how to deal with rsl issues
DESCRIPTION
RSL issues are described hereTRANSCRIPT
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HANDBOOK ON MICROWAVES
BY
MOBISERVE
O & M DEPARTMENT
LAHORE
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CONTENTS
1. Microwave History 4
2. Common Terms Used In Microwaves 11
3. How To Deal With RSL 13
4. Most Common Alarms Of Microwaves 15
5. Startex 15
6. NEC 18
7. Spectrum 25
8. PCOM 44
9. Alcatel 49
10.DART 64
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SPECIAL THANKS
THIS MANUAL WOULD NEVER BEEN COMPILED WITHOUT SPECIAL INTEREST AND EFFORTS OF OUR TECHNICAL SUPPORT MANAGER “M. EL ZEINY” FOR PROVIDING US ALL THE GUIDANCE, NECESSARY HELPING MATERIAL AND MOST OFALL IN TIME TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR 24/7.
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MICROWAVE THEORY
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths longer than those of Terahertz (THz) wavelengths, but relatively short for radio waves. Microwaves have wavelengths approximately in the range of 30 cm (frequency = 1 GHz) to 1 mm (300 GHz). However, the boundaries between far infrared light, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study. The term microwave generally refers to "alternating current signals with frequencies between 300 MHz (3 x 108 Hz) and 300 GHz (3 x 1011 Hz).This range of wavelengths has led many to question the naming convention used for microwaves.
The microwave range includes ultra-high frequency (UHF) (0.3-3 GHz), super high frequency (SHF) (3-30 GHz), and extremely high frequency (EHF) (30-300 GHz) signals.
Above 300 GHz, the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by Earth's atmosphere is so great that it is effectively opaque, until the atmosphere becomes transparent again in the so-called infrared and optical window frequency ranges.
Generation
Microwaves can be generated by a variety of means, generally divided into two categories:
1. Solid state devices 2. vacuum-tube based devices.
Solid state microwave devices are based on semiconductors such as silicon or gallium arsenide, and include field-effect transistors (FETs), bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), Gunn diodes, and IMPATT diodes. Specialized versions of
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standard transistors have been developed for higher speed, which are commonly used in microwave applications. Microwave variantions of BJTs include the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT), and microwave variants of FETs include the MESFET, the HEMT (also known as HFET), and LDMOS transistor. Microwaves can be generated and processed using integrated circuits, which are often called MMIC (Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits). They are usually manufactured using gallium arsenide (GaAs) wafers, though silicon germanium (SiGe) and heavy-dope silicon are increasingly used. Vacuum tube based devices operate on the ballistic motion of electrons in a vacuum under the influence of controlling electric or magnetic fields, and include the magnetron, klystron, traveling wave tube (TWT), and gyrotron. These devices work in the density modulated mode, rather than the current modulated mode. This means that they work on the basis of clumps of electrons flying ballistically through them, rather than using a continuous stream.
Uses
• Microwaves are used in broadcasting transmissions because microwaves pass easily through the earth's atmosphere with less interference than longer wavelengths. There is also much more bandwidth in the microwave spectrum than in the rest of the radio spectrum. Typically, microwaves are used in television news to transmit a signal from a remote location to a television station from a specially equipped van.
• Radar also uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other characteristics of remote objects.
• Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11g and b specifications, also use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, although 802.11a uses an ISM band in the 5 GHz range. Licensed long-range (up to about 25 km) Wireless Internet Access services can be found in many countries (but not the USA) in the 3.5–4.0 GHz range.
• Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) based in the IEEE 802.16 specification.
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The IEEE 802.16 specification was designed to operate between 2 to 11 GHz. The commercial implementations are in the 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz ranges.
• Wide Area Mobile Broadband Wireless Access - MBWA protocols based on standards specifications such as ATIS/ANSI HC-SDMA (e.g. iBurst) are designed to operate between 1.6 and 2.3 GHz to give mobility and in-building penetration characteristics similar to mobile phones but with vastly greater spectral efficiency.
• Cable TV and Internet access on coax cable as well as broadcast television use some of the lower microwave frequencies. Some mobile phone networks, like GSM, also use the lower microwave frequencies.
• Many semiconductor processing techniques use microwaves to generate plasma for such purposes as reactive ion etching and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).
• Microwaves can be used to transmit power over long distances, and post-World War II research was done to examine possibilities. NASA worked in the 1970s and early 1980s to research the possibilities of using Solar power satellite (SPS) systems with large solar arrays that would beam power down to the Earth's surface via microwaves.
• A maser is a device similar to a laser, except that it works at microwave frequencies.
Microwave frequency bands
The microwave spectrum is usually defined as electromagnetic energy ranging from approximately 1 GHz to 1000 GHz in frequency, but older usage includes lower frequencies. Most common applications are within the 1 to 40 GHz range. Microwave Frequency Bands as defined by the Radio Society of Great Britain in the table below:
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Radio frequency spectrum
Band name Abbr ITU band
Frequency Wavelength Example uses
< 3 Hz > 100,000 km
Extremely low frequency
ELF 1 3–30 Hz 100,000 km – 10,000 km Communication with submarines
Super low frequency SLF 2 30–300 Hz
10,000 km – 1000 km Communication with submarines
Ultra low frequency ULF 3 300–3000 Hz
1000 km – 100 km Communication within mines
Very low frequency VLF 4 3–30 kHz
100 km – 10 km Submarine communication,
avalanche beacons, wireless heart rate monitors
Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz
10 km – 1 km Navigation, time signals, AM
Longwave broadcasting Medium frequency MF 6 300–3000 kHz
1 km – 100 m AM (Medium-wave) broadcasts
High frequency HF 7 3–30 MHz
100 m – 10 m Shortwave broadcasts and amateur
radio Very high frequency VHF 8 30–300 MHz
10 m – 1 m FM and television broadcasts
Ultra high frequency UHF 9 300–3000 MHz
1 m – 100 mm
Television broadcasts, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth,
ground-to-air and air-to-air communications, and Two-Way Radios such as FRS and GMRS
Radios Super high frequency SHF 10 3–30 GHz
100 mm – 10 mm Microwave devices, wireless LAN,
most modern Radars Extremely high frequency
EHF 11 30–300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm
Radio astronomy, high-speed microwave radio relay
Super duper high frequency
SDHF 12 Above 300 GHz < 1 mm Night vision
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Notes
• The ELF, SLF, ULF, and VLF bands overlap the AF (audio frequency) spectrum, which is approximately 20–20,000 Hz. However, sounds are transmitted by atmospheric compression and expansion, and not by electromagnetic energy.
• The SHF and EHF bands are often considered to be not part of the radio spectrum and form their own microwave spectrum.
• Another note of merit is that all objects have their own radio frequency, no matter how minute.
Named frequency bands
Broadcast Frequencies:
• AM Radio = 535kHz - 1605kHz (MF) • TV Band I (Channels 2 - 6) = 54MHz - 88MHz (VHF) • FM Radio Band II = 88MHz - 108MHz (VHF) • TV Band III (Channels 7 - 13) = 174MHz - 216MHz (VHF) • TV Bands IV & V (Channels 14 - 69) = 470MHz - 806MHz (UHF)
Amateur radio frequencies The range of allowed frequencies vary between countries. These are just some of the more common bands. In the article about amateur radio is another list. Band Frequency range 160 m 1.8 to 2.0 MHz 80 m 3.5 to 4.0 MHz 60 m 5.3 to 5.4 MHz 40 m 7 to 7.3 MHz 30 m 10.1 to 10.15 MHz 20 m 14 to 14.35 MHz 15 m 21 to 21.45 MHz 12 m 24.89 to 24.99 MHz 10 m 28.0 to 29.7 MHz 6 m 50 to 54 MHz 2 m 144 to 148 MHz 70 cm 430 to 440 MHz 23 cm 1240 to 1300 MHz
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IEEE US Band Frequency range Origin of name
HF band 3 to 30 MHz High Frequency
VHF band 30 to 300 MHz Very High Frequency
UHF band 300 to 1000 MHz
Ultra High Frequency
Frequencies from 216 to 450 MHz were sometimes called P-band: Previous, since early British Radar used this band but later switched to higher frequencies.
L band 1 to 2 GHz Long wave S band 2 to 4 GHz Short wave C band 4 to 8 GHz Compromise between S and X
X band 8 to 12 GHz Used in WW II for fire control, X for cross (as in crosshair)
Ku band 12 to 18 GHz Kurz-under K band 18 to 26 GHz German Kurz (short) Ka band 26 to 40 GHz Kurz-above V band 40 to 75 GHz W band 75 to 111 GHz W follows V in the alphabet
F band 90 to 140 GHz
D band 110 to 170 GHz
The above table reflects Radio Society of Great Britain (RSGB) usage. The term P band is sometimes used for Ku Band.
Radio spectrum
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ELF SLF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF
3 Hz 30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30
kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30
MHz 300
MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
30 Hz
300 Hz 3 kHz 30
kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30
MHz 300
MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
300 GHz
The Electromagnetic Spectrum (Sorted by wavelength, short to long)
Gamma ray | X-ray | Ultraviolet | Visible spectrum | Infrared | Terahertz radiation | Microwave | Radio waves
Visible (optical) spectrum: Violet | Blue | Green | Yellow | Orange | Red
Microwave spectrum: W band | V band | K band: Ka band, Ku band | X band | C band | S band | L band
Radio spectrum: EHF | SHF | UHF | VHF | HF | MF | LF | VLF | ULF | SLF | ELF
Wavelength designations: Microwave | Shortwave | Mediumwave | Longwave
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COMMON TERMS USED IN MICROWAVE BER: Short for bit error rate. In a digital transmission, BER is the percentage of bits with errors divided by the total number of bits that have been transmitted, received or processed over a given time period. The rate is typically expressed as 10 to the negative power. For example, four erroneous bits out of 100,000 bits transmitted would be expressed as 4 x 10-5, or the expression 3 x 10-6 would indicate that three bits were in error out of 1,000,000 transmitted. BER is the digital equivalent to signal-to-noise ratio in an analog system. RSL: Short for receive signal level. In case of microwave transmission power received from far end in dbm. Receive power will always be in negative (-40 dbm) value while transmitted power will always be in positive value (+23 dbm). When the RSL of a microwave dropped to –60 dbm, the link is so weak that BER came into the link through which link began to fluctuate. When RSL dropped from –85dbm there will be no communication between the two ends. TX Power: It is the power, which is transmitted from one end of microwave to the other. E1: Microwave data is transmitted in the forms of E1. E1 is equal to 2.048MB. IO Board: IO board is the hardware device on which E1’s are terminated. IDU: Indoor unit of the microwave link. ODU: Outdoor unit of the microwave link. Attenuation: Attenuation is the reduction in amplitude and intensity of a signal with respect to distance traveled through a medium. Attenuation can also be understood to be the opposite of amplification. Attenuation is an important property in fibre optics and ultrasound applications because of its importance in determining signal strength as a function of distance. Attenuation is usually measured in units of decibels per centimetre of medium (dB/cm)
Channel: Channel in communications (sometimes called communications channel), refers to the medium used to convey information from a sender (or transmitter) to a receiver.
Polarity: Normally this term is used for the dish we used for microwave transmission. This indicates the direction of the propagation of waves. There are two types of polarities
1. Horizontal 2. Vertical
Difference between the two polarities is just the shape of the propagating wave.
Bandwidth: The "bandwidth" of an antenna is the range of frequencies over which it is effective, usually centered around the resonant frequency. The bandwidth of an antenna may be increased by several techniques, including using thicker wires, replacing wires with cages to simulate a thicker wire, tapering antenna components (like in a feed horn), and combining multiple antennas into a single assembly and allowing the natural impedance to select the correct antenna. Small antennas are usually preferred for convenience, but there is a fundamental limit relating bandwidth, size and efficiency.
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Redundancy: It means whether your microwave link has a hot standby support or stand-alone. PDH: Plasocronus Digital hierarchy. It supports upto 16E1. SDH: Synchronous digital hierarchy. It is a technique used in microwave transmission to transmit data. STM 1: Synchronous transport module: The STM-1 (Synchronous Transmission Module) is the basic rate of transmission of the SDH ITU-T fiber optic network transmission standard. It has a bit rate of 155.52 Mbit/s
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HOW TO DEAL WITH RSL ISSUES First of all I would like to tell you that there is no hard and fast rule for solving the RSL issues. Only rule is experience and hard work. Only these two things will lead you to solve the problems. Secondly there is no short cut of hard work and success; only the road of hard work will take you to success. Following are the few steps, which will help you in solving RSL problems.
• When you reached on site always check loop from BSC. • Check the microwave link and its alarms. • Check the RSL of the link. • Always keep the connectivity plan with you when you move to solve RSL
problems. • Check the T43 card by LED that whether its trans is OK or not if on trans your
LED glows it means its transmission is OK otherwise there may be a fault in T43. • Remove the cables from the T 43 and gave loop towards the BSC. • If you didn’t get the loop gave loop from the IDU. From this point if you got the
loop then there may be a problem in the cable. • If you didn’t get the loop move to the far end but before moving to the far end be
sure that there is no problem in the IDU, ODU, RSL of the link, CONNECTORS and history.
• Check on which E1 of the IDU this site is running. • When you reached on the far end, loop towards the BSC from the same channel
on which the site is running. (From here you have to give loop from the pair not from the IDU).
• If you get the loop, there may be a possibility that E1 of the IDU is faulty so change the E1 from both ends.
• If you didn’t get the loop then loop from the IDU from which the pair is coming to the same E1 from which that site is running.
• This scenario will repeat till you reached to the BSC. • Also you have to check the links in between your site and BSC by using your
laptop, whether there is problem in the link or not. • If you got loop some where in between your site and BSC, change the channel to
solve the problem. But before changing the channel, do confirm that there is no problem in the equipment or in the link.
• While changing IDU’s do check the configuration before changing because you have to configure the new IDU same as the old one was configured.
• While changing ODU’s ALWAYS check the polarity. • Always take proper cables, laptop, tool kit, spares and most of all LED with you
while going for RSL. • If the problem persists give hard reboot to the MSI card of the site. • If you are not getting trans on the T 43 of the BTS then there may be a problem in
the NIU incase of HM1 cabinet and Controller incase of HM 2 cabinet. • Most of the time by giving hard reset to the BTS it can go into the busy state.
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• Always perform loop break test on the site. • If there is huge difference of RSL value between two ends then they can be an
issue of interference. • To check interference switch off the IDU from far end and check the RSL from
near end. Then switch off the IDU from near end, go to the far end and check the RSL value. If the value is greater than –85 dbm then it is confirmed that there is interference. Normally when you switch off the IDU, on the far end you will get RSL lower than –94 dbm. If there is interference you have to change the frequency plan confirming from Mobilink. After changing the frequency if the problem persist then you have to change the band of the ODU.
• If your RSL is lower than –60 dbm then convert the transmitting power from ATPC to MTPC and remove all the attenuation. This can help in improving the RSL.
• If by removing the attenuation your RSL didn’t improve and there is no interference then your dishes are realigned. You need to made alignment of the dishes.
• Loose connectors may cause ber alarm. So check your connectors incase of ber.
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MOST COMMON ALARMS OF MICROWAVES
STRATEX (XP4) Pictures of IDU and ODU of Startex is as under: Indoor unit
Outdoor Unit
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Software:-Link View Card Used:-MMI/ELTEC Password:- 1234 Software Preview
1. It is user friendly software. 2. When we logon to “Link View”, the “local” main page shows the RSL level and
BER (Bit Error Rate) of local and remote ends. 3. It also shows the Tx and Rx frequencies of local and remote ends and the Tx
power of both ends. 4. We can change the Tx and Rx frequencies and also the Tx power after logging
into the software by entering the password. 5. In the alarm menu, it is showing different alarms 6. In the tributary section, we can enable or disable any channel of the link. 7. In the protection menu, we can set “Auto Mode” or “Manual Mode” for the link. 8. RSL = -40 ……….. (It is the ideal one) 9. If RSL is not good then there might be receive problem in the ODU so we should
change ODU or there may be problem in the transmitter of the far-end then we should increase the power.
If, RSL = -70 dbm (RSL link failure) If, RSL = -80 dbm or more less (Site Down) Difference between Startex and dart is just the cable and capacity. In dart RJ 45 connector is used and it has capacity of only one E1. BER (Bit Error Rate) BER is related to IDU of Microwave link. It shows that how much data, we are receiving. If BER = 1*10-5 (BER Alarm)
= 1*10-3 (Site Down) Hi BER = 10E-3
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Low BER = 10 E-6 Range of BER 10E-6 < BER BER = 10E-7 (Ideal value) If BER is high there may be two possibilities,
1. There may be problem in the Multiplier of IDU, so by changing the IDU, we can solve the problem.
2. If there is some interference, then BER can be high. In this case change the tributaries.
It is recommended that the tributaries that are not in use should be made invented; otherwise IDU alarm will be there. TROUBLESHOOTING OF THE LINK
Condition On-Line IDU ODU CBL REM Corrective Action No DC power to IDU Off Off Off Off Off Restore power to IDU Normal Operation G G G G G Cable Short or open circuit R R R R R Check cable connection IDU- ODU
Minor link fade: RSL is below RSL alarm threshold Major link fade: RSL is below RSL alarm threshold BER early warning threshold has been exceeded G/R G G G G/R or G
Check LOS, alignment, remote transmitter output power, interference from any other link.
Total link loss: RSL is below RSL alarm threshold. Received BER exceeds BER alarm threshold. Frame synchronization not OK R R G G R
Check LOS, alignment, remote transmitter output power, interference from any other link. Check the radio frequency of both ends.
Tributary input LOS G G/R G G G Configure new tributary. Check existing tributary connections.
Local radio transmitter muted G G G/R G R Unmute transmitter Link ID code mismatch G G/R G G G/R or G Make the link ID same ODU output failure G G R G R Replace ODU IDU transmit failure G R G G R Replace IDU
Capacity mismatch R R G/R G R Set both end radio capacity the same
Loop back G/R G G G G Release loop back
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NEC: Pictures of IDU and ODU of NEC is as under: Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
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Software : PNMT Cable Used: NEC Login: admin When we logon to PNMT software, first of all we see the following parameters,
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Options available in PNMT
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Equipment Configuration
Setting the frequency plan
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For the E1 setting:
Setting the frame ID
Setting the threshold BER
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Common Alarms On NEC Link
1. Tx Rx frequencies of near & far ends. 2. Redundancy (i-e standby facility is there or not) 3. Tx power control, which is APTC in NEC. APTC means Automated Transfer
Power Control. 4. Bit Rate (i-e capacity of the link). 5. Frame ID of near & Far ends and names of sites also (Frame ID should be
same for both ends) 6. In the ODU menu, it is showing the RSL level and the power of near and far
end. 7. In the IDU menu, it is showing that which tributaries (channels) are Normal or
Alarmed (i-e enabled or disabled).
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8. Version menu shows the Serial No. of IDU and ODU, date of manufacturing and software version.
9. Link performance monitor is showing the BER value. 10. Equipment setup is showing the IP address against the site menu. 11. Equipment setup is also showing the RF band, Sub band of ODU, BER
threshold, RSL threshold value and ATPC max & min powers. 12. Network Element list is showing Site name, Alarm or Normal status, IP
addresses etc. 13. From Equipment setup menu, there is Freq plan button, when we click on it,
we can select Tx Rx channel, change the Tx Rx freq and execute them. 14. In order to change the IDU you must have the Channel number, Frame ID, Bit
rate and for how many E1 you have to configure the IDU. All these changes can be done by turning “ON” the maintenance after entering the password.
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SPECTRUM Pictures of IDU and ODU of Spectrum is as under:
Indoor Unit
Outdoor unit
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Software : LMT
Cable Used: SP
When we logon to LMT, the main page of “Link Status” is showing the following parameters.
1. Tx & Rx frequencies of near and far ends. 2. Link ID 3. Master A, B is showing that it is in Auto mode or it can be set to select ‘A’
or ‘B’. 4. Capacity of the link.
Protection Settings:- It is used to rename the link and also to make “Master” or “Slave” out of the two links (in which one is in stand by). Configure Radios:-
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It has the following settings.
1. Link ID. 2. Tx, Rx frequencies of near and far ends and also the site name. 3. Different freq channels can be selected and it can be applied by sending it to
radios. 4. It is also showing the near and far end relay status. 5. In the tributaries section, we can enable or disable the tributaries. The disable
ones can’t carry frequencies. 6. In “Protection Settings” we can set the Auto Mode or we can make any one
Master or Slave. 7. In “others” Section, BER threshold value can be checked. Above the Hi BER
value, the site will go down. 8. We can set the attenuation level to any desired value or we can get maximum
power by setting the attenuation level to ODB. Get a New Configuration:- We can configure a new link, we can set the desired channel frequency. Faults & Reports:- After clicking on “Faults and Performance Management”, click on RSSI, this is showing RSL (Radio Signaling Link) level. It is also showing the active faults with date and things (showing the history of faults). Loop Back Test:- It is used to check the IF cable and transmission and reception of IDU & ODU. In custom frequencies, different freq channels are available.
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LMT Software Guide Line:
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Completing the Link Tab Dialog Box Use the Link tab dialog box shown below to set or change some link-related parameters including Link ID, channel plan, and reference low band channel, and some radio-specific parameters including the site and radio names for each end of the link.
More About Link Parameters You Can Set or Change Here is more about the parameters you can set or change in the Link tab dialog box. Use this field … To select or enter this data … Link ID A code used to ensure that a radio transmitter only locks onto the corresponding receiver at the far end of the link. The Link ID must be the same for both ends of the link. Valid link IDs range from 1 through 255. Channel Plan The channel plan or sub-band the radios operate within. Field contents consist of channel plan name, frequency band, T/R spacing, and bit rate. Radios are licensed to operate within a certain frequency band. Each frequency band is organized into specific sub-bands (called channel plans). Each channel plan encompasses a specific frequency range. The Transceiver ID and Personality Card of a radio determine which channel plans are available to that radio. Low Band Channel Within the selected channel plan, the specific low band channel you want the LMT to use to configure the link. Once you select the low band channel, the LMT sets the high band channel for you automatically. Site Name An optional descriptor used to specify the physical location of a radio terminal. Radio Name An optional descriptor used to identify a specific radio terminal.
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To Set or Change Link Parameters From the Link tab dialog box: 1. Type an integer from 1 to 255 in the Link ID field. 2. Click the down arrow next to the Channel Plan selection field to list the channel plans available for the frequency band in which these specific radios operate. Then click the desired channel plan. Your selection is inserted automatically in the Channel Plan field. 3. Click the down arrow next to the Low Band Channel selection field to list available low band channels for the channel plan you selected in step 2. Then click the desired channel. Once again, your selection is inserted automatically in the Low Band Channel selection field. High Band and Low Band TX and RX fields are recalculated and updated automatically by the LMT. Perform steps 1 through 3 for the other radio terminal in the link. About Available Fault Condition and Event Settings BER Fault The set BER alarm threshold has been exceeded. A bit error condition
exists. The problem can be on either the near end or far end radio. Bit error rate measures the amount of bits in error per a fixed amount of bits transmitted/received. An excessive bit error rate can be caused by factors such as heavy rain fading, obstacles in the transmission path, problems with the antenna feed or wave guide, or problems in the IDU or ODU electronics on both sides.
Cable Fault The cables between the IDU and ODU are disconnected, damaged, shorted, or improperly terminated.
Deframe Fault A problem in the ODU makes it unable to decode the data being transmitted over the link.
IDU Fault The IDU detects a failure in either the transmit or receive circuits. The IDU Fault is a summed fault that monitors several hardware points. An IDU Fault may also result from the absence or distortion of ODU input to the IDU electronics. In this case, the IDU Fault is accompanied by a BER Fault, indicating a problem with the receive signal.
Input Fault Expected traffic is not detected. Major Fault A “catastrophic” fault condition occurs in a radio terminal that results in a
loss of traffic across the link. (On a protected radio terminal, the backup circuitry would be placed in service automatically at this point. If the backup circuits can correct the problem, the fault condition is reported as a Minor Fault.)
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Minor Fault A “guarded” fault condition has occurred in a radio terminal. A Minor Fault condition may or may not be associated with loss of traffic or downtime (loss of tributary input is reported as a minor fault although loss of traffic does occur). Some other examples of minor faults are the IDU Fan Fault and the ODU Temperature Fault.
ODU Fault A failure occurs in the Local Oscillator (Synthesizer) or other component of the ODU, indicating something is wrong with the transmittal or receipt of data.
Far End Fault Any fault condition is detected at the far end of the link. Rx Fault Any general receiver fault condition is encountered. For example, when a
cable fault or a loss of frame alignment has been detected.
Setting and Changing Radio Configurations Tx Fault Any general transmitter fault condition is encountered. For example, the
Link ID does not match on each end of the link, or a loss of DC power has occurred, or the ODU oscillator current is out of range.
Unused This setting signifies that the relay is not in use. Radio Faults An Aid to Understanding Radio Fault Alerts For informational purposes, fault alerts are assigned one of four type codes: Code Type Faults Alerts E An external fault point becomes active. F A malfunction occurs in the equipment at either the near
end or far end radio terminal, or in the transmission path between the two radios.
R A radio relay becomes active. S An informational message is generated concerning current radio or link
status.
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Fault Descriptions Faults are described in alphabetical sequence in the table below. Where applicable, suggested solutions for fault resolution are also provided.
S/N Fault Type Causes Impact Symptom Or Causes
1 Diagnostic Active S No YES
A loopback test is in progress. The fault clears when you stop the test.
2 External Fault E No No The corresponding external fault status/condition is active.
3 Far End Fault S No Conditional
Conditional Designates that faults are active at the far end of the link. May be caused by telemetry problems between the near end and far end radios. To help pinpoint the source of the problem: • Press the DISPLAY FAR END button to display the faults and status at the far end radio.• Also check the LMT Faults report for any associated fault alerts (configuration mismatch, high BER condition, etc.). • If necessary, go to the far end radio, connect the LMT, and check the Faults report for indicated faults. As necessary, make hardware replacements (near end or far end IDU, ODU, or RF Assembly Complete).
4
IDU Bipolar Violation fault S No No
A violation has occurred in the bipolar framing of incoming traffic (the presence of two consecutive “one” bits of the same polarity is detected on the T carrier line).
5 IDU Cable Fault F YES YES
Either: 1. The coax cable between the IDU and ODU is shorted or open: • Check cable connections. Repair Faulty connection; or • Check cable connectors. Remove and replace faulty connector; or • Check connectors on the IDU and ODU for foreign objects or other debris. Clean as necessary.2. The 300 baud link between the ODU and the IDU is malfunctioning (a corollary ODU 'A'/'B' Link Fault also occurs): • If the radio is configured for non- Protected operation, replace the ODU. • If the radio is configured for protected operation, replace the faulty RF Assembly Complete. • Otherwise, on a 1U system replace the IDU. On a 4U system replace the IDU PIU.
6
IDU Configuration Fault F No No
Configuration parameters do not match on both IDUs in a protected pair. Use the LMT to review and adjust corresponding radio configuration parameters.
7 IDU Fan Fault F No No
The fan or fan circuit has failed: • On a 1U system, replace the IDU. • On a 4U system, replace the fan unit PIU.
8
IDU Protected Serial Link F No No
The protection cable between the A side and B side IDUs is disconnected: • Check the protection cable. • Check for power to both radios in the protected pair.
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Fault
9
IDU 'A'/'B' Receiver Deframe Fault F YES YES
The near end receiver loses frame synchronization with the transmitter at the far end of the link.
10 IDU 'A'/'B' Reset Fault F YES YES
The microprocessor in the IDU has restarted. This occurs when: • Power has been switched on; or • The microprocessor has rebooted.
11
IDU 'A'/'B' Silent Transmitter Failure Fault F YES YES
The near end transmitter switches after both receivers at the far end fail to receive signal transmission from the near end. This fault condition is generally the result of a faulty near end transmitter, a bad antenna, or the presence of path obstructions in the link.
12
IDU 'A'/'B' Temperature Fault F No No
The temperature inside the IDU exceeds 94 degrees Celsius. Possible causes are: • High environmental (external) temperatures • Electronic burn occurring inside the radio near the sensor • Analog-to-digital converter failure • Power fluctuations If the condition does not clear itself, replace the IDU.
13 Major Fault S No No
A traffic-affecting fault has occurred (one of over 30 fault conditions are sensed by the microprocessor in the IDU). Check the IDU front panel and the LMT Faults report for associated fault conditions.
14 Minor Fault S No No
A non-traffic affecting fault has occurred, such as an IDU 'A'/'B' Fan Fault, an ODU 'A'/'B' Temperature Fault, or a Receiver ‘A’/’B’ Low BER Fault. Check the IDU front panel and the LMT Faults report for associated fault conditions.
15
ODU 'A'/'B' Configuration Fault F No No
Either: 1. The bit rate of the Personality Module on the RF Assembly Complete does not match the bit rate of the IDU (flashing red ODU LED): • Verify that the bit rate of the Personality Module matches the bit rate of the IDU or IDU PIU; or • Replace the Personality Module with the correct bit rate Personality Module; or • Replace the IDU with the correct bit rate IDU. 2. A mismatch exists between the near end and far end configurations. Modify the IDU configuration to match the far end radio. 3. A mismatch exists between the IDU and ODU hardware or software configurations. Correct the situation. 4. Possible loose ribbon cable in ODU.
16
ODU 'A'/'B' Deviation Fault F YES YES
The transmitted RF is operating outside of specifications. Return the ODU to DMC for needed adjustments. This fault condition can occur when the bit rate of the ODU has been changed.
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17 ODU 'A'/'B' Link Fault F YES YES
A communication problem has occurred between the IDU and ODU: • Check the cable connection between the IDU and ODU. • Recycle power on the IDU.
18
ODU 'A'/'B' Power Amplifier Fault F YES YES
A malfunction has occurred in the ODU power amplifier. Depending on radio architecture, different components will need to be replaced.
19
ODU 'A'/'B' Power Supply Fault F YES YES
The ODU has a faulty CPU/Power Supply module: • If radio is configured for non-protected operation, replace the ODU. • If radio is configured for protected operation, replace faulty RF Assembly Complete.
20
ODU 'A'/'B' Receiver Synthesizer Fault F YES YES
The Gunn diode oscillator in the receiver is out of lock. Replace the ODU.
21
ODU 'A'/'B' Reference Synthesizer Fault F YES YES
The reference synthesizer is operating outside of specification. The ODU will attempt to re-initialize the synthesizer. If the fault condition does not clear, replace the reference synthesizer.
22
ODU 'A'/'B' Temperature Fault F No No
The temperature inside the ODU exceeds 86 degrees Celsius. Possible causes include: • High environmental (external) temperatures • Electronic burn occurring inside the radio near the sensor • Loose ribbon cable inside the ODU • Analog-to-digital converter failure • Power fluctuations If the condition does not clear itself, replace the ODU.
23
ODU 'A'/'B' Transmitter Synthesizer Fault F YES YES
The Gunn diode oscillator in the transmitter is out of lock. Replace the ODU.
24
Receiver 'A'/'B' High BER Fault F YES YES
The high bit error rate (BER) threshold set during radio configuration has been exceeded.
25
Receiver 'A'/'B' Low BER Fault F No YES
The low bit error rate (BER) threshold set during radio configuration has been exceeded.
26
Receiver 'A'/'B' Online S No No
In a protected configuration, either the A side or B side receiver is currently online. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
27
Receiver 'A'/'B' Summary Fault S No No A summary fault created by any receiver fault.
28 Receiver Automatic S No No
In a protected configuration, the receiver is operating in automatic mode. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
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29
Receiver Locked Online S No No
In a protected configuration, this receiver has been locked online. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
30 Relay n R No No The corresponding relay is active.
31 Telemetry Failure F YES YES
Telemetry is not being received from the far end. The actual problem can be within the transmit or receive portions at either end of the microwave path. Check for any additional fault alerts active at the near end.
32
Transmitter 'A'/'B' Online S No No
In a protected configuration, either the A side or B side transmitter is currently online. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
33
Transmitter 'A'/'B' Summary Fault S No No A summary fault created by any transmitter fault.
34 Transmitter Automatic S No No
In a protected configuration, the transmitter is operating in automatic mode. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
35
Transmitter Locked Online S No No
In a protected configuration, the transmitter has been locked online. This is an informational message displayed in the LMT Link Status window.
36 Tributary n Input Fault F No YES
User traffic is absent or other traffic input faults are detected on a tributary that has been enabled for fault alerts (red INPUT LED): · Check cable connections between the IDU and premise equipment. Repair or replace as necessary; or · Check user G.703 termination equipment. Repair or replace as necessary.
37
Tributary n Unexpected Input F No No
Unexpected traffic is detected on a tributary with a disabled fault alert status (amber INPUT LED): • Check the Tributary Fault Setting in the LMT Tributaries tab dialog box. Where applicable, change setting to enabled; or • Check tributary connections.
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P.COM Pictures of IDU and ODU of PCOM is as under: Indoor Unit
Out Door Unit
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Software: Link Manager Cable: Pcom Common alarm list of PCOM is as under: RED: R GREEN: G YELLOW: Y FLASHING RED: F/R FLASHING YELLOW: F/Y
CONDITION ALARM INDICATION CORRECTIVE ACTION IDU ODU CBL RMT Normal Operation G G G G None Local IDU Failure R G G F/Y Replace IDU
Ber Greater than 10-6 F/R G G Y Check AGC key # 4 and BER key # 7
Local IDU Loopback F/R G G F/Y Check loop back, key # 6 turn IDU loop back OFF
Summed External Input Alarm F/R G G G
Check alarm key # 5. For external input alarm> Check link manager to see which input is causing alarm
Local ODU Failure G R G F/Y replace ODU
Transmitter Output Muted G F/R G Y
check mute key # 9 to verify that transmitter is ON. Verify TX power key # 2 is set properly.
Telemetry Failure G F/R G,R F/Y Check cable b/w IDU & ODU
Configuration Mismatch G F/R G F/Y
Check Alarms, ALRM key (#5,) for a configuration alarm. Check configuration of both local and remote radios to verify the two are configured the same.
Remote Alarm G G G Y, F/Y
Check the remote radio remote radio can be accessed by key # 0 to verify which alarm is active. Check configuration of the remote radio to verify that all loop backs are off.
Loss of channel F/R G G F/Y
Check AGC key # 4. Check if cable alarm are present key # 5 for additional alarms.
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Cable Short or Open F/R OFF R F/Y
Check alarm at key # 5 and verify that cable is connected to IDU and ODU
Power Loss Of IDU OFF OFF OFF OFF
Verify IDU power toggle is switch in position.Ispect IDU power plug is properly seated and connected. Check all fuses
Cannot Access IDU via Keypad NA NA NA NA
Check LCD contrast setting. Check Configuration/Radio window of Link Manager and click on “Keypad” icon. Verify if the password is disabled. If enabled, then the password must be used to access the IDU keypad.
Receiver will not lockup with the remote transmitter F/R G G F/Y
Check Mute,(#9), to verify TX is ON. Check Channel, (#1), to verify local and remote radios are set to the same channel. Check ID, (#3), to verify local and remote radios are set to the same ID number. Check AGC, (#4), to verify RSL level is within calculated tolerance. Check Loopback, (#6), to verify all loopbacks are OFF. Verify ODU bands are compatible.
Orderwire levels are low G G G G
Check volume, (#8), for level. Check orderwire bridge East/West, In/Out, MENU key (#0), for level adjustments.
Data will not pass through service channel port G G G G Check wiring of connectors.
Low receive signal level F/R OR G G G G
Verify remote end TX Power, (#2), set to link Budget Calculations. Verify antenna properly aligned. Verify normal weather conditions. Check BER (#7) for error free performance.
Cannot pass data through the tributary F/R G G G
Check if the proper bit rate has been selected. Check if Line (1,2,3,4) is in loopback.
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Alarm list of PCOM for the 1+1 Systems:
IDU "A" PSS IDU "B"
LED Status LED Status LED Status PWR IDU ODU CBL RMT IDU A IDU B PWR IDU ODU CBL RMT Condition Corrective Action
G G G G G G - Y G G G G Normal operation A terminal None
Y G G G G - G G G G G G Normal operation B terminal None
G F/R G G G G - Y G G G G
Normal operation A terminal after switch A-B
After switch occurs the IDU LED will flash red, perform a clear inhibit command to clear the flashing LED
Y G G G G - G F/R G G G G
Normal operation B terminal after switch B-A
After switch occurs the IDU LED will flash red, perform a clear inhibit command to clear the flashing LED
Y F/R G G Y - G G G G G G A terminal exceeds ber threshold
A number of reasons can cause high bit error rate. 1. Signal attenuation due to heavy rain. 2. Interference from other RF sources such as radio transmitters. 3. Improper antenna alignment. 4. Obstructions in the Signal path. 5. Fault in the local or remote IDU or ODU.
G G G G G G - Y F/R G G Y B terminal exceeds ber threshold As shown for A terminal
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Y F/R - R F/Y - G F/R F/R G G G Open / Short cable A terminal
Determine if the IDU/ODU cable is open or shorted by means of a Volt Ohm Meter. Turn off the IDU power. Disconnect the Cable at the IDU and ODU. Use the Volt Ohm Meter and measure for a short by connecting the probe to the center conductor and the connector body. If a short is indicated, check the connectors on each end of the cable for proper assembly. To check for an open cable, place a jumper between the center conductor and the connector body at the opposite end of the cable. Using the Volt Ohm Meter check that the center conductor and the connector body are shorted. If not, check for proper assembly of the connectors.
G F/R G G G G - Y F/R - R F/YOpen / Short cable B terminal
As shown for open / short cable A terminal
Y R X X F/Y - G G F/R G G G IDU A alarm local A solid red LED IDU alarm indicates and internal alarm
G F/R G G G G G - R X X F/Y IDU B alarm local A solid red LED IDU alarm indicates and internal alarm
Y X R G F/Y - G G F/R G G G ODU A alarm local A solid red LED ODU alarm indicates and internal alarm
G G F/R G G G - Y X R G F/Y IDU B alarm local A solid red LED ODU alarm indicates and internal alarm
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ALCATEL Pictures of IDU and ODU of Alcatel is as under: Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
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Software: Nectas Cable: back to back User name: USER Password: USER Installing the software procedure:
1- NECTAS 2- RTP 3- LUX
Above picture is the preview of the software for alcatel. Common alarms on alcatel IDU are:
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List of application that can be accessed from the software nectas is as under:
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When you click the blue rectangle the main screen is displayed:
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Accessing Secondary NE Screens:
Alarm synthesis line:
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Faults:
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Replacing IDU
Replacing ODU
All Types OF Alarms In Alcatel
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DART Pictures of IDU and ODU of Dart is as under: Indoor Unit
Outdoor unit
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Software: Link View Cable: Eltec / MMI Password: 1234 Common alarms on this radio is as under: