how to combine the right ingredients. by dirk sixma & marcel van der zalm

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This article demonstrates how the community of Muang Paem can use their natural resources such as the forest, fish area and agricultural ground to create an attractive and educational food tourism product for the tourists

CBT-I Stenden Rangsit university

159565 & 163252

The north eastern part of Thailand close to the Myanmar border can still be seen as

untouched by mass tourism and therefore the opportunities in this area are still unexplored

and present. Besides beautiful scenery, nature and landscapes the area has a lot of local hill

tribes such as the Karen, the Lahu and the Akha, all trying to preserve and keep their

traditions and culture alive. The main income for most of the tribes or communities exists of

agricultural work where the tribes use cultivated mountain areas to grow fruit, rice, corn,

peanuts and other crops. Most of the tribe people are bilingual and speak their native tongue

as well as Thai. Due to this self reliant way of living tourism is not a must for the inhabitants

and can be seen as an additional income.

One of these beautiful local communities is the community of Muang Paem, a Karen hill tribe

with around 570 inhabitants located 40 min from the main road in the middle of a very scenic

mountainous area. Geographically Muang Paem can be found between Mae Hong Son and

Pai two slightly more known and bigger places in the same area and by car it can be reached

within 2 hours from Mae Hong Son or Pai and 4 hours by car from Chiang Mai. The

community of Muang Paem was founded in the year of 1961 and has had some experience

with tourist in the previous years. Back in the days the community offered a elephant tour for

the tourists but due to destruction of the agricultural lands as well as the forest the

community stopped with this attraction, another activity the community offered was bamboo

rafting but due to the new dams this is not longer possible. Both attractions already

mentioned above are not comparable at all with the setup and intensions of CBT and due to

this the community itself had little to no benefits in the past from the tourists visiting their

village. This is a sad thing because due to this the community of Muang Paem still has a lot

to learn in terms of English, tourist needs and seeing and using opportunities.

To help the community of Muang Paem and other similar communities this article is written,

and this article tends to demonstrates how the community of Muang Paem can use their

natural resources such as the forest, fish area and agricultural ground to create an attractive

and educational food tourism product for the tourists. According to the outcome of a survey

conducted among tourist by the Bangkok University Research center and published on the

website of The Government Public Relations Department (2010) of Thailand showed that

food tourism in Thailand is getting more popular. The outcome of the questionnaire was that

63,3 percent of the international tourists visit the country because of the food, this fact alone

can be seen has a major stimulator why it can and should be successful.

For the community itself it is important to understand and realize what they have in terms of

natural resources and opportunities for creating an attractive food tourism product. It is also

important to see if there is a demand for this type of product and what the possible hazards

might be while implementing it. In order to see if there are any hazards, chances or

opportunities for this food tourism product 15 interviews have been conducted with tourists

from all over the world, varying from the United States of America to Germany. Thirteen of

the fifteen interviews have been conducted in Chiang Mai and two interviews where done

with tourists passing by in Muang Paem. The tourists interviewed in Chiang Mai where all

met in different bars and most of these tourists looked interesting from a personal point of

view. The two tourists passing by in Muang Paem where nature lovers and both around the

thirty years old, a nice fact was that both of them liked the idea of a food tourism product in

combination with a home stay.

All the interviews schemes are included in the appendix of this article and the interviews

function as source for the following paragraphs. Furthermore can be said that the interviews

among the tourists have been conducted to show the demand side; are the tourists willing to

go there and would a food tourism product make it more appealing. All the interviews and

observations done in the community itself are done with the help of a translator or with a

local guide/farmer who only could speak very basic English. Besides the interviews with

tourists as well as locals the authors of this article conducted research via observation and

small talks with the local community members.

To start, it can be mentioned that many people are not familiar with the term community

based tourism, a few of the interviewees made a wild guess and described the words more

literally than the actual idea behind community based tourism ”tourism in a small community”

was one of the most common guesses. The good thing was that after a short explanation

about what community based tourism entails and what the main goals are many of the

interviewees seemed to be more interested. Besides this observation of body language one

can also assume that many of the interviewees are willing to book a community based

tourism trip but many of the interviewees had no clue where to book it. Due to this one can

assume that there is an interest for this type of tourism but the companies organizing these

tours are coping with more or less the same problems as the term itself and are lacking in

proper marketing(Personal communication, interviews tourists 12-06-2013).

Do you know about community based tourism? (In total 15 persons asked)

Yes, but extra explanation was needed.

After the short introduction about community based tourism in general the interviewees

where asked if a food tourism product would increase the likeability of them booking a tour,

according to the World Food Travel Association (2012) food tourism can be explained as

“The pursuit and enjoyment of unique and memorable food and drink experiences, both far

and near” this can be linked to Muang Paem where they have opportunities to combine

hiking and food gathering together with cooking workshops in order to design an appealing

food tourism product what could be attractive for those who are looking for unique and

memorable food experiences.

The interviewees where explained that the food tourism product was a combination of hiking

through the forest, gathering eatable plants, fishing and learning how to cook it. Due to the

answers on this particular question one can assume that there is a growing market for food

tourism products this is supported by the previous mentioned survey, especially the fact that

people have a chance to gather their own food sounds really appealing to man and woman.

Moreover can be mentioned that most of the interviewees liked the idea of the community

benefiting from the tourism itself instead of a big tour operator or investor and most of the

interviewees said that this was something they really appreciated(Personal communication,

interviews tourists 12-06-2013).

In a nutshell can be said that most of the interviewees are not fully aware about community

based tourism and what it entails, so this is still something to work on in order to make it

work. In addition to this can be said that many of the interviewees liked the idea of a food

tourism product in combination with the active elements such as food gathering, hiking and

fishing. As been mentioned before the idea behind community based tourism was new and

sounded appealing to many of the interviewees.

In order to see what the possibilities are to implement a food tourism product in Muang Paem

a research has been conducted in the village. The research was mainly focused on the

villages cooking culture, as well as how the villagers gain the different ingredients in order to

prepare their meals. To begin with the village people eat three meals a day, in the morning

they start with breakfast, followed by lunch in the afternoon and dinner in the evening and

each of them consist of many different components, although this could be a bit unusual for

western people because even for breakfast the Karen people eat quit a heavy meal what is

comparable to the lunch and dinner. A typical meal served in the village mainly consists of

the following dishes rice, soup, vegetables, eggs and meat or fish. The people in the village

eat many different kind of rice mostly grown by them self in the paddy fields or on the hills,

the rice gained from the hills is a bit sticky compared to the rice from the paddy fields.

Besides rice the village people eat a lot of eggs mostly collected from their own chickens and

are prepared in many different ways, meals can include scrambled eggs, omelets mixed with

vegetables, boiled eggs and even poached eggs are being served. Moreover probably one of

the most important aspects of a Karen meal is chili paste, this can be found in every meal

and is even served at breakfast. The main ingredient is chili although there are many

varieties of the paste it can include for example different kind of vegetables, fruits, fish, or

even mashed crickets. The Karen people eat the paste together with rice or use it as a dip for

their vegetables. Another important aspect of a Karen meal is vegetables, these are often

home grown or collected from the fields or forest, and are prepared in many different ways.

To continue another component that is served with almost every meal is fish, poultry or meat,

although meat is quit expensive and therefore often only consumed on special occasions, the

fish is often caught in the river next to the village although nowadays many village people

use canned fish bought at the local shop as well. Besides that do many farmers rear

chickens, pigs, cows or water buffalos but most of them have only a few therefore the meat is

valuable to them and most of the time only consumed during a special occasion. Next to all

the mentioned ingredients the Karen people do also use ingredients that are unusual or new

for especially western people, depending on the season meals can include products such as

frogs, squirrel, rat, different kind of birds or even bats. All in all it can be said that the variety

of dishes and different food products served in Muang Paem could be very appealing for

food travelers in search of a new experience (CBT-I, 2012).

Another aspect that could be attractive for food tourist is the way how the village people grow

or gather their food products. As mentioned, are almost all the ingredients are homegrown or

collected from the paddy fields, forest or river and many village people often talk about the

‘natural supermarket’ referring to their important natural resources. The food gathering could

be used as an active element in the food tourism product. For example tourists could collect

different ingredients from the ‘natural supermarket’ with help of a local guide who is

informing them about the taste and use of the different herbs and vegetables that can be

found. Furthermore could the guide take them to the so called fish preservation zone to

inform them about this unique project, as well as showing them how the local people catch

fish. Furthermore, although depending on the season the guide could explain or even show

how products such as crickets, rats and bats are being caught. After the hike a cooking

workshop could be given including the products that are collected that day, important for the

cooking workshop is that the community members should actually allow the tourists to cook

and make their own dishes with their expertise to guide the tourists trough the whole

process.

All in all the village has many cultural and natural resources by combining them a unique and

appealing food tourism product can be created, with benefits not only for the tourists but the

community as well. To begin with the traveler can taste and experience the local food that is

different and unique compared to western and even popular Thai dishes. Besides that do the

village people use little or no pesticides and hormones in order to grown their products. In

addition to that will the hike add an active element to the food tourism product, during which

the tourist can discover the beautiful surrounding and gain knowledge about the different

food sources, as well as hunting and fishing techniques. Moreover for the community it can

have the following benefits, to begin with they can show and inform the tourists about their

cultural and natural resources. Furthermore with an appealing food tourism product more

tourist could be attracted, as well as their length of stay could be extended. At the end the

income gained from tourism will increase from which many village people can benefit.

Nevertheless the community based tourism concept itself as well as the Muang Paem

community are both in need of creating more brand awareness among travelers. This can be

done with more marketing via for example social media. A difficulty for the community itself is

the language barrier, only a few people in the community speak a little bit of English and this

can make it difficult for tourists visiting the community. Another possible pit fall is the fact that

the tourists might have a different image of whole product, community or even the cooking

workshop and the experience can be less good as expected. Therefore it is extremely

important that the information provided to the tourists as well as to the community is clear for

both sides to decrease possible negative outcomes. An important aspect mentioned by the

local community members is that the visiting tourists should be physically well in shape

because the hike through the forest, rice paddies and river area is quite demanding for the

body.

To conclude the overall research it can be stated that the potential of the product is high in

terms of the available resources from the supplying side but as well as the interest from the

tourist perspective. The only thing left to do is making a mixture of the right ingredients and

create an appealing an educational program.

Reference list

CBT-I. (2012). Participatory Cultural Mapping for Community Based Tourism (CBT).

The government public relations department. (2013). Thai Food Cited as the Most Attractive to International Tourists. Retrieved on the 17th of May from http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_news.php?id=5448&a=2

World Food Travel Association. (2012). What is Food Tourism? Retrieved on the 16th of June

from http://www.worldfoodtravel.org/our-story/what-is-food-tourism/

Appendix 1: 15 interviews with tourists

Do you know CBT?

Persons who answered yes

Persons who answered no

persons who answered a little bit.

In Total where 15 persons interviewed.

Question: Answer : Yes Answer: No

Do you know CBT? 1 person, and 1 person a little bit.

13 persons

Would you be intersted in booking a CBT tour?

11, and 2 maybe but due to their amount of money not at this moment.

2 persons

Would a food tourism product make it more interesting?

10 persons, 3 maybe due to money, don’t like to kill animal.

2 persons

Important aspects of holiday in Thailand(most named are shown).

Nature, meeting people, places worth visiting, night life, wildlife and temples.

The table and graphs below shows the most important questions of the interview

done with the tourists and the outcome of these questions.

Would you be interested in booking a CBT tour?

Persons who answered yes

Persons who answered no

persons who answered maybe

Would a food tourism product in combination with CBT make it more

intersting?

persons answered yes

persons answered no

Persons answered maybe

Dear tourists,

We are two tourism students from the Netherlands and are doing a minor in Thailand at the Stenden Rangsit university of Bangkok, the research we are doing now is concerned with community based tourism in Thailand and we are trying to create or improve the already offered tourism product of the community. Therefore the purpose of this questionnaire is to see whether or not you know what community based tourism entails and if you would be interested to go there. Secondly of a food tourism product offered in combination with community based tourism would be interesting for you?

1. How old are you ?

25, female

2. What is your nationality?

Germany

3. How long have you been in Thailand?

For 4,5 months now

4. What kind of activities do you like to do while traveling trough Thailand?

See nature, experience a different culture and meet nice people

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success?

Like I mentioned before nature, people and new experiences.

6. Do you know about community based tourism?

(if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words)

No, but I have a idea of what it can be I think that with community based tourism is meant that it is tourism in a small community. (we explained shortly the more precise meaning of CBT).

7. Would you be interested in experiencing a community based tourism trip?

(give short explanation for chosen answer)

Yes, especially in a beautiful natural area and I like the idea the community benefits from it themselves instead of a big investor or tour operator.

8. Would a CBT food tourism product make it more interesting for you?

(this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes)

Maybe not more interesting but I would certainly do it when I am there anyways, especially the food gathering and seeing the different way of cooking sounds really nice to me

9. How many days should the trip be in total?

I think a few days would be nice, I don’t now actually but maybe 2-3 nights.

Dear tourists,



22, female


Great Britain (England)


2 months by now


Adventure activities, sightseeing and meeting people

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? nice people, nice surrounding, adventure activities



Yes I think so, it is a tourism product setup by the community itself is it not? We explained the goals of CBT and what we have been experiencing.



Yes, but not for too long because I need a good toilet and shower after a few days but I like the whole concept.



Yes and no, I would not book it only for the food but if it was part of the trip it would think it is really interesting because I have never been gathering my own food and the cooking on a wooden fire as well sounds like a lovely experience.


Like I said not to long maybe 1-2 nights.

Dear tourists,



29, male


Singapore


2,5 weeks


Sightseeing, nature trips and hiking

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? see nature, hiking trips and good food



No, we explained it to him and what the goals of CBT are



Yes, sounds cool especially the fact that the community benefits as well as the staying in a nice natural area.



Yes, especially the whole process of gathering, fishing cooking and learning from there expertise while walking trough nature, Where can I book this?


1-3 nights I guess.

Dear tourists,



31, male(with girlfriend)


France


Almost 6 weeks now


Enjoy the Thai culture and food, meet people and find inspiration for my book.

(wants to write a book about his travels and has been traveling for 2 years almost by now).

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? new culture, good food, hearing interesting stories from other people.



No, we explained the meaning of CBT and told him our experience of the last few weeks.

(who knows we might end up in his book).



Yes sounds really nice, something I have not done before and the fact that the local community benefits from it is according to me really good this is how tourism should be in more places.



Yes defiantly, I love cooking and eating new dishes. The gathering from the forest as well as the chance to catch your own fish sounds really nice and for me it would make it defiantly more interesting.


3-4 nights I guess, don’t really know actually.

Dear tourists,



27, female (France writer his girlfriend)


United States of America


Also 6 weeks, have been traveling with her boyfriend for 8 months now.


Nature, meeting people, good food, new experiences

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? good food, nice people, shared experiences with boyfriend



No, explained it to her at the same time as we did to her boyfriend.



Yes, never done it before and I have done volunteer work in Africa and have some experience with staying at local communities and at a amazing time while doing this in Africa.



Yes, but I don’t like it to see how they kill animals but the food gathering in the forest sounds really cool actually.


Same also 3-4 nights(I stayed two weeks in Africa at the same community).

Dear tourists,



22, male


Holland


2 months


Party, meet people and experience a new culture as well as sightseeing

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? people, food and party.



No, we explained it to him shortly in Dutch this time.



No, but I think when I am a little bit older I probably will be but now I only have limited time before I start with my study again.



This trip in general sounds appealing to me, hunting, gathering food from the forest and hike all sounds nice but just for a day.


1 day

Dear tourists,



51, male


England


2 years, with small trips in between in order to extend my visa.


Im living here but I like the Thai food, culture and mentality of the people.

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? food, mentality of the people(happy and always smiling), peace and tranquility.



No I have never heard of it, we explain and I looks very interested.



Yes defiantly, sounds marvelous and really interesting he had a similar experience in the south if Thailand where he lived in a small village for 3 months but it got boring after a while.



Maybe not as a product but I am really eager to see and learn where the food is coming from what they use and why and especially how to cook it.


2-5 nights I assume.

Dear tourists,



21, male


Israel


Till now 2 weeks, but I will stay for 3 months in total


I like to meet new people, discover new things

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? A nice place to sleep with good food and interesting people



No



Not really, at the moment I prefer to stay in the cities, but maybe when I am older I will like it



I like good food, but at the moment I would not book something like that


-

Dear tourists, We are two tourism students from the Netherlands and are doing a minor in Thailand at the Stenden Rangsit university of Bangkok, the research we are doing now is concerned with community based tourism in Thailand and we are trying to create or improve the already offered tourism product of the community. Therefore the purpose of this questionnaire is to see whether or not you know what community based tourism entails and if you would be interested to go there. Secondly of a food tourism product offered in combination with community based tourism would be interesting for you?

1. How old are you ? 35, female


England

3. How long have you been in Thailand? Almost 1 year, after traveling a lot I am now teaching children in Chiang Mai English


Having a drink and a laugh, besides that I like sightseeing

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? Good nightlife, but also nature and wildlife


(if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words) No


(give short explanation for chosen answer) Sure, it sounds interesting, besides that I have seen a lot during my traveling but never experienced something like that


(this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) Yes, I like food but it should be something new, because I have had already a lot of Asian food, therefor I would prefer something new and different


A few days maximum a week




Germany

3. How long have you been in Thailand? 5 days


Traveling and visiting interesting places

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? Nice places to visit such as a temple, but also a beach and a bit of sun


(if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words) No


(give short explanation for chosen answer) Maybe, but I don't think I have the money for it at the moment

8. Would a CBT food tourism product make it more interesting for you? (this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) Yes, is would definitely add something to it


1 week


1. How old are you ? 34


USA

3. How long have you been in Thailand? About 6 months, I work in Bangkok and now I am visiting the north to relax a bit


While traveling mostly relaxing

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during

your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? I prefer a good hotel, fresh food, but also a bar with some entertainment for example a pool table


(if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words) A little bit, is it tourism in small communities?


(give short explanation for chosen answer) Yes, but I do not have a lot of time because of my job


(this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) It would definitely make it an interesting product, therefor I think I would be interested


When then only a few days about 2 or 3


1. How old are you ? 20, male


Spain

3. How long have you been in Thailand? 2 weeks


Sport activities such as bungee jumping rafting, but I am also planning to hike through the mountains

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during

your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? Places where I can practice the sport activities and a nice natural environment

6. Do you know about community based tourism? (if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words) No


(give short explanation for chosen answer) Yes


(this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) Yes I think it would make the tourism product complete


1 week




Germany

3. How long have you been in Thailand? 3 days, I just visited Cambodia


Visiting many places and try a lot of local food

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? Local markets without many tourists, temples and other places worth to visit



(give short explanation for chosen answer) Maybe, depends on the type of accommodation

8. Would a CBT food tourism product make it more interesting for you? (this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) Yes, the food would make it definitely more attractive for me


2 or 3 days




France

3. How long have you been in Thailand? 2 weeks

4. What kind of activities do you like to do while traveling trough

Thailand? Trying new things, especially food and visiting a Spa

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included

during your stay in Thailand in order to make it a success? Restaurants with good food, a Spa, friendly people


7. Would you be interested in experiencing a community based tourism

trip? (give short explanation for chosen answer) No, I think I prefer luxury


(this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes) No, although it would make it more appealing


2-3 days


1. How old are you ? 22, male

2. What is your nationality? China


1 week

4. What kind of activities do you like to do while traveling trough Thailand? Renting a bike and travel through the mountains, meet new people

5. What are the three most important aspects that should be included during your stay in

Thailand in order to make it a success? It should not be to expensive, I want to see many news things and taste Thai food

6. Do you know about community based tourism? (if no we can explain shortly, if yes explain in your own words)

No

7. Would you be interested in experiencing a community based tourism trip? (give short explanation for chosen answer)

Yes, never done anything like it and im always open for new experiences.

8. Would a CBT food tourism product make it more interesting for you? (this includes gathering the ingredients, see where the food comes from, understand what the people eat and how to prepare/cook the dishes)

Yes

9. How many days should the trip be in total? About a week

Appendix 2: Tour guide + pictures of ingredients and cattle. Name : Pee

Age: 52 years old

Profession: worked as a tour guide for several years, served as a soldier in the army and is

now working as a farmer in Muang Paem.

The interviews we had with our guide where informal and took place during the walk through

the forest, where the guide tried to show us as much as possible.

Two times we were taken to the community forest, rice paddies and fish conservation area.

During these hikes which both times took from around 8.30 in the morning till 15.00 hour the

guide shared a lot of local knowledge and forests wisdoms with us. Between all the green

that can be found in the forest this time of year the guide was able to distinguish even the

smallest eatable plants. Even though he tried to shows us everything we were of course not

able to reveal all the secrets of the forest but we managed to see and taste a lot. Most of the

plants that day have been photographed and are displayed in the following pages. After the

hike the tour guide showed us the cattle they use, eat and have as well as the local grown

fruits and other vegetables most community members have in their gardens.

Forest eatables:

Name: Mala/sukasa Used for: soups Taste: Slightly bitter (spinach)

Name: Eggplant (only eat the fruit) Used for: curry, soup, raw with chili paste Taste: Bitter (European eggplant)

Name: Tapador/Pake Used for: soup with chicken Taste: Fresh

Name: Frog Used in: Fried with lemongrass, chili, garlic(if smelss with Patsi, next picture) Taste: mixture chicken and fish

Name: Patsi Used for: frog dishes to take away bad smell. Taste: smells like mandarin.

Name: Pakoe(Thai)/Pupludo(Karen) /Fern(English) Used for: soup, fried with egg. Taste: smells like cucumber.

Name: Paksyke Used for: cook as vegetable Taste: Sweet and little bitter

Name: Rice Used for: Breakfast, lunch and diner Taste: ordinary rice

Name: Sopoi Used for: Taste: sour

Name: Patnamnoi Used for: soup, fried Taste:

Name: Boeha(Thai)/Gabo(Karen) Used for: together with rice Taste: itchy, only use inside

Name: Ka (Thai)/chuke(Karen) Used for: chicken and beef Taste:

Name: Sodor(Karen) Used for: raw as a salad Taste: little bit bitter

Name: Sompi Used for: with potato Taste: sour, bitter

Name: Posro/Katsja Used for: salad Taste: fresh

Name: Heo(Thai) / Popeludoe(Karen) Used for: soup, cooked and fried with egg. Taste: hazelnut

Name: Padnam (Thai) / Hotbublo (Karen) Used for: soup, cooked or fried. Taste:

Name: Ma-u Used for: with raw meat Taste: smells like lemon.

Name: Pa-ilen Used for: soup, chili paste Taste: smells like lemon.

Name: Used for: Taste: mushroom

Name: Chili Used for: Chili paste Taste: Spicy

Name: Crickets Used for: Chili paste Taste: earth

Name: Fish Used for: Taste: fish

Cattle

Name: pig

Name: Chicken

Name: Cow

Name: Water Buffalo

Homegrown:

Name: garlic

Name: Chili

Name: Jackfruit

Name: Pumpkin

Name: Mango

Name: Coconut.

Name: Banana.

how to combine the right ingredients. by dirk sixma & marcel van der zalm

Documents

community of muang paem

fish area

tourists cbt

agricultural ground

mass tourism

international tourists

scenic mountainous area

agricultural work