how to cite sources apa style
DESCRIPTION
Basic rules for citing sources, presenting tables and figures, and using heading are presented. Examples are provided.TRANSCRIPT
How You Should Cite Sources APA Style
The American Psychological Association (APA) developed a style to help us express essential information of research in a uniform and unambiguous way.
APA style has become a standard to reference sources in journals, books, electronic databases, theses/ dissertations, research reports, academic papers, etc.
APA rules refer to a wide scope of elements of referencing sources, manuscript writing, reporting inferential statistics, electronic presentation of data, and publication process. Such amount of information has been presented in many manuals and web pages. That makes the theme intimidating for students. However, there are some basic rules that can be easily learned. They refer to citing, presentation of tables and figures, and use of headings. If you learn them, you will need help only for specific and less common cases.
Areas of Basic Rules to Be Presented
• Citation • Tables and Figures • Headings
Periodicals
1. Journal
2. Magazine
3. Newspaper
Citation
Books 1. Printed Book 2. Edited Book 3. Ebook 4. Chapter in a Book
Periodicals (I)
• Basic format
Journal Article
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year of publication).
Title of article.
Title of Journal,
Volume number
(Issue), Page(s).
Burik, S. (2009). Opening philosophy to the world: Derrida and education in philosophy. Educational Theory, 59(3), 297-312. Format tips: • Times New Roman font • Only journal title has the first letter of each word capitalized
Periodicals (II)
• Journal article with digital object identifier (DOI): – Same basic format – DOI included after the page number
• Journal article retrieved online: – Home page URL included after the page number – URL should be preceded by the phrase “Retrieved from http://” – No retrieval date is needed
• Journal article written by more than one author: – Include surnames and initials for up to seven authors – If there are eight or more authors, include the first six authors, then write three ellipses, and add the last
author
Journal Article
Periodicals (III)
• Basic format
Magazine Article
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year, month of publication).
Title of article.
Title of Magazine,
Volume number
(Issue), Page(s).
Shanahan, T. (2013, November). You want me to read what?. Educational Leadership, 71(3), 10-15. Online magazine: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”
Periodicals (IV)
• Basic format
Newspaper Article
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year, month and day of publication).
Title of article.
Title of Newspaper,
Page(s). Preceded by “p.” or pp.”
Applebaum, B. (2013, November 21 ). Fed looks for other way to aid economy. The New York Times, p. B1. • If an article appears in on discontinuous pages, write all page numbers separated with a
comma • Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”
Books (I)
• Basic format
Printed Book
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year of publication).
Title of book.
City of publication,
State abbreviation or country (if relevant):
Publisher.
Sullo, B. (2007). Activating the desire to learn. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Sommers, C. & Sommers, F. (2004). Vice & virtue in everyday life: Introductory readings in ethics. London, UK: Thomson.
Books (II)
• Basic format
Edited Book
Noll, J.W. (Ed.). (2011). Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Editor’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Ed.). or (Eds.).
(Year of publication).
Title of book.
City of publication.
State abbreviation or country:
Publisher.
Books (III)
• Basic format
Ebook
Denscombe, M. (2010). The good research guide: For small social research projects. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year of publication).
Title of book. Retrieved from ….
Books (IV)
• Ebook that is only in digital format: – Write “(n.d.)” instead of year of publication
• Ebook with digital object identifier (DOI): – Include DOI at the end of the reference
• Ebook with a specific kind of edition: – Include the type and version of ebook before the retrieval information. For example, “[ Kindle Fire version]”
Ebook
Books (V)
• Basic format
Chapter in a book
Wittrock, M. (1998). Cognition and subject matter learning. In N.M. Lambert & B.L. McCombs (Eds.). How students learn: Reforming schools through learner-centered education (pp. 143-151). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Author’s surname,
First (and middle) name initial.
(Year of publication).
Title of chapter.
In Initial(s). Surname of editor(s)
(Ed.). or (Eds.).
Title of book (no period)
(pp. x – xx).
City, State abbreviation:
Publisher.
In-‐text Citation
• Hart (2005) pointed out “In order to review a research literature you must be able to understand the design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research itself” (p.44)
• Hart (2005) pointed out three conditions to review a research literature.
• Understanding of design issues, methodological traditions and the specifics of research are essential to develop a literature review (Hart, 2005).
Different Ways of Doing It
Tables and Figures
• Tables and figures are used to (a) help readers understand the discussion and (b) display results.
• Limit their content to the essential information. Do not overuse them. • They should be identified using the following format: chapter number. table/figure
number. For example, table 4.1 (it means the table is the first of chapter 4). However, your university may have different rules.
• Refer to them using their identification number rather than expressions like “the table
above” or “the figure on page 75”.
Example of table
Example of Ligure
Headings
APA style suggests five levels of headings (APA, 2010, p.62):
Level Format 1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Instruments to Gather Data
2 Flush LeA, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Surveys
3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Paragraph begins in line with the heading. Reading comprehension test. Reading comprehension scores were gathered….
4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Form A of the reading comprehension test.
5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph ending with a period. Items included in the form A of the reading comprehension test.
Rules to Remember
• Author’s first name should be given only with initials.
• Titles of books and journals are italicized in the reference list, not titles of articles or chapters.
• Only journal titles have the first letter of each word capitalized.
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon.
• State abbreviations should be after the city of publication and followed by a colon.
• Use Times New Roman or Courier New 12 point fonts.
• When quoting the exact words of an author (direct quotation) that are 40 words or more, write
them in a block without quotation marks. If the quotation is shorter than 40 words, use quotation
marks. In both cases, write the page number between parentheses at the end of the quotation.
Now You Know APA Basic Rules for:
Any Question?
1. Citing: 1. Journal articles 2. Magazine articles 3. Newspaper articles 4. Printed books 5. Edited books 6. Ebooks 7. Chapter in a book
2. Using tables and figures 3. Using headings 4. Some rules to remember
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