7
is s
anita
ry
eng
inee
ring
for
rura
l and
sp
arse
ly
pop
ulat
ed a
reas
and
628
.742
is
unse
wer
ed s
yste
ms.
Cita
tion
conv
entio
nsTh
e q
uota
tion
or o
ther
info
rmat
ion
used
in
the
text
nee
ds
to b
e lin
ked
via
the
cita
tion
to th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce.
A c
omm
on
met
hod
is to
use
the
nam
e an
d d
ate
syst
em, w
hich
is a
lso
know
n as
the
Har
vard
sys
tem
.
The
nam
e an
d d
ate
met
hod
pro
vid
es
mor
e th
an ju
st a
link
to th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce;
it
show
s w
hen
the
info
rmat
ion
was
p
rod
uced
. Thi
s al
low
s th
e re
ader
to g
et
Elec
tron
ic m
edia
Ele
ctro
nic
med
ia a
re b
ecom
ing
incr
easi
ngly
use
ful a
s so
urce
s of
in
form
atio
n, b
ut r
efer
ring
to th
em
can
be
diff
icul
t as
a w
ebsi
te o
r C
D
may
not
pro
vid
e al
l the
info
rmat
ion
req
uire
d. T
he n
ame
of th
e cr
eato
r an
d th
e d
ate
of c
reat
ion
are
imp
orta
nt p
iece
s of
info
rmat
ion
that
ar
e no
t alw
ays
avai
lab
le. W
hils
t a
refe
renc
e is
val
id e
ven
if no
t all
the
elem
ents
can
be
iden
tifie
d, t
he
cred
ibili
ty o
f a c
itatio
n to
(A
non.
, no
dat
e) is
not
as
stro
ng a
s (K
han,
20
05).
The
url d
isp
laye
d a
t the
top
of a
web
b
row
ser
is n
ot a
lway
s un
ique
to a
w
eb p
age,
dep
end
ing
on
the
des
ign
of th
e w
ebsi
te. R
ight
clic
king
on
the
par
t of t
he p
age
to b
e re
fere
nced
sh
ould
allo
w y
ou to
dis
pla
y ‘p
rop
ertie
s’ a
nd th
en th
e ‘a
dd
ress
’ of
the
sect
ion
you
are
inte
rest
ed in
.
16 Stan
dard
iden
tifie
rsTo
mak
e id
entif
icat
ion
of b
ooks
eas
ier,
pub
lishe
rs h
ave
agre
ed to
sys
tem
s of
num
ber
ing
cal
led
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l S
tand
ard
Boo
k N
umb
er (
ISB
N)
and
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Sta
ndar
d S
erie
s N
umb
er
(IS
SN
), w
here
pub
licat
ions
are
reg
iste
red
on a
dat
abas
e. F
or e
xam
ple
:
HA
RV
EY,
Pet
er 2
007.
Exc
reta
di
spos
al in
em
erge
ncie
s: A
fi el
d m
anua
l. L
ough
boro
ugh
UK
. WE
DC
: L
ough
boro
ugh
Uni
vers
ity
ISB
N:
9781
8438
0113
9.
Avai
labi
lity
and
acce
ssG
ener
ally
, onl
y p
ublic
ly a
vaila
ble
mat
eria
l is
cite
d. I
f suc
h so
urce
s d
o no
t exi
st,
then
the
loca
tion
of w
here
they
can
be
foun
d n
eed
s to
be
pro
vid
ed.
MO
RA
LE
S, J.
I., 1
992.
Pri
vati
zati
on
of W
ater
Sup
ply.
Unp
ubl
ishe
d M
Sc
dis
sert
atio
n. L
ough
boro
ugh
, UK
: W
ED
C, L
ough
boro
ugh
Uni
vers
ity.
SKIN
NE
R, B
rian
(ed
.), 2
009.
Wat
er
and
Env
iron
men
tal S
anit
atio
n.
Unp
ubl
ishe
d M
Sc p
rogr
amm
e m
odu
le
note
s. L
ough
boro
ugh
, UK
: WE
DC
, L
ough
boro
ugh
Uni
vers
ity.
The
opp
osite
is tr
ue fo
r re
fere
nces
from
th
e In
tern
et, w
here
they
may
be
avai
lab
le
anyw
here
in th
e w
orld
, but
find
ing
them
is
mad
e ea
sier
if y
ou g
ive
the
web
ad
dre
ss.
VSO
, 201
1. V
olu
ntar
y Se
rvic
e O
vers
eas
(VSO
UK
) Hom
e P
age.
[onl
ine]
[v
iew
ed 1
5 Se
pte
mbe
r 20
11] A
vaila
ble
from
: htt
p:/
/w
ww
.vso
.org
.uk/
As
this
info
rmat
ion
is n
ot v
ery
stab
le, t
he
dat
e th
e w
ebsi
te w
as a
cces
sed
nee
ds
to
be
add
ed, a
s w
ell a
s th
e d
ate
of c
reat
ion.
Whe
re a
pub
lishe
d te
xt is
als
o fo
und
on th
e In
tern
et, i
t is
usef
ul to
mak
e th
e re
ader
aw
are
of th
is, s
o th
ey c
an e
asily
ac
cess
the
doc
umen
t.
HA
RV
EY,
P. a
nd S
KIN
NE
R, B
.H.,
2002
. Su
stai
nabl
e H
andp
ump
Pro
ject
s in
Afr
ica.
R
epor
t on fi
eld
wor
k in
Zam
bia
Ap
ril
18–M
ay 4
200
2. L
ough
boro
ugh
, UK
: W
ED
C, L
ough
boro
ugh
Uni
vers
ity.
A
lso
avai
labl
e fr
om: h
ttp
://
wed
c.lb
oro.
ac.u
k/d
ocs/
rese
arch
/W
EJW
2/R
epor
t_-_
Zam
bia.
pd
f
Oth
er fo
rms
of e
lect
roni
c m
edia
incl
ude
elec
tron
ic d
iscu
ssio
n lis
ts, w
hich
may
be
arch
ived
on
a w
ebsi
te. F
or e
xam
ple
:
CA
RT
ER
, Ric
hard
, 23
Nov
embe
r 20
01. ‘
Han
dp
um
p S
ust
aina
bilit
y’.
Con
trib
uti
on to
e-c
onfe
renc
e on
H
andp
ump
Sust
aina
bilit
y [o
nlin
e]
[vie
wed
15
Sep
tem
ber
2011
]. A
vaila
ble
at: h
ttp
s:/
/w
ww
.jisc
mai
l.ac.
uk/
cgi-
bin/
web
adm
in?A
2=in
d01
&L
=rw
sn-
foru
m&
F=&
S=&
P=
5426
3
Som
e d
iscu
ssio
n lis
ts a
re ‘c
lose
d’ a
nd
acce
ss is
con
trol
led
by
the
list o
wne
r or
m
oder
ator
, thu
s:
SHA
W, R
od, 1
0 O
ctob
er 2
002.
‘Afr
idev
ha
ndp
um
p’ C
ontr
ibu
tion
to W
ED
C
Dis
tanc
e L
earn
er’s
Dis
cuss
ion
Lis
t. A
vaila
ble
from
em
ail:
b.h.
skin
ner@
lbor
o.ac
.uk
9
How
to c
ite w
ork
Nex
t to
the
orig
inat
or o
f a g
ood
sen
tenc
e is
the
first
quo
ter
of it
.
Ral
ph
Wal
do
Em
erso
n 1
803-
82
Lette
rs a
nd S
ocia
l Aim
s
Usi
ng r
efer
ence
s is
bot
h an
art
and
a
scie
nce.
Sel
ectin
g w
ho a
nd w
hat t
o q
uote
req
uire
s ju
dg
emen
t and
exp
ertis
e th
at c
omes
from
exp
erie
nce.
How
ever
, p
rovi
din
g th
e co
rrec
t ref
eren
ce r
equi
res
an u
nder
stan
din
g o
f the
sta
ndar
ds
and
conv
entio
ns u
sed
. Thi
s ca
n b
e ea
sily
le
arne
d.
Look
at t
he in
sid
e b
ack
pag
e of
this
b
ookl
et to
see
one
way
of r
efer
enci
ng a
n au
thor
. Thi
s is
a lo
ng e
xpla
natio
n of
who
sa
id w
hat a
nd w
hen.
Sta
ndar
d fo
rmat
s
have
bee
n d
evel
oped
to m
ake
refe
renc
es
easi
er to
writ
e an
d u
nder
stan
d. B
y us
ing
the
sam
e co
nven
tion
for
cita
tions
, oth
er
acad
emic
s ca
n ea
sily
find
the
sour
ce o
f th
e in
form
atio
n.
The
fund
amen
tal i
ssue
is to
dis
ting
uish
b
etw
een
the
cont
ribut
ions
of o
ther
s an
d th
e w
ork
of th
e re
sear
cher
. Onc
e th
is is
cl
ear,
then
the
rese
arch
er c
an p
rovi
de
seve
ral l
ayer
s of
info
rmat
ion
that
mak
e it
easy
for
the
read
er to
find
the
orig
inal
so
urce
mat
eria
l. To
mak
e it
easi
er s
till,
the
refe
renc
es s
houl
d fo
llow
the
sam
e st
yle
and
form
at. P
artic
ular
jour
nals
(an
d un
iver
sity
dep
artm
ents
) ad
opt a
com
mon
st
yle.
Get
ting
a c
omm
a in
the
wro
ng
pla
ce is
a m
inor
pro
ble
m; m
issi
ng o
ut
info
rmat
ion
req
uire
d to
find
the
sour
ce
is fr
ustr
atin
g; n
ot a
ckno
wle
dg
ing
the
sour
ce a
t all
is p
lag
iaris
m.
Elem
ents
of a
refe
renc
e
Ther
e ar
e th
ree
elem
ents
to a
ref
eren
ce.
•
Ther
e is
the
info
rmat
ion
or d
ata,
q
uote
d d
irect
ly o
r al
lud
ed to
in
dire
ctly
in th
e te
xt.
•
Ther
e is
the
bib
liog
rap
hic
refe
renc
e –
the
full
add
ress
of w
here
the
info
rmat
ion
can
be
foun
d.
•
Ther
e is
the
cita
tion
whi
ch li
nks
the
info
rmat
ion
in th
e te
xt to
the
full
refe
renc
e.
The
full
refe
renc
e w
ould
inte
rrup
t the
flow
of
the
mai
n te
xt, h
ence
the
shor
than
d m
etho
d o
f usi
ng c
itatio
ns.
Ou
tco
me/
g
rad
eIn
dic
ato
r o
f q
ual
ity
of
refe
ren
cin
g
AA
ll w
ork
fully
cite
d u
sing
st
and
ard
con
vent
ion
BA
ll w
ork
fully
cite
d w
ith a
co
nsis
tent
form
at
CR
efer
ence
s ca
n b
e tr
aced
b
ut fo
rmat
not
con
sist
ent
DC
itatio
ns n
ot fu
lly
refe
renc
ed s
o ca
nnot
be
trac
ed
FO
ther
s’ w
ork
is in
dic
ated
(e
.g. b
y q
uota
tions
mar
ks),
b
ut n
ot r
efer
ence
d
0O
rigin
of w
ork
not c
lear
Mis
cond
uct
Del
iber
ate
pla
gia
rism
Tabl
e 2.
Exp
ecte
d ci
tatio
n st
anda
rds
10 Dist
ingu
ishi
ng th
e w
ork
of o
ther
sTh
e re
ader
sho
uld
be
clea
r ab
out w
hat
info
rmat
ion
is th
e w
ork
of th
e au
thor
an
d w
hat t
hey
have
use
d fr
om e
arlie
r so
urce
s.
Dire
ct q
uota
tions
The
mos
t ob
viou
s us
e of
ano
ther
’s w
ork
is in
a d
irect
quo
te, w
hich
may
ran
ge
from
a s
ing
le w
ord
{e.
g. S
mith
(20
02)
uses
the
term
‘sew
erag
e’ r
athe
r th
an
dra
inag
e fo
r th
is p
roce
ss}
to c
omp
lete
p
arag
rap
hs o
f tex
t.
Whe
re lo
ng s
ectio
ns o
f quo
tatio
ns
are
used
, the
y m
ay n
eed
to b
e ed
ited
to m
ake
them
eas
ier
to u
nder
stan
d.
Ed
itoria
l alte
ratio
ns a
re s
how
n us
ing
[sq
uare
] b
rack
ets
and
som
etim
es b
y al
terin
g th
e fo
nt to
ital
ics.
Som
e te
xt fr
om
the
mid
dle
of a
quo
te m
ay b
e cu
t out
an
d a
ckno
wle
dg
ed b
y us
ing
an
ellip
sis
(thr
ee fu
ll st
ops
…).
Sho
rt e
xpla
natio
ns
can
be
add
ed w
ithin
the
text
to c
larif
y ce
rtai
n te
rms
such
as
TLA
s (t
hree
le
tter
acro
nym
s). T
his
is o
ften
the
case
w
hen
the
cont
ext t
hat s
he (
the
auth
or)
is r
efer
ring
to is
not
cle
ar fr
om ju
st th
e sh
ort p
assa
ge
quo
ted
. Suc
h ed
its m
ake
the
quo
te e
asie
r to
und
erst
and
but
als
o m
akes
it c
lear
wha
t has
bee
n ad
ded
or
rem
oved
. If t
here
is a
sp
ellin
g m
ista
ke,
erro
r or
unb
elie
vab
le s
tate
men
t in
the
quo
te, t
hen
the
edito
r us
es th
e w
ord
(si
c)
– w
hich
is L
atin
for
‘thus
’ – in
dic
atin
g th
at
this
was
act
ually
wha
t was
writ
ten
and
is
bei
ng q
uote
d e
xact
ly, w
ithou
t cor
rect
ion,
an
d th
e ed
itor
is a
war
e of
the
issu
e.
Préc
is a
nd s
umm
arie
s Lo
nger
pas
sag
es s
houl
d n
ot b
e co
pie
d,
as th
is m
ay c
ontr
aven
e co
pyr
ight
rul
es
and
als
o m
ake
the
narr
ativ
e of
a r
epor
t d
iffic
ult t
o fo
llow
. The
re a
re e
xcep
tions
to
this
. For
exa
mp
le, i
f a p
assa
ge
from
a
boo
k is
bei
ng d
iscu
ssed
, re-
prin
ting
the
who
le p
assa
ge
allo
ws
the
read
er to
co
nven
ient
ly r
efer
to th
e re
leva
nt te
xt.
Nor
mal
ly a
utho
rs w
ill s
umm
ariz
e w
hat
othe
r w
riter
s ha
ve w
ritte
n, p
rovi
din
g en
oug
h in
form
atio
n to
pre
sent
op
inio
ns
and
fact
s. T
his
can
flow
sm
ooth
ly, w
ith
Dir
ect
qu
ote
s ca
n b
e id
entif
ied
by
a va
riety
of f
orm
attin
g te
chni
que
s.
One
com
mon
met
hod
is to
“us
e q
uota
tion
mar
ks”.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y th
e fo
nt c
an b
e ch
ang
ed, u
sing
ital
ics
for
exam
ple
. Onl
y on
e st
yle
shou
ld
be
used
in a
doc
umen
t and
the
quo
te s
houl
d b
e fo
llow
ed b
y th
e co
rrec
t cita
tion.
For
quo
tes
long
er
than
ab
out t
hree
line
s ...
... it
may
be
bet
ter
to in
den
t the
te
xt, w
ith b
lank
line
s ab
ove
and
bel
ow, s
o it
form
s a
blo
ck th
at is
cl
early
iden
tifia
ble
and
sep
arat
e fr
om th
e m
ain
bod
y of
wor
k...
(...
and
ref
eren
ced
!)
For
even
long
er q
uote
s, p
laci
ng
the
text
in a
box
may
be
an o
ptio
n,
cros
s-re
fere
ncin
g th
e b
ox in
the
mai
n b
ody
of te
xt.
15
PIC
KFO
RD
, J.A
., 19
98. (
Em
erit
us
Pro
fess
or, L
ough
boro
ugh
Uni
vers
ity,
U
K).
Per
sona
l com
mu
nica
tion
[I
nter
view
]
LA
NE
, Jon
, 199
7. (D
irec
tor,
Wat
erA
id,
Lon
don
). P
erso
nal c
omm
uni
cati
on
[Em
ail 7
Janu
ary
1997
].
VO
ILL
ET,
Chr
isti
ne, 1
995.
(San
itat
ion
Eng
inee
r, M
édec
ins
sans
Fro
ntiè
res
[Bel
giu
m],
Nep
al).
Per
sona
l co
mm
uni
cati
on [F
ax r
eply
to
ques
tion
nair
e, 1
2 N
ovem
ber
1995
].
Editi
onIf
ther
e ar
e ‘2
nd’ o
r ‘r
evis
ed’ e
diti
ons
(dep
end
ing
on
wha
t the
pub
licat
ion
des
crib
es it
as)
, thi
s ne
eds
to b
e no
ted
, al
ong
with
the
edito
r of
this
sub
seq
uent
w
ork,
if d
iffer
ent f
rom
the
crea
tor
of th
e fir
st e
diti
on.
Publ
ishe
rsTh
e lis
t of r
efer
ence
s sh
ould
sta
te th
e p
lace
of p
ublic
atio
n an
d th
e p
ublis
her.
You
shou
ld a
lso
stat
e th
e co
untr
y of
p
ublic
atio
n if
ther
e is
any
pos
sib
ility
of
conf
usio
n. F
or e
xam
ple
:
WO
RL
D B
AN
K, 1
997.
Wor
ld
Dev
elop
men
t R
epor
t 19
97: T
he S
tate
in a
C
hang
ing
Wor
ld. O
xfor
d, U
K: O
xfor
d
Uni
vers
ity
Pre
ss.
Jour
nals
, ser
ials
and
per
iodi
cals
Per
iod
ical
s ar
e co
llect
ions
of a
rtic
les
or o
ther
mat
eria
l suc
h as
rep
orts
, p
roce
edin
gs
or tr
ansa
ctio
ns is
sued
by
a
soci
ety,
an
org
aniz
atio
n or
an
inst
itutio
n.
No
pub
lishe
r or
pla
ce o
f pub
licat
ion
is
show
n.
RE
ED
, B.J.
, CO
AT
ES,
S.,
OD
HIA
MB
O,
F. a
nd K
AYA
GA
, S.,
2011
. Tra
inin
g fo
r re
al: m
atch
ing
emp
loye
r ne
eds
to tr
aini
ng s
up
ply
. Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he
Inst
itut
ion
of C
ivil
Eng
inee
rs –
Mun
icip
al
Eng
inee
r, 164(
ME
4), 2
69-2
78.
Num
erat
ion
In o
rder
to fi
nd a
par
ticul
ar a
rtic
le in
a
serie
s, in
form
atio
n su
ch a
s vo
lum
es,
num
ber
or
pag
es a
re r
equi
red
. C
onve
ntio
n al
low
s th
is to
be
pre
sent
ed
very
con
cise
ly, f
or e
xam
ple
.
CO
TT
ON
, A.P
. and
FR
AN
CE
YS,
R
.W.A
.,198
8. U
rban
Inf
rast
ruct
ure
: Tr
end
s, N
eed
s an
d th
e R
ole
of A
id.
Hab
itat
Int
erna
tion
al 12(
3), 1
39–1
47.
The
num
ber
in b
old
ind
icat
es V
olum
e 12
, the
ad
join
ing
num
ber
(in
bra
cket
s)
ind
icat
es n
umb
er/p
art/
issu
e 3
and
the
rele
vant
pag
es a
re th
en g
iven
. In
the
pre
viou
s ex
amp
le, M
E4
refe
rs to
the
4th
issu
e of
vol
ume
164
of M
unic
ipal
E
ngin
eer,
whi
ch is
itse
lf is
a p
art o
f the
P
roce
edin
gs
of th
e In
stitu
tion
of C
ivil
Eng
inee
rs. A
ser
ies
of m
onog
rap
hs
(sho
rt a
rtic
les
each
pub
lishe
d s
epar
atel
y)
also
req
uire
num
erat
ion,
for
exam
ple
:
NA
RA
YAN
, Dee
pa,
199
6. T
owar
d pa
rtic
ipat
ory
rese
arch
. (W
orld
Ban
k Te
chni
cal P
aper
Nu
mbe
r 30
7).
Was
hing
ton,
D.C
.: W
orld
Ban
k.
14 one
pub
licat
ion
was
pro
duc
ed b
y th
e au
thor
s in
that
yea
r, w
ith th
e m
ost r
ecen
t lis
ted
firs
t.
Som
etim
es n
o d
ate
(ab
bre
viat
ed to
n.d
.)
is g
iven
in th
e so
urce
doc
umen
t and
this
is
ref
lect
ed in
the
refe
renc
e an
d c
itatio
n {e
.g. (
Cot
ton,
n.d
., p
.23)
}. U
ncer
tain
d
ates
sho
uld
be
giv
en a
pp
roxi
mat
ely
– {(
Jack
son,
ca.
172
3)},
whe
re ’c
a.’
(or
c.)
is a
n ab
bre
viat
ion
of th
e la
tin
wor
d ‘c
irca’
mea
ning
‘ab
out’.
Title
sTh
e tit
le o
f the
boo
k or
jour
nal i
s ty
pes
et
in it
alic
s. If
a c
ontr
ibut
ed a
rtic
le, c
hap
ter
or p
aper
with
in a
hos
t pub
licat
ion
is b
eing
cite
d, t
hen
the
title
of t
his
cont
ribut
ion
is in
a n
orm
al fo
nt a
nd th
e fu
ll re
fere
nce
of th
e ho
st p
ublic
atio
n is
g
iven
. For
exa
mp
le fo
r a
conf
eren
ce
pap
er:
KJE
LL
ER
UP,
Ben
t and
ASI
MA
H,
S.E
., 20
00. H
and
pu
mp
per
form
ance
m
onit
orin
g (H
PP
M).
In: J
ohn
PIC
KFO
RD
(ed
.) W
ater
, san
itat
ion
and
hygi
ene:
cha
lleng
es o
f the
M
illen
nium
: Pro
ceed
ings
of t
he 2
6th
WE
DC
Con
fere
nce,
Dha
ka, B
angl
ades
h,
2000
. Lou
ghbo
rou
gh, U
K: W
ater
, E
ngin
eeri
ng a
nd D
evel
opm
ent C
entr
e (W
ED
C),
Lou
ghbo
rou
gh U
nive
rsit
y.
Con
fere
nces
ofte
n ha
ve th
e sa
me
title
eac
h ye
ar, s
o ot
her
iden
tifyi
ng
info
rmat
ion
such
as
the
loca
tion,
dat
e an
d s
erie
s nu
mb
er a
re a
lso
pro
vid
ed.
For
a ne
wsp
aper
or
mag
azin
e ar
ticle
:
RE
ED
, Bri
an, 2
012.
Und
erst
and
ing
Hyg
iene
Ed
uca
tion
. Wat
erdr
ops,
Ott
awa
Can
ada,
win
ter
2012
, p.8
.
Som
e ite
ms
may
not
hav
e a
title
and
so
a d
escr
iptio
n ca
n b
e p
lace
d in
bra
cket
s,
such
as
(map
of U
gan
da)
or
(pho
to o
f ha
ndp
ump
).
Med
iaP
ublic
atio
ns a
re n
ot ju
st p
rinte
d b
ooks
, b
ut c
ould
be
onlin
e, p
hoto
gra
phs
, ra
dio
bro
adca
sts
or c
onve
rsat
ions
. Any
m
ediu
m o
f pub
licat
ion
that
is n
ot a
boo
k or
jour
nal n
eed
s to
be
ind
icat
ed, s
uch
as
web
site
s or
CD
s.
WE
LL
, no
dat
e. P
ublic
atio
ns a
nd
Info
rmat
ion
Pro
duct
s pa
ge. W
EL
L R
esou
rce
Cen
tre
Net
wor
k. [o
nlin
e]
[vie
wed
12
Oct
ober
199
8] A
vaila
ble
from
: htt
p:/
/w
ww
.lbor
o.ac
.uk/
wel
l/re
sou
rces
/p
ubl
icat
ions
/p
ubl
icat
ions
.ht
m
Dre
isei
tl, H
erbe
rt, 2
002.
Wat
er in
ou
r ci
ties
. In:
HA
RT
UN
G, H
ans
(ed
.),
2002
. The
rai
nwat
er h
arve
stin
g C
D.
[CD
] Wal
kers
heim
, Ger
man
y: M
argr
af
Pu
blis
hers
.
Per
sona
l com
mun
icat
ions
are
val
id a
s re
fere
nces
, but
as
ther
e is
no
title
, the
re
fere
nce
shou
ld in
dic
ate
the
stat
us/
pos
ition
of t
he p
erso
n, th
e na
ture
of t
he
com
mun
icat
ion
(inte
rvie
w, t
elep
hone
co
nver
satio
n, le
tter,
fax,
em
ail,
etc.
) an
d,
if p
ossi
ble
, the
act
ual d
ate,
for
exam
ple
:
11
the
auth
ors’
nam
es b
eing
incl
uded
in th
e na
rrat
ive
as if
a d
iscu
ssio
n w
as b
eing
re
cord
ed. I
n th
is c
ase,
the
dat
es p
rovi
de
the
cita
tion.
… fo
r ex
amp
le B
etts
(200
1) s
ays
that
th
is is
tru
e in
all
case
s, a
s sh
e sh
ows
by
[…] b
ut C
lark
e (2
002)
and
Rat
e (2
011)
d
isag
ree,
sho
win
g ho
w in
par
ticu
lar
situ
atio
ns, s
uch
as
[…] t
he th
eory
fails
.
Bibl
iogr
aphi
c re
fere
nces
The
info
rmat
ion
in th
e m
ain
text
is n
ot
suffi
cien
t to
find
the
orig
inal
doc
umen
t, so
a fu
ll b
iblio
gra
phi
c re
fere
nce
is g
iven
, so
met
imes
in a
foot
note
1 or
at t
he e
nd o
f a
chap
ter
(end
not
e), b
ut n
orm
ally
in a
list
at
the
end
of t
he p
ublic
atio
n.
This
list
con
tain
s al
l the
sou
rces
of
info
rmat
ion
(incl
udin
g p
hoto
gra
phs
and
d
iag
ram
s) th
at h
ave
bee
n re
ferr
ed to
in
the
text
, so
that
any
bod
y ca
n fin
d th
e or
igin
al s
ourc
e, b
ut d
oes
not i
nclu
de
refe
renc
es to
gen
eral
lite
ratu
re n
ot c
ited
, w
hich
wou
ld b
e lis
ted
in a
bib
liog
rap
hy.
Ther
e ar
e a
varie
ty o
f way
s of
pro
vid
ing
the
full
refe
renc
e. C
onsi
sten
cy o
f sty
le
thro
ugho
ut th
e lis
t of r
efer
ence
s is
ex
pec
ted
and
man
y or
gan
izat
ions
hav
e st
and
ard
met
hod
s of
pro
vid
ing
all
the
info
rmat
ion
need
ed. O
ne g
ener
al p
atte
rn
calle
d th
e na
me
and
dat
e sy
stem
has
va
rious
con
vent
ions
; a c
omm
only
use
d on
e is
the
(Brit
ish
Sta
ndar
d)
Har
vard
S
yste
m.
Orde
r of r
efer
ence
s Th
e re
fere
nces
sho
uld
be
liste
d in
al
pha
bet
ical
ord
er (
not t
he o
rder
in w
hich
th
ey a
pp
ear
in th
e te
xt),
bas
ed o
n th
e fa
mily
nam
e or
sur
nam
e. W
here
ther
e ar
e se
vera
l wor
ks fr
om o
ne a
utho
r q
uote
d in
the
text
, the
se s
houl
d b
e ar
rang
ed
acco
rdin
g to
the
dat
e of
pub
licat
ion,
w
ith th
e le
tters
a, b
and
c e
tc. a
fter
the
dat
e (e
.g. 2
012a
, 201
2b)
if a
num
ber
of
pub
licat
ions
by
the
sam
e au
thor
occ
ur
in th
e sa
me
year
. If a
n au
thor
als
o w
rote
w
ith o
ther
peo
ple
, the
sin
gle
aut
hore
d p
ublic
atio
ns a
re p
lace
d b
efor
e th
e m
ultip
le a
utho
red
one
s.
The
list s
houl
d n
ot b
e nu
mb
ered
or
show
n in
a b
ulle
t poi
nted
list
. The
re is
no
stan
dar
d p
unct
uatio
n or
font
req
uire
d b
y th
e B
ritis
h S
tand
ard
, but
the
list s
houl
d b
e co
nsis
tent
. In
this
boo
klet
, aut
hors
’ N
AM
ES
are
in u
pp
er c
ase
and
mai
n tit
les
of p
ublic
atio
ns a
re in
ital
ics.
Thi
s p
ract
ice
is n
ot m
and
ator
y b
ut m
ay b
e us
eful
to
adop
t. S
ome
jour
nals
or
conf
eren
ces
have
a c
onsi
sten
t sty
le th
at s
houl
d b
e us
ed.
Elem
ents
of t
he b
iblio
grap
hic
refe
renc
eTo
find
the
sour
ce o
f inf
orm
atio
n, c
erta
in
dat
a ne
ed to
be
pro
vid
ed. T
o m
ake
it ea
sier
to m
anag
e, th
e or
der
in w
hich
the
dat
a ia
rep
rese
nted
is s
tand
ard
ized
.
Nam
e(s)
of c
reat
or(s
)Th
e na
me
of th
e au
thor
sho
uld
be
giv
en
as it
ap
pea
rs in
the
orig
inal
pub
licat
ion,
so
it m
ay b
e a
full
nam
e or
just
the
1 Fo
otno
tes
and
end
note
s ca
n al
so b
e us
ed fo
r co
mm
ents
and
ext
ra in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he te
xt,
as w
ell a
s re
fere
nces
.
12 surn
ame
and
initi
als.
Whe
re th
ere
are
thre
e or
mor
e au
thor
s, a
ll b
ut th
e la
st
nam
e sh
ould
be
sep
arat
ed fr
om th
e p
revi
ous
ones
with
a c
omm
a.
DA
VIS
, Jan
and
LA
MB
ER
T, R
ober
t, 19
95. E
ngin
eeri
ng in
Em
erge
ncie
s:
A P
ract
ical
Gui
de fo
r R
elie
f Wor
kers
. L
ond
on: I
nter
med
iate
Tec
hnol
ogy
Pu
blic
atio
ns.
Cre
ator
s m
ay b
e au
thor
s, e
dito
rs
or o
rgan
izat
ions
, as
wel
l as
artis
ts,
des
igne
rs a
nd c
omp
oser
s. E
dito
r(s)
are
no
ted
by
usin
g ‘e
d.’
or ‘e
ds.
’ afte
r th
e na
me(
s).
HA
RD
OY,
J.E
., C
AIR
NC
RO
SS, S
. and
SA
TT
ER
TH
WA
ITE
, D. (
eds.
), 19
90.
The
Poo
r D
ie Y
oung
. Lon
don
: Ear
thsc
an
Pu
blic
atio
ns L
imit
ed.
Org
aniz
atio
ns r
efer
red
to b
y an
ac
rony
m in
the
cita
tion
shou
ld h
ave
the
sam
e ac
rony
m a
nd d
ate
in th
e lis
t of
ref
eren
ces,
with
the
full
nam
e at
the
end
of t
he r
efer
ence
, or
just
bef
ore
the
pub
lishe
r if
thes
e ar
e d
iffer
ent.
AW
WA
,199
0. W
ater
Qua
lity
and
Trea
tmen
t: A
Han
dboo
k of
Com
mun
ity
Wat
er S
uppl
ies.
Am
eric
an W
ater
Wor
ks
Ass
ocia
tion
. New
Yor
k: M
cGra
w H
ill.
Orde
r of e
lem
ents
of a
refe
renc
e•
NA
ME
(S)
OF
CR
EA
TOR
(S)
follo
wed
by
the
dat
e in
the
nam
e an
d d
ate
syst
em,
• T
itle
of p
ublic
atio
n (c
hap
ter,
artic
le o
r p
aper
title
as
wel
l as
pub
licat
ion
title
)
• M
edia
, if n
eces
sary
(e.
g. C
D, m
ap, p
hoto
gra
ph,
film
, on
line,
per
sona
l co
mm
unic
atio
n)
• E
diti
on (
if no
t the
firs
t – a
nd p
erha
ps
nam
es o
f sub
seq
uent
ed
itors
)
• P
rod
uctio
n in
form
atio
n (p
lace
and
pub
lishe
r an
d p
erha
ps
spon
sor)
• D
ate.
In th
e na
me
and
dat
e sy
stem
, the
yea
r sh
ould
not
nor
mal
ly b
e re
pea
ted
in th
is lo
catio
n un
less
a fu
ller
dat
e is
nec
essa
ry –
e.g
. for
a s
eria
l;
• S
erie
s tit
le, i
f ap
plic
able
(e.
g. a
jour
nal)
• N
umer
atio
n w
ithin
the
item
(e.
g. v
olum
e nu
mb
er, i
ssue
num
ber
, pag
e nu
mb
er)
• S
tand
ard
iden
tifie
r(s)
, if a
pp
licab
le (
e.g
. IS
BN
)
• A
vaila
bili
ty, a
cces
s or
loca
tion
info
rmat
ion
whe
re th
ere
are
limite
d c
opie
s
• A
dd
ition
al g
ener
al in
form
atio
n (e
.g. o
rigin
al la
ngua
ge)
Bas
ed o
n B
S IS
O 6
90:2
010
ISO
690
:201
0(E
) p
.4
13
Whe
re a
utho
rs h
ave
cite
d th
emse
lves
, th
ey n
eed
to p
rovi
de
a re
fere
nce,
for
exam
ple
:
BE
DL
OW
, Jam
es, 2
002.
Pho
togr
aphs
ta
ken
by th
e au
thor
du
ring
a v
isit
to
Cen
tral
Pro
vinc
e, Z
ambi
a, M
ay 2
002.
Som
e cu
lture
s (n
otab
ly C
hine
se a
nd
Am
haric
(E
thio
pia
n))
reve
rse
this
ord
er,
with
the
fam
ily n
ame
bei
ng p
lace
d fi
rst
{so
Zho
u E
n C
heng
wou
ld b
e ci
ted
as
Zho
u an
d D
ube
Ad
dis
e A
mad
o w
ould
be
cite
d a
s D
ube.
}
One
ver
y p
rolif
ic w
riter
is ‘a
non.
’! Th
is
is s
hort
for
‘ano
nym
ous’
– w
here
the
nam
e is
unk
now
n. U
sual
ly, i
f the
re is
no
iden
tifia
ble
aut
hor,
then
the
nam
e,
or a
cron
ym o
f the
org
aniz
atio
n th
at
pro
duc
ed th
e p
ublic
atio
n sh
ould
be
used
. For
ano
nym
ous
edito
rial a
rtic
les,
th
e jo
urna
l titl
e, o
r an
ab
bre
viat
ed fo
rm,
may
be
used
as
the
auth
or.
If th
e p
ublic
atio
n is
by
man
y p
eop
le
and
not
a d
efin
ed o
rgan
izat
ion,
then
the
title
of t
he p
ublic
atio
n is
use
d in
stea
d o
f th
e cr
eato
r’s
nam
e. T
his
is a
pp
rop
riate
fo
r d
ictio
narie
s, e
ncyc
lop
aed
ias,
ne
wsp
aper
s an
d w
ikis
.
Wha
teve
r al
tern
ativ
e to
the
‘nam
e’ is
us
ed, t
he s
ame
org
aniz
atio
n or
acr
onym
an
d d
ate
shou
ld b
e us
ed in
the
full
refe
renc
e an
d th
e ci
tatio
n in
the
text
, but
th
e fu
ll na
me
of th
e or
gan
izat
ion
shou
ld
be
show
n at
the
end
of t
he b
iblio
gra
phi
c re
fere
nce
as th
e p
ublis
her,
or ju
st b
efor
e th
e p
ublis
her
if th
at o
rgan
izat
ion
did
not
p
ublis
h th
e d
ocum
ent.
Cont
ribut
ors
and
host
sW
here
diff
eren
t cha
pte
rs o
r p
aper
s in
a
boo
k ar
e w
ritte
n b
y d
iffer
ent n
amed
au
thor
s, th
e au
thor
’s n
ame
is u
sed
rat
her
than
the
edito
r’s
nam
e. T
he c
hap
ter
or
artic
le is
a ‘c
ontr
ibut
ion’
to th
e ‘h
ost’
pub
licat
ion.
Pag
e re
fere
nces
are
als
o us
eful
. A s
imila
r ap
pro
ach
is ta
ken
whe
n th
ere
is a
col
lect
ion
of a
rtic
les
on a
CD
. Fo
r ex
amp
le:
BE
LL
, Mor
ag, 1
991.
Rec
onst
ruct
ing
com
mu
niti
es a
s ag
ents
of p
rogr
ess.
In
: And
rew
CO
TT
ON
2 , R
icha
rd
FRA
NC
EY
S, L
en H
UT
TO
N a
nd Jo
hn
PIC
KFO
RD
(ed
s.).
WA
TSA
N, 2
000:
P
roce
edin
gs o
f the
UN
ICE
F or
ient
atio
n/tr
aini
ng w
orks
hop
for
wat
er a
nd s
anit
atio
n st
aff,
23–2
7 Ju
ly 1
990.
Lou
ghbo
rou
gh,
UK
: WE
DC
, Lou
ghbo
rou
gh U
nive
rsit
y,
pp
.19–
32.
How
ever
, if a
writ
er is
onl
y ci
ted
in a
p
ublic
atio
n, o
nly
the
pub
licat
ion
that
has
b
een
read
is li
sted
in th
e re
fere
nce.
For
ex
amp
le th
e ci
tatio
n:
Acc
ord
ing
to Jo
nes
(199
3) c
ited
in
O’C
onne
ll (2
003)
…
wou
ld b
e re
fere
nced
as:
O’C
onne
ll, C
. 200
3 …
Date
sTh
e ye
ar o
f pub
licat
ion
is g
iven
afte
r th
e au
thor
s’ n
ames
, with
low
er c
ase
lette
rs a
, b, c
, etc
. afte
r th
is if
mor
e th
an
1 N
ote
it is
cus
tom
ary
not t
o re
vers
e th
e fo
rena
mes
and
fam
ily n
ames
for
the
crea
tors
of
host
pub
licat
ions