how to reference harvard style

National College of Ireland Library and Information Services

How to ReferenceHarvard Style

Edited by Alison Nolan

© NCI Library & Information Services

Alison Nolan

2002

CONTENTS

Introduction 5

Why it is necessary to reference your work? 8

Why Harvard? 9

References and Bibliography in the Harvard System 10Reading Harvard References 10Writing Harvard References 10

SECTION A Citing in the text 13Direct Quotation 14One Author 15Two or Three Authors 15Four or More Authors 15No Author 15One Volume of a Multi-Volume Work 162 Authors with the same surname 16A Chapter in an edited work 16Personal Communications 16A work described in another work 17Information found in more than one source 17Two or more publications with the same author and date 17

SECTION B Back to Basics “The Bibliography” 19

Books and Printed Sources 20Book Titles 20Journal Articles 20Where the author is known 21Where the article is anonymous 21Newspaper Articles 21Exhibition Catalogues 21Conferences 21“In” References 22Conference paper from a conference proceedings 22

Unpublished Works 22Theses 22Unpublished papers at conferences, meetings etc 23Lecture notes and study guides 23

British Standard Publications 23

Research reports 23

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How to Reference Harvard Style

SECTION C Official Publications 251. Official Publications (Ireland) 26

Citing Irish Legal MaterialsCiting cases 26Statutes 28Secondary Material 29Common Legal abbreviations

2. Official Publications (UK and European Union) 30UK Official Publications 30Non-Parlimentary Publications 30Parlimentary Publications 30ActsBillsStatutory InstrumentsEC Union Publications 31COM Documents 31Secondary Legislation 31Official Journal References 32

SECTION D Mixed Media 33Film and Video 34

Off-Air recording 34Commercial Recording 34

Electronic Data 35Citing URLs 35World wide web documents 36Information on the internet that is not part of a specific journal, newspaper or database 36E-Journals: articles and papers from journals publishedon the internet 37Abstract of a journal Article from a CD Rom or Online database 38Full text of Newspaper or Journal article from CD Rom orOnline database 38Online images 39E-mail discussion lists 39

Appendix 1: Sample list of abbreviations commonly encountered in legal literature 40

Appendix 2: Sample Bibliography 41

Bibliography 42

Notes 43

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Introduction

When writing a piece of work you will need to refer in your text to material written or produced byothers. This procedure is called citing or quoting references. Consistency and accuracy are important toenable readers to identify and locate the material to which you have referred. The same set of rulesshould be followed every time you cite a reference.

The system used in National College of Ireland is the Harvard System.

However, if you are providing work for scholarly journals you should check whether they use alternativemethods.

References need to be cited in two different places. Firstly at the point at which a document isreferred to in the text of the work; secondly in a list at the end of the work - the bibliography.

Language Explained:

Citing means formally recognising, within your text, the resources from which you have obtainedinformation.

Bibliography is the list of sources you have used.

Reference is the detailed description of the item from which you have obtained your information.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to thecloseness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They mustmatch the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrasemust also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than theoriginal passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the mainpoint(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source.Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the sourcematerial.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to . . .

provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing

refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

give examples of several points of view on a subject

call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original distanceyourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your ownexpand the breadth or depth of your writing

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Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article,a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations ofstriking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:

In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud

argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page), expressing in

coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the

“dream work” (page). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are

censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and

displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (pages).

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summariesPractice summarizing, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow thesesteps:

Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.

Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.

Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.

Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well whenintegrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be doneonly sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to doso.

A paraphrase is...

your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in anew form.

one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source.

a more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea.

Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because...

it is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage.

it helps you control the temptation to quote too much.

the mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of theoriginal.

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6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.

2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.

3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using thismaterial. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of yourparaphrase.

4. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses allthe essential information in a new form.

5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactlyfrom the source.

6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if youdecide to incorporate the material into your paper.

Some examples to compareThe original passage:Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations inthe final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directlyquoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materialswhile taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirablelevel. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the materialrecorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount ofquoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47).

A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them inthe final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directlyquoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

Don’t forget to reference correctly!

Plagiarism is using the words, ideas or facts from a source without giving proper credit to the source forthe information and wording. As paraphrases are assumed to be your own wording, if your phrasing istoo close to that of the original passage you are, in effect, taking the source's words without creditingthem as such. Plagiarism will not only hurt your credibility as a writer; most academic institutions alsohave strict policies against it.

Please refer to The NCI Student Handbook, Section 9 – Disciplinary Policy and Procedures.

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Why it is necessary to reference your workIt is to acknowledge the work of other writers;

to demonstrate the body of knowledge on which you have based your work;

to enable other researchers to trace your sources and lead them on to further information.

For these reasons it is very important that you think of the information needed to cite material correctlywhen you are carrying out a literature search.

Always ensure that you record references to materials you consult precisely.

Failing to do so could cause you additional work when you need to incorporate a reference into yourbibliography.

Without such discipline the ability for researchers to trace relevant information becomes impossible.

You would suffer along with all other researchers if limited or partial information was used in researchwork.

A standard system of citing these references ensures an easier system of tracing academic and otherknowledge more efficiently.

There are a number of systems for referencing but we recommend the Harvard System.

Your bibliography for your piece of work represents the results of your information/literature search andyou may wish to discuss your search method in the text of your writing e.g., in a methodology section.

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Why Harvard?

This system developed in the USA and grew in popularity during the 1950s and 1960s especially in thephysical and natural sciences and more recently the social sciences. Over several decades it has becomethe most common system internationally and is frequently the standard house style for academicjournals.

The Harvard system has advantages of flexibility, simplicity, clarity and ease of use both for author andreader. There is no third place to look such as footnotes and chapter references which are features of other systems.

NOTEHarvard is NOT the same as publisher's house style. When writing an article forinclusion in a professional journal, you must consult the editor's notes on style used inthe specific publication.

A bibliography is a list of books. At the back of most academic books you will find bibliogaphies ofbooks that are relevant to the subject. In many recent academic books this will usually be a bibliographyof books referred to in the book, and it will relate to Harvard References in the text.

Student essays, reports and dissertations also require a bibliography.

In the Bibliography to an essay:

You list the books and articles, which you consulted in preparing the essay.

You must include all those you quoted from or referred to

You can also include ones that you consulted but did not mention but, usually you just includethe works that you quoted from or referred to

In a report or dissertation you may be asked to produce two lists of books:

1. References A list of books that you refer to in the text.

2. Bibliography A list of other relevant books.

NOTEThis is a special (and confusing) use of the words "References" and "Bibliography".Usually Bibliography refers to the (single) list of books at the end of a piece of writingand references refers to the Harvard references in the text.

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References and Bibliography in the Harvard System:

In the Harvard system a reference looks like this: "What is now called the nature of women is an eminently artificial thing" (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238)The reference is the part that is in brackets.

The reference relates to an entry in the list of books (called the bibliography) at the end of the piece ofwriting.

This is how you would do the bibliography to match the above reference: Bibliography: Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London.

Reading Harvard System References:When you see a reference, like this: (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238), in the text of a book or an article, it meansthat you are being referred to page 236 of a book written by J.S. Mill in 1869. To find out the title andpublisher of the book, you look in the Bibliography. The bibliography will list books in alphabeticalorder of authors. If there is more than one book by the same order, the books will be in date order.

e.g. Mill, J.S. 1843 A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive, Longmans Green, London Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London.

Writing Harvard System References: When you want to refer to a passage in a book or article, write the author's name, date of the book, andpage number, in brackets - For example (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.238) - at the point in your writing that isrelevant. This is the reference. The reference does not contain the title or the publisher. The reader findsthese out by looking in the bibliography.

In the bibliography, you write the name of the author, date of publication, title of the publication andedition used. In the case of our example: Mill, J.S. 1869 The Subjection of Women, Dent/Everyman edition 1985, London. The next time you makes a reference to this book, you only write the reference, with the relevant pagenumber: (Mill, J.S. 1869 p.--), as the book is already in the bibliography.

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In the final version of the bibliography, entries are arranged in alphabetical order of author, anddifferent works by the same author are arranged in date order.

Things you do not do in the Harvard System:

never write ibid or op.cit

do not provide a separate sheet of references, unless asked to

never number the bibliography entries

(ibid – already cited in the same report/ book/chapter; op.cit – In the work already noted)

Standard form of the Harvard system:

The standard form for listing books in the Bibliography is: Author's surname, Initial, Year of edition you are using, Title (underlined or in italics), Place ofpublication, Publisher.

e.g. Mill, J.S. 1843 A System of Logic Ratiocinative and Inductive, Longmans Green, London

The entries are then arranged alphabetically by author.

The standard form for a reference is: (Author's surname, Year to match the one shown in the Bibliography, page number)

e.g. (Mill, J.S. 1843 p.55).

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Section A

Citing in the text

The Harvard system of citation is the most straightforward, because initially all you need to do ismention the author and date of publication in the text of your work. So, at each point in the text whichrefers to a particular document, insert the author surname and publication year.

e.g. The work of Preece (1994) was concerned to emphasise the importance of quality in socialresearch.

The reader can easily locate the full description of the item you have cited by referring to the alphabeticallist of references (or bibliography) provided at the end of your report. The system has the advantages of showing at a glance, the authority used who may well berecognised, and how recent or contemporary the information might be.

Note the following points: In the main text, initial letters are only used, in parenthesis, when two or more authorshave the same surname and have published in the same year, in which case theyshould be identified by initials in order to avoid confusion. Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one item published inthe same year by the same author. (SEE ALSO p 15)

e.g. In his initial study Jones (1985a) found this to be true. However, subsequent studies (Jones 1985b;Harris 1987) have failed to arrive at the same conclusion.

If the author's name occurs naturally in the text, the year follows in parenthesis.

e.g. Customer compatability management emphasises the controllability of customer to customerinteraction in the higher education environment (Rowley,1996). If the customer to customerinteraction is good then you will get a return visit. It is the objective of effective customercompatability management to enhance the service experience. Thus Rowley (1996) asserts that theethos of the student environment does have an impact on student achievement.

Direct Quotation If you are giving direct quotations you should identify the page numbers. If details of parts of the document are required e.g. page numbers, track or title numbers of soundrecordings, these appear after the date within parenthesis. The abbreviations are: page (p.) pages (pp.),section(s.) or sections (ss.).

e.g. There is a need to create stopping off places in the learning process or what Kornbluh and Green(1989) refer to as professional encapsulations. These encapsulations allow individuals time to assessand practice what they have learned, understand it more clearly and decide upon its relevance.These resting times provide periods for reflection and permit time for new things to be learned,mastered and brought to fruition (Jones, 1995 pp.122-3).

When more than one reference is given at the same point in the text, they should be listed chronologically,

e.g. Smith (1958), Brown (1964) and Jones (1992)

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One authorWhenever you quote, paraphrase or even refer to another author's idea in your essay you mustimmediately acknowledge your source by giving (in parentheses) the author's surname and the year theinformation was published (e.g. Smith, 1977.Furthermore, also include the relevant page number(s) in the textual reference whenever quoting orparaphrasing. When referencing electronic sources this rule only applies to Acrobat documents. (SeeElectronic Sources for a full explanation of this rule.) Page numbers are not required if you are onlyreferring to a particular work.Precede a single page number with the abbreviation p. and a page number range with pp. (e.g. pp. 10-11). Page numbers follow the date, with a comma in between.

e.g. A disease-centred orientation currently determines the financial and political structure of healthcare in Australia (Lumby 1997, p. 111).

Please note that the reference is inserted before any concluding punctuation-in this case, a fullstop.Alternatively, incorporate the author's name into your sentence and then leave it out of the parentheses.

e.g. According to Lumby (1997, p. 111), the current political and financial structuring of health care isbased on a disease-centred orientation.

Two or three authorsWhen the information you are referencing has two or three authors include all surnames in the textualreference as shown below.

e.g. (two authors)Some health authorities have already withdrawn funding for these kinds oftreatments (Hardy & Taylor 1999, p. 24).

e.g. (three authors)It is important that undergraduate nurses master the skill of critiquing studies inpreparation for professional practice as registered nurses (Daly, Elliott & Chang 2000,p. 102).

However, if incorporating the two or three authors' names into your sentence, replace the ampersand sign(&) with the word and.

e.g. Hardy and Taylor (1999, p. 24) state that 'some health authorities have denied or withdrawnfunding for such treatments'.

Four or more authorsWhen referencing material written by four or more authors only include the surname of the first authorlisted, followed by the abbreviation et al. (meaning and others). However, all names must appear in thereference list The following example is for a journal article written by Jones, Ward, Wiggins andSandford.

e.g. One survey set out to establish mental health nurses' knowledge of legislation (Jones et al. 1999, p. 7).

No authorIf you can't determine the author(s) of a work, include the work's title (in italics) within the parentheseswith the date.

e.g. One patient education leaflet states that the disease occurs more frequently in men (CoronaryHeart Disease Facts 1998).

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One volume of a multi-volume workWhen your information comes from one volume of a multi-volume work, include the volume number inthe reference between the date and the page numbers (e.g. Katz 1990, vol. 5, p. 10). Omit the pagenumber(s) if referring to the entire volume.

Two authors with the same surnameInclude an author's initials in a textual reference to distinguish between works written in the same yearby authors with the same surname. Place the initials after the surname within the parentheses. However,if incorporating the authors' names into the sentence, put the initials before the surname.

e.g. One study (Smith, J. B. 1998) suggests there is an effect; however, A. C. Smith (1998) refutes thisfinding.

A chapter in an edited workAn edited work is a publication with chapters written by a number of different authors. It will have aneditor or editors who are those responsible for compiling and arranging all this material.When you use information from an edited book in your essay, reference the exact chapter theinformation came from rather than the entire work. Put the name of the chapter author in the textualreference, not the name of the editor.

e.g. Willis, E., Biggins, A. & Donovan, J. 1999, 'Population-focused practice' in Community HealthNursing: Caring in Action, eds J. Hitchcock, P. Schubert & S. Thomas, Delmar Publishers, NewYork.

ORe.g. Koch, T., Sando, P. F. & Hudson, S. 1999, 'The nursing care of older people with diarrhoea and

constipation', in Diarrhoea and Constipation in Geriatric Practice, ed. R. Ratnaike, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, UK.

If the work has been compiled rather than edited, set out the reference in the same way but use theabbreviation comp. (singular) or comps (plural) in place of ed. or eds.

Personal communicationsA personal communication can be a letter, memo or email, an interview, an informal conversation or alecture presentation. When referencing a personal communication:

give the communicator's surname and initials;

include the phrase pers. comm. in the textual reference; and

give the exact date of the communication.

e.g. According to a personal source, discussions about raising the Medicare levy are already taking place(Trembath, G. J. 1999, pers. comm., 5 March). Alternatively, give as much descriptive informationabout the communication as you can in the text of your essay and omit the textual referencealtogether:

e.g. In a lecture for Foundations of Nursing (NURS 1404), presented on 19 April 2000 at FlindersUniversity of South Australia, C. Power suggested ...

NOTEAs personal communications are untraceable, they are not included in theBibliography.

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A work described in another workSometimes you may need to reference an original idea by one author (a primary source) found in a bookor article written by another author (a secondary source). In such circumstances you should always tryto locate the primary source and read it for yourself, simply because the secondary work may havemisconstrued the original message. When this is not possible, you must acknowledge both sources inthe body of your essay. However, only include the work you actually read (i.e. the secondary source)in your reference list. In the following example, Clarke is the author of a work discussed in an article byBrown.

e.g. Clarke's 1992 study (cited in Brown 1995, p. 10) demonstrates that ...ORBrown (1995, p. 10) in reporting a 1992 study by Clarke states ...

Information found in more than one sourceIf you find a piece of information in more than one source, you may want to include all sources in yourreferences to strengthen the legitimacy of your argument. In this case, cite all sources in the sameparentheses, placing them in order of publication date (earliest first). Separate one reference from thenext using a semi-colon (;).

e.g. Several clinical trials (Bean 1985; Alt 1994; Smith 1997) indicate ...

OR

e.g. Bean (1985), Alt (1994), and Smith (1997) have shown ...

Two or more publications with the same author and dateIf you are referencing two or more works by the same author published in the same year, distinguishbetween the different publications by adding a lowercase letter to the date of each, beginning with a, thenb then c and so on.

e.g. In his initial study Jones (1985a) found this to be true. However, subsequent studies (Jones 1985b;Harris 1987) have failed to arrive at the same conclusion.

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Section B

Back to Basics “The Bibliography”

The bibliography appears at the end of your work, is organised alphabetically and is evidence of theliterature and other sources you have used in your research. The first two elements of your reference, i.e.author and date, constitute the link you made in the text. Thus the reader can move between the textand the bibliography and trace a correct reference.

NOTEIn your bibliography in order to maintain consistency in your referencing you shouldonly use the initial letters of the writer’s first name; even when you have moreinformation. In some cases you may feel that this hides the gender balance of theresearch base and as such it is possible to refer in the full text to the writer’s full name.

Books and Printed Sources:

Book TitlesYou should use the title page rather than the book cover as your authority.

ed. is a suitable abbreviation for editor.

Include the following information. The order is:

Author(s), editor(s) or the institution responsible for writing the book.

Date of publication (in brackets).

Title and subtitle (if any) Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout thebibliography .

Series and individual volume number (if any).

Edition if not the first.

Place of publication if known.

Publisher.

e.g. Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990s:challenge and change. Aspects ofEducation Series, 48. London, Independent Publishers.

e.g. Mohr, L.B. (1996) Impact analysis for program evaluation. 2nd ed. London, Sage.

Journal articles Include the following information in this order:

Author of the article.

Year of the publication in brackets.

Title of the article.

Title of the journal, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be

consistent throughout the bibliography

Volume and part number, month or season of the year.

Page numbers of article.!

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Where the author(s) is known:-

e.g. Bennett, H. Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal ofTeacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46.

or Clarke, T.J. (1995) Freud's Cezanne. Representations, No 52, Fall, pp.94-122.

Where the article is anonymous:-

e.g. How dangerous is obesity? (1977) British Medical Journal, No 6069, 28th April, p.1115.

Newspaper Articles

e.g. Baty, P. (1998) Learners are born, says report. Times Higher Education Supplement, 16th January,p.5.

Exhibition Catalogues

Where there is no author use the Gallery or Museum.e.g. Museum of Modern Art. (1968) The Machine. New York, MOMA.

It is the custom to capitalise the names of art movements.e.g. Haskell, B. (1984) Blam! The explosion of Pop, Minimalism and Performance 1958-64. New York,

Whitney Museum of American Art.

Conferences You should include the following information. The order is:-

Name of the Conference.

Number (if appropriate).

Date.

Location (if appropriate).

Date of publication.

Title of published work; if different from the name of the conference, Underlined or Highlightedor in Italics, but be consistent throughout the bibliography.

Author/Editor.

Place.

Publisher.

e.g. Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics and Political Science,(1980) Economic Crime in Europe, London, MacMillan.

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'In' ReferencesA common mistake is to confuse the name of the contributor to a book of collected writings with that ofthe editor. Also used when citing a particular conference paper from the conference proceedings. Theorder is:-

Author of Chapter/Section.


Title of Chapter/Section.

"IN" followed by

Author/Editor of collected work

Title of collected work, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics, but be consistent throughout thebibliography.

Place of publication.

Publisher.

Pagination of section referred to.

Book of collected writing

e.g. Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. IN:Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press.

Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings

e.g. Fedchak, E. & Duvall, L. (1996) An engineering approach to electronic publishing. IN:Proceedings of the International Workshop on Multimedia Software Development, 25-26 March,Berlin. Los Alimos, Ca, IEEE Comput. Soc. Press. pp.80-8.

Unpublished works

An unpublished work can be a thesis, a manuscript or an unpublished paper presented at a conference,seminar or meeting. It could also be a set of lecture notes given to you by your lecturer.Theses

When referencing theses always give the name of the University that supervised the research (i.e.the name of the awarding institution). Also state the level of the thesis (e.g. PhD, BA (Hons),MA).

e.g. Nicholson, S. M. 1999, Angels with attitude: Changes in South Australian hospital nursing culture,1945-1990, PhD thesis, Flinders University of South Australia.

e.g. Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management.Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University

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Unpublished papers at conferences, meetings etc. Always include the following:

author(s);

year of presentation;

title of the paper with no quotation marks;

the statement paper presented to (or paper presented at);

the name of the meeting/conference (no italics);

place of meeting; and

date of meeting, in the form 21-24 August.

Please note that meeting and conference names are treated as proper nouns (i.e. the first letter ofeach word is capitalised).

e.g. Rushforth, R. 1999, Nursing in the hospice setting: The emotional cost, paper presented to the5th National Conference of Hospice Care Nurses, Mildura, Vic., 21-25 March.

Lecture notes & study guides When referencing lecture notes distributed by the lecturer, school etc., include the author's name, theyear of presentation, the lecture title, the unit being presented (capitalised), the name of the teachingorganisation, the location and the date. Do not use italics or quotation marks for the title in accordancewith the rule for unpublished materials.

e.g. Rudge, T. 2000, Health and illness, lecture notes distributed in the topic Foundations of Nursing(NURS 1404) at Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park on 17 April.

OR for a study guide

e.g. Flinders University of South Australia, School of Nursing 2000, Fundamentals of Science in aNursing Context (NURS 1607), a study guide distributed by Flinders University of SouthAustralia, Bedford Park for Semester 1, 2000.

NOTENotes you take in the course of a lecture are treated as a personal communication.See Personal Communications for how to reference your own lecture notes.

British Standard Publications

e.g. British Standards Institution (1990) BS5605:1990 Recommendations for citing and referencingpublished material. Milton Keynes, BSI.

Research Reports

e.g. Mullineux, N. (1997) The world tyre industry: a new perspective to 2005. Research Report 348.London, Economist Intelligence Unit.

No one example can explain the type and range of reports. However it is important to include the subtitle and series information.

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Section C

Official Publications

1. Ireland

2. UK and European Community

1. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS (Ireland)

Citing Irish Legal Materials

There is no universal standard governing the citation of legal materials.

Certain citation conventions, especially in relation to case law, are widely observed, but much depends onthe house style - here in NCI it is Harvard standard of referencing.

Citation conventions are the product of tradition as much as anything else. The important thing is to befamiliar with the system prevailing in whatever jurisdiction one happens to be writing. Irish and Britishsystems are largely identical. There are some general citation issues with particular reference to Irish andUK cases and statutes. Many cases are never formally reported, therefore the main concern is with HighCourt and appellate judgements.

Citing Cases

The citation of a case may be regarded as its address. It points users to the location where the case can befound.

The name of the case is clearly essential, But must be accompanied by other information indicating thereport series, Volume and Initial page number. Thus, the citation

The State (Healy) v. Donoghue [1976] I.R. 325

Tells us the case can be found in the 1976 volume of the Irish Reports beginning at page 325. This is afairly common citation convention, although it omits one important piece of information the court thatdecided the case. On the other hand, the jurisdiction in which a case was decided will generally bededucible from the name of the report series, Ireland in this particular case. Experienced users of theIrish Reports will know that The State (Healy) v. Donoghue must have been decided by the High Court,Supreme Court or both, but this is not apparent from the citation itself.

Use of ItalicsThe name of a case is always placed in italics; that is a convention almost universally observed in theseIslands but not in the United States.

The reminder of the citation is in ordinary type, as illustrated . Otherwise it may be underlined, butwhat one must not do is both.

Occasionally, an article about a case will simply bear the case name as its title, in which event it shouldbe placed in italics because it is a case name, but within inverted commas to indicate that it is an articlerather than a law report, e.g. Wright, “Sinclair v. Brougham” (1938) 6 C.L.J. 305.

Criminal Cases: it is generally acceptable to use the abbreviations “D.P.P.” (Director of PublicProsecutions) and, perhaps to a lesser extent, “A.G.”(attorney General) in such citations.

Civil Cases: The person taking the case is the plaintiff and the person against whom the case is beentaken is the defendant. For citation purposes, however, it will be sufficient to refer to the surnames ofthe plaintiff and defendant, e.g. Murphy v. Kelly [2005] 3 I.R. 300

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The rules for citing cases may be summarised as follows.

A law report usually begins with the full, formal title of the case as it appeared in the plenarysummons or other originating document. The reader can therefore immediately identify who theparties are, and there may be many of them. However, when citing the case, it is not necessary touse the full title. In a typical case involving two private individuals, it will be sufficient to mentiontheir surnames,

e.g. Murphy v. Kelly.

If there are two or more plaintiffs or defendants, it will be sufficient to mention the surnames ofthe first plaintiff and the first defendant. Thus, Jane Murphy and Simon Black v. Tom Jones andJohn Smith is cited simply as Murphy v. Jones.

The general rule, therefore , is that a case is cited by reference to the surname or corporate namesof the first plaintiff and first defendant.

When a party to a case is a commercial company, the name is given in full and should include“Ltd” or “plc” as the case may be.

Sometimes the same proceedings will result in more than one reported decision. The firstjudgement to issue would carry “(No. 1)” as part of the title, and the second “(No. 2)”.

British Law Report citations, for both civil and criminal cases, often include, immediately after thecitation, an indication of the court that decided the case. This is because, as noted earlier, the citationitself rarely indicates the court. For example, Privy Council cases as well as House of Lords cases arereported in Appeal Cases.

A case citation may therefore read:Pepper v. Hart [1993] A.C. 593, HLR v. Jockey Club, ex parte RAM Racecourses Ltd [1993] 3 All E.R. 225 DCAssociated Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 K.B. 223, CA

In these instances, “HL” stands for House of Lords, “DC” for Divisional Court, and “CA” for Cout ofAppeal, just as “PC” stands for Privy Council, and QBD” for Queens Bench Division. Likewise in Ireland, it may be helpful to include either “HC” for High Court or “SC” for Supreme court,after a citation to indicate the court in which the judgement was delivered.

So far we have only dealt with case name’s, which is only part of the citation; the address is equallyimportant.

There are Irish and British reporting systems and all law report series have standard abbreviations,e.g. “I.R.” Irish Reports, “All E.R.” for All England Law Reports. “C.M.L.R.” – for CommonMarket Law Reports and so forth. (SEE APPENDIX 1)

Most law report series are published in one or more annual volumes and the more popular onesappear frequently throughout the year in individual parts.

The Irish Reports, for example, are now published in eight parts each year and these are eventuallycollected into four volumes with two parts in each.

Obviously the date is crucial in report series, and the year is enclosed in square brackets. This is toindicate that the series is identified primarily by year. If there were two or more volumes for theyear in question, the volume number is included after the date. If there was only one volume forthe year, there was no need to include the number as it is self-evident.

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Some cases are reported in more than one series, Many Irish judgements are reported in both the IrishReports and Irish Law reports Monthly. An important English case may be reported in several differentlaw report series. In certain contexts it may be helpful to give parallel citations, in other words tomention all or most of the series in which the case is reported. Some book publishers follow thepractice of including one citation in the text or footnotes but giving full parallel citations in the table ofcases.

As a rule, the official or semi-official series is mentioned first followed by the others,

e.g. Taylor v. Smith [1991] 1 I.R. 142; [1990] I.L.R.M. 377

Statutes – (Statutes are acts of the Oireachtas / or Parliament)

Modern Irish and British Statutes

The citation conventions for modern statutes are fairly straightforward. An Irish Act, in the sensean Act made by the Oireachtas since the foundation of the state, is cited by its short title, e.g.Succession Act, 1965.

In such Acts, there is always a comma after the word “Act”, to separate it from the date. Since1963, British Statutes are cited in the same way. Up until that time, as we will see, there was amore cumbersome method of statutory citation based on Regal years. However, by virtue of theparlimentary numbering and Citation Act 1962, acts are now numbered in chronological order,starting with number 1 at the beginning of the calendar year, as in Ireland. However, unlikeIreland, the number known, for reasons we shall come to, as the “Chapter”, is often inserted afterthe title of a British Statute. Thus, the Human Rights Act passed in by the U.K. parliament in1998 may be cited as Human Rights Act 1998, c.42

More commonly, however, it will be cited simply by the short title set out in the final section, inthis case the Human Rights Act 1998. Note that there is no comma separating the word “Act”and the date in British Legislation.

Statute Numbering in Ireland

In Ireland, all our statutes are numbered chronologically starting with Number 1 at the beginningof each calendar year, but the number does not form part of the short title. If, however, for somereason, one wanted to refer to it, one would simply write, e.g. “the Age of Majority Act, 1985 (No.20)”.

Tables of statutes in textbooks and elsewhere often include the number so as to guide the readermore easily to the act itself, as the acts are arranged in chronological order in the bound volumesof statutes. Care must be taken, though, to distinguish between this practice and the situationthat arises when two or more Acts with identical titles are passed in the same year. For example,three Courts acts were enacted in 1986. The second and third of these are cited as: the Courts(No. 2) Act, 1986 and the Courts (No. 3) Act, 1986. When the number is part of the title, as inthese instances, it must, of course, be included in any citation. Just remember that the function ofthe number in such a title is to indicate that this was the second or third act, as the case may be,with the same name enacted that year. The chronological numbers of these acts are a differentmatter.

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Secondary Material:

Please use Harvard Style of referencing for all books and Journal articles.

Official reports and publications of law reform bodies:These publications will rarely have an identified author. The body or government department thatproduced the report is generally treated as the author. For example, the cover of the Law reformCommission’s report on dishonesty reads: The Law Reform Commission Report of Dishonesty. The titlepage, however, is a better guide as it reads: The Law Reform Commission: LRC43-1992; Report on theLaw relating to Dishonesty. The best way of citing this is to treat the commission as the author.

e.g. Law Reform Commission, Report on the Law Relating to Dishonesty, LRC43-1992 (Dublin, 1992).

The number of a report or consultation paper is usually included after the title. There is seldom anyneed to mention the publisher in such a case as it will almost invariably be the law reform body itself.

A Publication of a government department is usually cited in the same way,

e.g. Department of Justice, The Management of Offenders: a Five-Year PlanPn. 0789 (Dublin, 1994).

Government departments often change names with the formation of new governments. For example, thedepartment of Justice is now the department of Justice, Equality and law Reform. When citingpublications, use whatever name the department had at the date of publication.

Some official publications are produced by specially appointed commissions or groups, and theirreports may not have any particular titles. Again, the group is treated as the author and the publicationreferred to generally as “report”, “interim report” or whatever. Thus, the Final report of the expertworking group on the probation and welfare service is cited as:

e.g. Expert Working Group on Probation and Welfare Service, Final ReportPn.7234 (Dublin, 1999)

e.g. Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, Report, Cm. 2263 (London: HMSO, 1993)

Official publications, unlike Irish Law Reform Commission Reports, are generally published by thestate stationery office, HMSO in the UK, the Stationery Office in Ireland. This can be includedafter the place of publication, as in the case of the Royal Commission Report above. The publicationdetails for a report on probation could read; (Dublin: Stationery Office, 1999)

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2. OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS. (UK and European Community)

Irish Official Publications are dealt with in greater detail in the section on citing Irish legalresources

UK Official Publications.

Non-Parliamentary Publications e.g Department of the Enviroment.(1986) Landfilling wastes. London, HMSO

(Waste Management paper,26) e.g. Department of National Heritage. (1997) Guide to safety in sports grounds.

4th ed. London, HMSO.

Parliamentary Publications Parliamentary Acts Acts of Parliament are referenced by citing the title and including the Acts chapter number for clarity.

e.g. Further & Higher Education Act 1992 (c.13) London, HMSO.

Acts are organised numerically throughout the year. Public General Acts are given arabic numerals. Localand Personal Acts are given lower-case roman numerals. N.B. Prior to 1963 a different system operated,based on the date of the Sovereign's accession to the throne and the dates of the Parliamentary session.e.g. Education Act 1944 (7&8 Geo 6 c.31) London, HMSO.

Parliamentary Bills Parliamentary Bills are organised numerically and according to which House they originate from.

Each Bill has a number in the lower left hand corner of the title page. House of Commons Bills enclose the number in square brackets. House of Lords Bills used to have their numbers enclosed in round brackets but now aredesignated HL Bill followed by a number without a bracket.

References to a Parliamentary Bill should include the following :-

Parliamentary Session in round brackets.

The Bills serial number. N.B. A Bill is renumbered whenever it is reprinted during its passage through Parliament.

e.g. HC Bill (1989-90)[51] HL Bill (1991-02)27

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Statutory Instruments Include the following information:

Statutory Instruments – an order, regulation, scheme or bye-law made in exercise of a powerconferred by a statute/legislation

Title Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics, but be consistent throughout the bibliography.

The abbreviation "SI"

Year of publication

Number Place and publisher

e.g. National assistance (assessment of resources) regulations (1992) SI 1992/2977. London, HMSO.

EC UNION Publications The guidance on citing European Documentation will not necessarily conform to the Harvard system because of the particular methods employed to organise the range of publications. The following is for your guidance only in order to aid some form of consistency.

COM documents COM documents are proposals for new legislation put forward by the European Community. The final versions are only published after much discussion with interested parties - earlier drafts are not generally publicly available. Include the following information:

the last two digits of the year in round brackets

the serial number

the word “final” to indicate that it is in fact, the final version and not one of the earlier drafts.

e.g. Proposal for a Council directive on uniform procedures for checks on the transport of dangerous goods by road, COM (93) 965, final.

Secondary Legislation

(Legislation laid down by a body and enacted by the European Parliament)

Include the following information:

Institutional origin - Commission or Council.

Form - Regulation, Directive, Decision.

Unique number.

Year of enactment.

Institutional treaty under which it was made - EEC/EC, ECSC, Euratom.

The date it was passed. !

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Optional information can include the title of the legislation and a reference to the issue of the OfficialJournal of the European Communities in which it was published. Regulations are normally cited with thename of institutional treaty, followed by the legislation number and the year of enactment.

e.g. Council Regulations (EC) No. 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark

a shorter version would be cited as follows:-

e.g. Council Regulation 40/94/EC

Directives and Decisions are cited by the year of enactment, the legislation number and then theInstitutional treaty.

e.g. Council Directive 90/365/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the right of residence for employees and selfemployed persons who have ceased their occupational activity. Commission Decision 94/10/EC of 21 December 1993 on a standard summary form for thenotification of a decision to award the Community eco-label.

Shorter Versions would be cited as follows:-

e.g. Council Directive 90/365/EEC Commission Decision 94/10/EC

Official Journal References References to the Official Journal should include the following information:-

OJ series: L (Legislation); C (Communications and Information); S (Supplement)

Issue number.

Date of issue.

Page number.

e.g. OJ No. C311, 17.11.93, p.6

An example of a comprehensive citation for an EC regulation:-

e.g. Council Regulation (EEC) No 2015/92 of 20 July 1992 amending Regulation (EEC) No 1432/92prohibiting trade between European Economic Community and the Republics of Serbia andMontenegro (OJ No L205, 22.7.1992, p.2).

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Section D

Mixed Media

Film and Video

Guidance for the referencing of videos, off-air recordings and film seems to be fairly relaxed. However itis important to bear in mind the needs of the researchers following you. In the case of audio-visualsources they are not only going to need as much information as possible to trace the recording but theymay also need to know the formats if they are actually going to be able to play it back. Where possiblequote the format, such as VHS Video; 35mm Film.etc.

Filme.g. Now voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [Film:35mm]

VideoIt is important to include the transmission date, especially for series which are transmitted throughout the year. You should include the following information, in this order:-

Series Title.

Series Number.

Programme Title, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout thebibliography .

Year.

Place of publication.

Publisher.

Date of transmission.

Medium: Format [ ].

Off-Air Recordinge.g. World in Action. (1995) All work and no play.

London, ITV, 21st January, [ video:VHS]

ORBusiness Matters.(1990) Give and take, 2. Meeting to negotiate. London, BBC 2, 17th October, [video:VHS]

Commercial Recording e.g. Fragile Earth,5. (1982) South American wetland:Pantanal.

Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS]

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Electronic Data

References to electronic documents There are as yet no standards for citations to electronic documents.

Citing URLs (Uniform Resource Locator/Internet Address) In a Bibliography.

There are a number of approaches to citing work from the Internet. We have chosen a style which fitswith the Harvard style in order to maintain consistency. The following points should be noted:

Be consistent throughout

Fit with the Harvard style.

Cite enough information for the reader to locate the citation in the future.

Occasionally, the URL for an electronic journal article may be excessively long as it will containcontrol codes. It is sufficient in such cases to just include enough of the URL to identify the sitefrom where the journal came.

Many Web documents do give an author. If not explicit you may find the information in theheader of the HTML encoded text. You can view this by choosing the option to view documentsource (a choice available from the view option in Netscape). Otherwise use the title as the mainreference point as you would with any anonymous work.

If a document on the web is a series of linked pages - what is the title of the document? Do youcite the main content’s page - or a particular page you are quoting from? This is a grey area.

You should cite the date the document was last updated if this is apparent or the date when youaccessed it, if not.

In Internet addresses punctuation is important and the stops and commas in a bilbiographiccitation may confuse the reader, hence the common convention of using < and > to delineate thestart and end of an URL.

NOTECiting electronic resources in the text:Please follow the rules that apply to citing in text for books and printed sources

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The following are suggested essentials and may be revised in future.

World wide web documentsInclude the following information and the order should be

• Author/Editor.

• Year.

• Title. Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography.

• [Internet].

• Edition.

• Place of publication:

• Publisher (if ascertainable).

• Available from: <URL> [Accessed date].

e.g. Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from:<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22 August,1997]

Information on the Internet which is not part of a specific journal, newspaper or database

Author

Year

Title, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout the bibliography.

Version, as the electronic equivalent of edition if applicable

Type of medium in square brackets i.e. [online]

Publisher, may be omitted if the same as the author

Place of publication, if applicable

Available from: e.g. the URL

Access date, i.e. the date on which you viewed or downloaded the document. Web pages undergoconstant revision so the exact date when an item was consulted can be important.

e.g. Cross, P. and Towle, K. 1996. A guide to citing Internet sources. [Online]. Bournemouth University.Available from:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsysint.html [Accessed 09/07/96].

e.g. Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from:http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service- depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed 22August, 1997]

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E-journals: Articles and Papers from journals published on the Internet. Include the following information. The order should be:-

Author(s)/ Editor(s).

Year.

Title of Article.

Title of Journal, Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistent throughout thebibliography.

[type of medium].


Volume number (issue number), pagination or online equivalent.

<Availability statement>. Note general point about journal article URLs above.

[Date of accession if necessary].

e.g. Smith,J (1996) Time to go home. Journal of Hyperactivity [Internet] 12th October, 6 (4), pp.122-3Available from: <http://www.lmu.ac.uk>[Accessed June 6th,1997]

e.g. Stojanovski, J. 1996. Croatian libraries: the war is behind us, what brings the future? Ariadne[Online] 5. Available from: http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ariadne/issue5/croatia/ [Accessed 23/09/96]

e.g. Korb,K.B. (1995) Persons and things: book review of Bringsford on Robot-Consciousness.Psycholoqy [Internet] 6 (15). Available from: <http://wachau.ai.univie.ac/Psycholoquy/95.v6/0162>[Accessed June 17th,1996]

CD-ROMsThe citing of information from computer databases varies. If you have, for example been using a CD-ROM to obtain journal references you only need to cite the journal as your source of information not theCD-ROM.

e.g. Royal Institute of British Architects. (1998) Architecture and Design Illustrated. London, RIBA[Multi-media CD-ROM]

If the information you are using is only available as a computer database you should cite them asfollows:-

e.g. Gray, J. M. & Courtenay, G. (1988) Youth cohort study [computer file]. Colchester:ESRC DataArchive [distributor]

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Abstract of a journal article from CD ROM or Online database

Full reference to the journal article (see References to journal articles)

Type of medium in square brackets e.g. [CD ROM], [Online] after journal title.

Abstract from: give sufficient information for retrieval of abstract from database. Include thedatabase supplier if known, e.g. Silverplatter, Bowker Saur, BIDS etc.

Item number if available(frequently there is a number given to each abstract record to uniquelyidentify it - this is often prefixed by an abbreviation such as AN for Abstract Number or AccessionNumber or ID for identification number)

e.g. Turner, T and D’Art, D. 1997 US Multinationals: changing the framework of Irish industrialrelations. Industrial Relations Journal [Online] 28(2) pp92-103. Abstract from European BusinessASAP.

e.g. Moreira, F. 1994 Diet, prey-size and intake rates of black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa feeding onmudflats. Ibis [Online] 136 (3) pp. 349-355. Abstract from BIDS: ISI Databases: Science CitationIndex.

Full text of Newspaper or Journal Article from CD ROM or Online database

Full reference to newspaper, journal or magazine article (see above - References to journal articles:the essentials)

Type of medium in square brackets e.g. [CD ROM], [Online] after journal title.

Available from: give sufficient information for retrieval of abstract from database. Include thedatabase supplier if known.

Item number if available(frequently there is a number given to each article to uniquely identify it -this is often prefixed by an abbreviation such as AN for Accession Number, ID for identificationnumber, DO for Document Number etc.)

Important note: The item numbers on some CD ROM databases, e.g. the Financial Times andthe Independent do not appear on print outs from the database. They are usually found on thescreen display when viewing articles and you should note these manually.

e.g. McMahon, S (2002) Ardagh Group to sue Dublin Port over Ringsend site. Sunday Business Post[Online] 7th July 2002. Available from Factfinder Online Database

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Online ImagesInclude the following information, in the following order:-

Title of Image, or a description. Underlined or Highlighted or in Italics but be consistentthroughout the bibliography.

Year.

[OnLine image].

Available from <URL>.

Filename including extension.

[Date accessed].

e.g. Hubble space telescope release in the Space Shuttle's payload bay. (1997) [online image]. Availablefrom <http://explorer.arc.nasa.gov/pub/> SPACE/GIF/s31-04-015.gif, [Accessed 6 July 1997]

E-mail Discussion ListsInclude the following information and the order should be:-

Author/Editor.

Year.

Title of message.

Discussion list name and date of message -underlined.

[medium] - Internet discussion list.

Available from: <e-mail list address> [accessed date].

e.g. Brack, E.V. (1996) Computing and short courses. Lis-link2 may 1996 [Internet Discussion list].Available from: <[email protected]>[Accessed 15 Apr 1997]

NOTEIt should be noted that internet based material may only be available for a short timeand hence may not be suitable for referencing. It is advisable to keep a personal copyas evidence that the information existed.

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APPENDIX 1: Sample list of abbreviations commonly encounteredin legal literature.

The following is a sample list of abbreviations commonly encountered in legal literature. The full titlesof periodicals are given in italics, for further abbreviations explained please refer Thomas O’MalleySources of Law 2nd Edition, Dublin Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell, 2001.

A.C. Appeal CasesAdmin L.R. Administrative Law ReportsA.J.I.L. American Journal of International LawA.L.J.R. Australian Law Journal ReportsAll E.R. All England Law ReportsC.E.C. European Community Cases C.F.I. Court of First InstanceC.L.C. Commercial Law CasesC.L. Pract.C.L.P. Commercial Law Practitioner (Ireland)D.U.L.J. Dublin University Law JournalEAT Employment Appeals Tribunal (Ireland)EC European CommunityECB European Central BankE.I.R.R. European Industrial Relations ReviewE.L.J. European Law JournalE.L.R. Employment Law Reports (Ireland)I.B.L. Irish Business LawI.B.R. Irish Banking ReviewI.C.L.J. Irish Criminal Law JournalI.C.L.R. Irish Common Law Reports, 1849-1866

Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (England and Wales)I.L.R. Irish Law Reports 1838-1850

International law reportsI.L.R.M. Irish Law Reports MonthlyI.L.T. Irish Law TimesI. R. Irish ReportsI.R.L.R. Industrial Relations Law ReportsJ.I.S.L.L. Journal of the Irish Society for Labour LawK.B. Law Reports, Kings BenchL.R.C. Law Reform Commission (Ireland)

Labour Relations Commission (Ireland)N.L.J. New Law JournalS.I. Statutory InstrumentsUD Unfair Dismissal

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APPENDIX 2: Sample Bibliography

Bennett, H. Gunter, H. & Reid, S. (1996) Through a glass darkly: images of appraisal. Journal of Teacher Development, 5 (3) October, pp.39-46.

Conference on Economic Crime, 2nd. 1977. London School of Economics & Political Science. (1980)Economic crime in Europe ed. by L.H. Leigh. London, Macmillan.

Fragile Earth, 5. (1982) South American Wetland: Pantanal Henley on Thames, Watchword Video, [video:VHS].

Holland, M. (1996) Harvard system [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from: <http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsyst.html> [Accessed 22 August 1997].

Now Voyager (1942) Directed by Irving Rapper. New York, Warner [Film:35mm].

Porter, M.A. (1993) The modification of method in researching postgraduate education. IN: Burgess, R.G. ed. The research process in educational settings: ten case studies. London, Falmer Press.

Spence, B. ed. (1993) Secondary school management in the 1990s: challenge and change. Aspects ofEducation Series, 48. London, Independent Publishers.

Whitehead, S.M. (1996) Public and private men: masculinities at work in education management. Ph.D. thesis, Leeds Metropolitan University.

World in Action. (1995) All work and no play. London: ITV, 21st January, [video:VHS]

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sources consulted in the production of this guide:

Booth, W.C. Colomb, C.G. & Williams, J.M. (1995) The Craft of Research. Chicago, University ofChicago Press.

British Standards Institution. (1990) BS5605:1990. Recommendations for citing and referencing publishedmaterial. Milton Keynes, BSI.

The Chicago Manual of Style. (1993) 14th ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Fisher, D. & Hanstock,T. (1994) Citing References: a guide for users. 2nd ed. Nottingham, NottinghamTrent University.

Fletcher, G. & Greenhill, A. (1995) Academic Referencing of Internet-based Resources. Aslib Proceedings,47 (11/12) November/December, p.245-52.

Holland, M. (1996) Harvard System [Internet] Poole, Bournemouth University. Available from:<http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsys.html> [Accessed August 22, 2002]

Li, X. & Crane, N. (1993) Electronic Style:a guide to citing electronic information. Westport, Conn.,Mecklermedia.

O’Malley, Thomas (2001) Sources of Law 2nd Edition, Dublin Round Hall Sweet and Maxwell

Rudd, D. (1994) Cite Me, I’m Yours or References, Bibliographies, Notes, Quotations ...etc. Harvard Version.Bolton, Bolton Institute of Higher Education.

Rudd, D. (1995) Writing a Dissertation. A Brief Guide to Presentation & Literature Searching. Bolton,Bolton Institute of Higher Education.

Shields, G. & Walton, G. (1995) Cite Them Right: How To Organise Bibliographical References. 3rd ed.Newcastle, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Information Services.

Turabian, K.L. (1987) A Manual for Writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. 5th ed, Chicago,University of Chicago Press.

Turner, B. ed.(1996) The Writers Handbook 1996.London, Macmillan.

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Notes

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Notes

44
