how to avoid an ugly presentation of your excellent ... · 2.themicro-scale:lettersandwords...
TRANSCRIPT
HOW TO AVOID AN UGLY PRESENTATION OFYOUR EXCELLENT RESULTS
An Introduction to Typography
Lars Ole Schwen
MEVIS Academy, Bremen, 2014-03-21
[http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS
HOW TO AVOID AN UGLY PRESENTATION OFYOUR EXCELLENT RESULTS
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Typography—Why Should You Care?
In today’s life, printed text is everywhere.
Now that’s a pretty strong claim …but
Q: Who remembers the last time you were more than 5 metres away fromany printed word?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Typography—Why Should You Care?
In today’s life, printed text is everywhere.
Now that’s a pretty strong claim …
but
Q: Who remembers the last time you were more than 5 metres away fromany printed word?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Typography—Why Should You Care?
In today’s life, printed text is everywhere.
Now that’s a pretty strong claim …but
Q: Who remembers the last time you were more than 5 metres away fromany printed word?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Disclaimer
This talk latin alphabet only combined from 30-hour typographiy/editorial work course and 5 hours
LATEX course at JUB aim: typographical results but not how to use software package X I’m not using standard terminology for my “scales”
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Criteria for Good Texts
Pick your favourite type of document product sheet of a medical product presentation at an important conference cover letter of a job application MSc thesis of your student …
You will probably pay attention to content correct language correct written in appropriate structure layout/look professional
Let’s look at some dummy texts …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Criteria for Good Texts
Pick your favourite type of document product sheet of a medical product presentation at an important conference cover letter of a job application MSc thesis of your student …
You will probably pay attention to content correct language correct written in appropriate structure layout/look professional
Let’s look at some dummy texts …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Criteria for Good Texts
Pick your favourite type of document product sheet of a medical product presentation at an important conference cover letter of a job application MSc thesis of your student …
You will probably pay attention to content correct language correct written in appropriate structure layout/look professional
Let’s look at some dummy texts …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (1)
The British com pany Sunflower Inc..was founded in 1728 and first did busi-ness in pro-ducing beer. After itsfounderJohn Shoemaker was killed in a duel,
his wife Barbara continued expand-ing the com-pany to the Irish market.Whiskey sold in red barrels becamean instant success in Kent.
Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1757, soon after London
experienced a rainy winter.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (1)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (2)
The pritsh caompagny SunflauwwerInc. wass funded in 1728 and 1st deedbusinniss in produccing biier. FounderJohn Shoemaker kilt in duel, waif Bar-bara continued expundding companyto Eyerish market. Whizzcey solt inred borrel beceime intsna soukes inKent.
Barbara Shoemaker merryd egeinin 1757, uson efftr Lunodn had rainywinter.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (2)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (3)
The British company Sunflower Inc.was founded in 1728 and first did busi-ness in producing frozen food. Af-ter its founder John Shoemaker waskilled in a duel, his wife Barbara con-tinued expanding the company to theAfrican market. Newly invented redwindmills became an instant successin Laos.
Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1857, soon after Japan hosted thesoccer world cup.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (3)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (4)
The British company Sunflower Inc.was founded in 1728 and first didbusiness in producing beer. After itsfounder John Shoemaker was killedin a duel, his wife Barbara continuedexpanding the company to the Irishmarket. Whiskey sold in red barrelsbecame an instant success in Kent.
Barbara Shoemaker married againin 1757, soon after London experienceda rainy winter.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Q: What Do You Think? (4)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
How Does Reading Work?
[S., 2010]
eye focuses on a few points per line recognizes shapes of words rather than individual characters
Read quickly:
This siltl wrkos if chcaartres in wrdos are tatlloy mxied up.q.e.d. ,
Requirements guidance through one line allow jump to next line
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
How Does Reading Work?
[S., 2010]
eye focuses on a few points per line recognizes shapes of words rather than individual characters
Read quickly:
This siltl wrkos if chcaartres in wrdos are tatlloy mxied up.q.e.d. ,
Requirements guidance through one line allow jump to next line
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
How Does Reading Work?
[S., 2010]
eye focuses on a few points per line recognizes shapes of words rather than individual characters
Read quickly:
This siltl wrkos if chcaartres in wrdos are tatlloy mxied up.q.e.d. ,
Requirements guidance through one line allow jump to next line
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
How Does Reading Work?
[S., 2010]
eye focuses on a few points per line recognizes shapes of words rather than individual characters
Read quickly:
This siltl wrkos if chcaartres in wrdos are tatlloy mxied up.q.e.d. ,
Requirements guidance through one line allow jump to next line
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
1. Motivation
Most Important Typographic Rules
1. Consistency.
2. Consistency.
3. Consistency.
4. Emphasize what deserves emphasis, and only that.
5. Rules may be broken, but they must not be ignored.
6. Don’t confuse the reader.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Individual Characters
different languages use Latin alphabet plus different accents/specialcharacters:Encyclopædia Britannica, Français !, ¿Español?, IJsselmeer, Erdöl vs.Erdős, București, …
many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Individual Characters
different languages use Latin alphabet plus different accents/specialcharacters:Encyclopædia Britannica, Français !, ¿Español?, IJsselmeer, Erdöl vs.Erdős, București, …
many things are language specific
English ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Individual Characters
different languages use Latin alphabet plus different accents/specialcharacters:Encyclopædia Britannica, Français !, ¿Español?, IJsselmeer, Erdöl vs.Erdős, București, …
many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashes
Deutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Individual Characters
different languages use Latin alphabet plus different accents/specialcharacters:Encyclopædia Britannica, Français !, ¿Español?, IJsselmeer, Erdöl vs.Erdős, București, …
many things are language specificEnglish ‘single’ and “double” quotes (superscript 6-9 rather than "this") no space before : ? ! (like in French) no spacing—as we see here—around dashesDeutsch „Gänsefüßchen“ (9-6) oder »schönere Anführungszeichen« Einschübe – wie hier – sehen anders aus
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Spacing: English vs. German
Abbreviations I like cheese, e.g., Gouda and Vacherin. Cheese is a dairy product, i.e., not vegan.no spacing, commas
Abkürzungen Ich mag Käse, z. B. Gouda und Vacherin. Käse ist ein Milchprodukt, d. h. nicht vegan.
Numbers/Zahlenpi ≈ 3.142 pi ≈ 3,14210,000 kWh/a 10.000 kWh/a oder 10 000 kWh/a
PossessionFreya’s office Freyas Büro (nicht Freya’s, Freya´s, …)James’ chair (British) James’ StuhlJames’s chair (American)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Spacing: English vs. German
Abbreviations I like cheese, e.g., Gouda and Vacherin. Cheese is a dairy product, i.e., not vegan.no spacing, commas
Abkürzungen Ich mag Käse, z. B. Gouda und Vacherin. Käse ist ein Milchprodukt, d. h. nicht vegan.
Numbers/Zahlenpi ≈ 3.142 pi ≈ 3,14210,000 kWh/a 10.000 kWh/a oder 10 000 kWh/a
PossessionFreya’s office Freyas Büro (nicht Freya’s, Freya´s, …)James’ chair (British) James’ StuhlJames’s chair (American)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Spacing: English vs. German
Abbreviations I like cheese, e.g., Gouda and Vacherin. Cheese is a dairy product, i.e., not vegan.no spacing, commas
Abkürzungen Ich mag Käse, z. B. Gouda und Vacherin. Käse ist ein Milchprodukt, d. h. nicht vegan.
Numbers/Zahlenpi ≈ 3.142 pi ≈ 3,14210,000 kWh/a 10.000 kWh/a oder 10 000 kWh/a
PossessionFreya’s office Freyas Büro (nicht Freya’s, Freya´s, …)James’ chair (British) James’ StuhlJames’s chair (American)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Spacing: English vs. German
Abbreviations I like cheese, e.g., Gouda and Vacherin. Cheese is a dairy product, i.e., not vegan.no spacing, commas
Abkürzungen Ich mag Käse, z. B. Gouda und Vacherin. Käse ist ein Milchprodukt, d. h. nicht vegan.
Numbers/Zahlenpi ≈ 3.142 pi ≈ 3,14210,000 kWh/a 10.000 kWh/a oder 10 000 kWh/a
PossessionFreya’s office Freyas Büro (nicht Freya’s, Freya´s, …)James’ chair (British) James’ StuhlJames’s chair (American)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Fonts and Font Shapes
sans-serif font n simple shape easily readable good for headings, flyers, street signs, …
serif font n guides eye through the line easily recognizable good for multiple lines of text
italic font (not just slanted characters) n emphasize text (think of voice melody when speaking)
bold font n titles, headings (think of shouting vs. speaking)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Fonts and Font Shapes
sans-serif font n simple shape easily readable good for headings, flyers, street signs, …
serif font n guides eye through the line easily recognizable good for multiple lines of text
italic font (not just slanted characters) n emphasize text (think of voice melody when speaking)
bold font n titles, headings (think of shouting vs. speaking)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Fonts and Font Shapes
sans-serif font n simple shape easily readable good for headings, flyers, street signs, …
serif font n guides eye through the line easily recognizable good for multiple lines of text
italic font (not just slanted characters) n emphasize text (think of voice melody when speaking)
bold font n titles, headings (think of shouting vs. speaking)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Proper Bold vs. Poor Man’s Bold
(just thickened, shrunken eyes)
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
(properly designed bold)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Proper Italic vs. Poor Man’s Italic
(just slanted)
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
(properly designed italics; notice the a, f, and w)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Proper Small Caps vs. Poor Man’s Small Caps
(smaller capital letters; thinner lines)
The quick fox Johnny RunnerThe quick fox Johnny Runner
The The The(properly designed small caps:height like lowercase characters, proper line thickness)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Text Figures vs. Lining Figures
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum12 ut, placerat 456 ac, adipiscing vitae, fe-lis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Namarcu 2014 libero, nonummy eget, consectetuerid, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula au-gue eu neque. Pellentesque habitant morbitristique 2014 senectus et netus et malesuadafames ac turpis 456 egestas. Mauris ut LEO.Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice
writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate
using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasizing Text
Not all words in a text are of equal importance.
4 using italic text is usually the method of choice writing text bold may be appropriate using SMALL CAPSSMALL CAPSSMALL CAPS may be useful for names
8 changing color is OK in presentations, but not in printed text
8 underlining in printed texts is an ugly relic from typewriters(OK on web pages for hyperlinks)
8 mixing fonts may look rather uglyunless you know what you are doingmatch or matching contrast font size (including relative size of ascenders/descenders) line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasis Examples
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut,placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabiturdictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero,nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque.Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncussem.
italic does not change grey value (i.e., does not “stick out”)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasis Examples
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut,placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabiturdictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero,nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque.Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncussem.
neither do small caps
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Emphasis Examples
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetueradipiscing elit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut,placerat ac, adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabiturdictum gravida mauris. Nam arcu libero,nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque.Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.Mauris ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncussem.
bold changes grey value, i.e., sticks out
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
[S., 2010]
Q: How often did I format things in bold?a) 1 to 10 timesb) 11 to 100 timesc) 101 to 1000 timesd) more than 1000 timesNone of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
[S., 2010]
Q: How often did I format things in bold?a) 1 to 10 timesb) 11 to 100 timesc) 101 to 1000 timesd) more than 1000 timesNone of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
[S., 2010]
Q: How often did I format things in bold?a) 1 to 10 timesb) 11 to 100 timesc) 101 to 1000 timesd) more than 1000 timesNone of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
[S., 2010]
Q: How often did I format things in bold?a) 1 to 10 timesb) 11 to 100 timesc) 101 to 1000 timesd) more than 1000 timesNone of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
Q: How often did I format things in bold?
a) 1 to 10 times
b) 11 to 100 times
c) 101 to 1000 times
d) more than 1000 times
None of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
Q: How often did I format things in bold?
a) 1 to 10 times
b) 11 to 100 times
c) 101 to 1000 times
d) more than 1000 times
None of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
When to Use Formatting
Bold is used frequently throughout my PhD thesis …
Q: How often did I format things in bold?
a) 1 to 10 times
b) 11 to 100 times
c) 101 to 1000 times
d) more than 1000 times
None of the above. 0 times.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring I
[S., 2010]What is this?
8 Bold 14pt font “7.4 Homogenization”, 0.5 additional lines of spacingafterwards. Need to make sure it does not appear at the bottom of apage without following text. Need to put it in the table of contents …we’re on page 136, if this does not get shifted.
4 section heading “Homogenization”
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring I
[S., 2010]What is this?
8 Bold 14pt font “7.4 Homogenization”, 0.5 additional lines of spacingafterwards. Need to make sure it does not appear at the bottom of apage without following text. Need to put it in the table of contents …we’re on page 136, if this does not get shifted.
4 section heading “Homogenization”
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring I
[S., 2010]What is this?
8 Bold 14pt font “7.4 Homogenization”, 0.5 additional lines of spacingafterwards. Need to make sure it does not appear at the bottom of apage without following text. Need to put it in the table of contents …we’re on page 136, if this does not get shifted.
4 section heading “Homogenization”
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring II
[S., 2010]What is this?
8 Bold “Figure 1.3.”, medium “Sample and image …”, indented starting inthe second line, text to be kept below the image. … Oh wait, therealready was a Figure 1.3, I’ll need to change that. … And also at thepositions where I referred to the previous Figure 1.3. No, wait, whichone did I mean??
4 figure caption “Sample and image …”(with a label to which I can refer elsewhere and get the correct number)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring II
[S., 2010]What is this?8 Bold “Figure 1.3.”, medium “Sample and image …”, indented starting in
the second line, text to be kept below the image. … Oh wait, therealready was a Figure 1.3, I’ll need to change that. … And also at thepositions where I referred to the previous Figure 1.3. No, wait, whichone did I mean??
4 figure caption “Sample and image …”(with a label to which I can refer elsewhere and get the correct number)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring II
[S., 2010]What is this?8 Bold “Figure 1.3.”, medium “Sample and image …”, indented starting in
the second line, text to be kept below the image. … Oh wait, therealready was a Figure 1.3, I’ll need to change that. … And also at thepositions where I referred to the previous Figure 1.3. No, wait, whichone did I mean??
4 figure caption “Sample and image …”(with a label to which I can refer elsewhere and get the correct number)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring III
structure your text, don’t format it
leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/… this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing
use structural view rather than WYSIWYG do first things first do last things last
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring III
structure your text, don’t format it leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/…
this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing
use structural view rather than WYSIWYG do first things first do last things last
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring III
structure your text, don’t format it leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/… this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing
use structural view rather than WYSIWYG do first things first do last things last
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Formatting vs. Structuring III
structure your text, don’t format it leave consistent formatting to appropriate templates/macros/… this also automatically takes care of correct entries in table of contents cross-referencing
use structural view rather than WYSIWYG do first things first do last things last
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Kerning, Ligatures
Kerning
Tea VortexKerning disabled
Tea Vortex
correct ligatures (German)
Schiff flüssig finden [http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
incorrect ligatures (German)
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflagecorrect without ligatures
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflage
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Kerning, Ligatures
Kerning
Tea VortexKerning disabled
Tea Vortex
correct ligatures (German)
Schiff flüssig finden
[http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
incorrect ligatures (German)
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflagecorrect without ligatures
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflage
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
Kerning, Ligatures
Kerning
Tea VortexKerning disabled
Tea Vortexcorrect ligatures (German)
Schiff flüssig finden [http://xkcd.com/1015/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
incorrect ligatures (German)
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflagecorrect without ligatures
auffächern aufintegrieren Auflage
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Lines and Paragraphs
Paragraphs are multiple lines of content belonging together first line should be indented to recognize distinct paragraphs otherwise unclear at top of page, after formula, figure, …
unless after headline
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Lines and Paragraphs
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Alignment and Justification
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuerid, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Maurisut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
aligned left: random emphasis of words at end of lines
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Alignment and Justification
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,
adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer
id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris
ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
aligned right: hard to read (find beginning of next line)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Alignment and Justification
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac,
adipiscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravidamauris. Nam arcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer
id, vulputate a, magna. Donec vehicula augue euneque. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectuset netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris
ut leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
centered: hard to read
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Alignment and Justification
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscingelit. Ut purus elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adipisc-ing vitae, felis. Curabitur dictum gravida mauris. Namarcu libero, nonummy eget, consectetuer id, vulputatea, magna. Donec vehicula augue eu neque. Pellen-tesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus etmalesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut leo.Cras viverra metus rhoncus sem.
justified
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Alignment and Justification
mathematically justified vs. optically justified[screenshots from R. Schlicht: The microtype package, v2.5a.]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Hyphenation
Silbentrennung in deutschen Texten geht oft schief (Blumento-pferde, Rohr-ohrzucker) ist oft hässlich (gelegentli-che, “Helvetisierung”)
ist algorithmisch nicht-trivial (etwa imRindfleischetikettierungsaufgabenüberwachungsübertragungsgesetz)
BSc-Urkunde der Universität Bremen:
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Hyphenation
Silbentrennung in deutschen Texten geht oft schief (Blumento-pferde, Rohr-ohrzucker) ist oft hässlich (gelegentli-che, “Helvetisierung”)ist algorithmisch nicht-trivial (etwa imRindfleischetikettierungsaufgabenüberwachungsübertragungsgesetz)
BSc-Urkunde der Universität Bremen:
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Hyphenation
Silbentrennung in deutschen Texten geht oft schief (Blumento-pferde, Rohr-ohrzucker) ist oft hässlich (gelegentli-che, “Helvetisierung”)ist algorithmisch nicht-trivial (etwa imRindfleischetikettierungsaufgabenüberwachungsübertragungsgesetz)
BSc-Urkunde der Universität Bremen:
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Types of Lists
Not all information needs to be presented in complete sentences.
bullet lists numbered lists
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Types of Lists
Not all information needs to be presented in complete sentences. bullet lists numbered lists
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Unordered List Example
Unordered or bullet list
no complete sentences order of points is not essential may contain sublists should have ≥ 2 points looks lost otherwise
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Unordered List Example
• no complete sentences
• order of points is not essential
• may contain sublists
– should have ≥ 2 points
– looks lost otherwise
Note: same structure as before, different layout (presentation vs. print)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Ordered List Example
Ordered or enumerated list
1. can also contain sublists1.1 bla1.2 blub
2. e.g., step-by-step instructions
This is not really an example for 2.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
Ordered List Example
1. can also contain sublists
a) bla
b) blub
2. e.g. step-by-step instructions
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Page Layout: Bad Example I
I don’t have transparent fingers … [ISBN 978-0-7553-9023-6]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Page Layout: Bad Example II
[DOI 10.1016/j.jmps.2010.12.011]
this is hard to read ∼120 characters per line small line spacing
finding the next line is hard
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Margins and Page Layout
need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Margins and Page Layout
need room for binding (depends on what is used)
horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Margins and Page Layout
need room for binding (depends on what is used)
horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Margins and Page Layout
need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent)
two-column layout permits smaller margins
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Margins and Page Layout
need room for binding (depends on what is used) horizontal: same spacing left/middle/right vertical: top/bottom is 1/2 lines should be 60 to 80 characters (font-dependent) two-column layout permits smaller margins
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Page Breaks
typically, new chapter starts on new right (odd) page don’t separate headline from start of text
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Page Breaks
typically, new chapter starts on new right (odd) page don’t separate headline from start of text avoid orphans/clubs¹ and widows²
¹deutsch: Nachwuchskraft im schuhverarbeitenden Handwerk (früher: Schusterjunge)²deutsch: Abkömmling einer im horizontalen Gewerbe tätigen Person (früher: Hurenkind)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Figure Examples
[S. 2010]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Figure Examples
[S. 2010]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Introduction to Figures
Figures are non-text material (but of course may contain text) tables sketches plots images
Properties not placed inside text number that can (should) be referenced in the main text caption (should be self-contained) many readers just browse through figures and captions
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Introduction to Figures
Figures are non-text material (but of course may contain text) tables sketches plots images
Properties not placed inside text number that can (should) be referenced in the main text caption (should be self-contained) many readers just browse through figures and captions
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Footnotes
Footnotes¹ are annotations to the text that show up on the bottom of thepage.
additional information that would interrupt the flow of the text sometimes (usually not in the natural sciences) used for literature
references use with care² avoid footnotes in presentations (as I did here)
¹such as this one²If it is important, include it in the text. If it is not important, skip it. Only if it is neither, use a
footnote.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Background on Some Graphic File Formats
.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots
.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Background on Some Graphic File Formats
.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”
.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Background on Some Graphic File Formats
.eps, .pdf for vector graphics consists of geometric objects, smooth representation useful for sketches and plots.png for pixel graphics lossless compression useful, e.g., for scanned “line art”.jpg for pixel graphics (lossy compression) useful for photos (jpeg stands for “Joint Photographic Experts Group”)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts
use appropriate file formats
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts
use appropriate file formats
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts
use appropriate file formats
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts
use appropriate file formats
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts
use appropriate file formats
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts II
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
JPEG Artifacts II
(effect exaggerated)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Color
Technical Background monitors and projectors (additively) mix red, green, and blue (RGB) printers (subtractively) mix cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK)
images from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdditiveColor.svg and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SubtractiveColor.svg, public domain
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
21 Shades of Grey
Can you distinguish all of them on this display?
What about red, green, blue?
What about cyan, magenta, yellow?
And finally, the Fraunhofer corporate design colors …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
21 Shades of Grey
Can you distinguish all of them on this display?
What about red, green, blue?
What about cyan, magenta, yellow?
And finally, the Fraunhofer corporate design colors …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
21 Shades of Grey
Can you distinguish all of them on this display?
What about red, green, blue?
What about cyan, magenta, yellow?
And finally, the Fraunhofer corporate design colors …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
21 Shades of Grey
Can you distinguish all of them on this display?
What about red, green, blue?
What about cyan, magenta, yellow?
And finally, the Fraunhofer corporate design colors …
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Use Color With Care!
You don’t know in advance if the reader will use a b/w printer if the reader is color-blind how color will be printed/displayed/projected
So … think twice about using color in presentations think three times about using color for printed documents
Other possibilities (in addition to or instead of color) use shading for areas solid/dashed/dotted lines, line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Use Color With Care!
You don’t know in advance if the reader will use a b/w printer if the reader is color-blind how color will be printed/displayed/projected
So … think twice about using color in presentations think three times about using color for printed documents
Other possibilities (in addition to or instead of color) use shading for areas solid/dashed/dotted lines, line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Use Color With Care!
You don’t know in advance if the reader will use a b/w printer if the reader is color-blind how color will be printed/displayed/projected
So … think twice about using color in presentations think three times about using color for printed documents
Other possibilities (in addition to or instead of color) use shading for areas solid/dashed/dotted lines, line thickness
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Avoiding Color is Possible
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Issues in PDF Files
Problem: transparency in embedded pixel graphics.(this is an example from a presentation of somebody who has beenpreaching “Don’t use alpha channels in embedded pictures!” for years)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Issues in PDF Files
Don’t
8 mix RGB and CMYK
8 use transparency (RGBA)
8 embed pdfs doing this
unless you know the hardware and software on every device where yourdocument will be displayed/printed.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Table With Poor Layout
Country Capital City Area Continent
Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 km² AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 km² EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 km² AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 km² Europe
consists of rows and columns first row and column may be of “headline”-type column alignment lines
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Table With Poor Layout
Country Capital City Area Continent
Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 km² AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 km² EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 km² AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 km² Europe
consists of rows and columns first row and column may be of “headline”-type column alignment lines
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Table With Better Layout
Country Capital City Area in km² Continent
Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 Europe
Recommendations
use appropriate alignment (left/right, centered is rarely useful) avoid vertical lines use few horizontal lines units can go in table heading make sure numerals are of equal width
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
Table With Better Layout
Country Capital City Area in km² Continent
Afghanistan Kabul 652,230 AsiaAlbania Tirana 28,748 EuropeAlgeria Algiers 2,381,741 AfricaAndorra Andorra La Vella 468 Europe
Recommendations
use appropriate alignment (left/right, centered is rarely useful) avoid vertical lines use few horizontal lines units can go in table heading make sure numerals are of equal width
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Types of Formulas
formulas like a2 + b2 = c2 may just appear in the normal text they should have a font (and font size) matching the text font they should be printed on the same base line as the text
longer or more complicated formulas can be written as numbered“displayed formulas” such as∫
Ω
∂tu(t, x) +∫Ω
∇u(t, x) =∑a∈A
∫Ta
fa(t, x), v(x)
(1)
this is also useful if Equation 1 is an important equation you want toreference later
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Types of Formulas
formulas like a2 + b2 = c2 may just appear in the normal text they should have a font (and font size) matching the text font they should be printed on the same base line as the text
longer or more complicated formulas can be written as numbered“displayed formulas” such as∫
Ω
∂tu(t, x) +∫Ω
∇u(t, x) =∑a∈A
∫Ta
fa(t, x), v(x)
(1)
this is also useful if Equation 1 is an important equation you want toreference later
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices units alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables
mathematical operators numbers text indices units alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables mathematical operators
numbers text indices units alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers
text indices units alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices
units alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables mathematical operators numbers text indices units
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators numbers text indices units
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers text indices units
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices units
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space
alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space alignment
Why should you care?
Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Mathematics: Content of Formulas
Surface area of a cylinder
Atotal = 2 ·Acap +Aside
= 2 · πr2 + 2πrl
= 452.35cm2
mathematical variables: italic mathematical operators: symbols numbers: upright text indices: upright units: upright, with narrow non-breakable space alignment
Why should you care?Would you rather give the impression you haven’t understood what you arewriting?
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formulas That Can Be Improved
[DOI 10.1208/aapsj0902030] mixed CMYK/RGB “black” is rendered dark gray (effect exaggerated) notice hat on top of f distinguish index-s and variable s superscript-citation misleading (exponent) spacing for indices of f text indices
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formulas That Can Be Improved
. . . the pulmonary circulation, fp(s), and the sys-temic circulation fs(s) from [78]:
C(s) =Div
Qbody
fp(s)
1 −(1 − Esys
)fs(s) fp(s)
(1)
where Qbody is . . .
[DOI 10.1208/aapsj0902030]
mixed CMYK/RGB “black” is rendered dark gray (effect exaggerated) notice hat on top of f distinguish index-s and variable s superscript-citation misleading (exponent) spacing for indices of f text indices
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formulas That Can Be Somewhat Improved
[Current Medical Imaging Review 3 (2007), p. 52]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formulas That Can Be Somewhat Improved
[Current Medical Imaging Review 3 (2007), p. 52]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formulas That Can Be Somewhat Improved
. . . can be discriminated from the surrounding wa-ter or used to quantify the low-contrast resolutionperformance of a small animal CT at a fixed x-ray ex-posure by measuring its contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR):CNRi =
|Si−Sb |√σ2
i +σ2b
, with S and σ being the mean CT num-
ber and the standard deviation of the image pixel val-ues in a specific ROI in HU, the subscripts stand forthe inserts (i) and the background (b) [19]. Ideally, theCNR in CT images is proportional to the square rootof the applied dose [18, 34].
[Current Medical Imaging Review 3 (2007), p. 52]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Bibliographies
What is a bibliography?
list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on
cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … printed usually at the end of the document
[42] Andrew Wiles. Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s last theorem.The Annals of Mathematics, 141(3):443–551, 1995.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Bibliographies
What is a bibliography?
list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states …
printed usually at the end of the document
[42] Andrew Wiles. Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s last theorem.The Annals of Mathematics, 141(3):443–551, 1995.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Bibliographies
What is a bibliography?
list of other peoples’ work your article/thesis/… is based on cited in the text: Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … printed usually at the end of the document
[42] Andrew Wiles. Modular elliptic curves and Fermat’s last theorem.The Annals of Mathematics, 141(3):443–551, 1995.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text
, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …)
order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …)
correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
Formatting Bibliographies
Things that need to be consistent format of citations in the text, examples Fermat’s Last Theorem [42] states … Einstein23 proposed … the experimental procedure described in [Mi86] and [DCT+05] … an overview is given in (Miller et al. 2003)
format of bibliography listing (authors, titles, journals, pages, year, …) order of numbering (alphabetical, chronological, order of citation, …) correspondence between number and number in bibliography listing
and you don’t want to do that manually for 100+ references
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Contents
1. Motivation
2. The Micro-Scale: Letters And Words
3. The Meso-Scale: Lines and Paragraphs
4. The Macro-Scale: Pages
5. Parts of Scientific Texts
6. Miscellaneous
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (I)
Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275
Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712b) 0039 698 83712
The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (I)
Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275
Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712b) 0039 698 83712
The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (I)
Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275
Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712b) 0039 698 83712
The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (I)
Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275
Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712 (Italian landline requires 0)b) 0039 698 83712
The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (I)
Try to call me from Nijmegen: (+49) (0)421 21859275.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0421 21859275b) 0049 0421 21859275c) 0049 421 21859275
Now you need spiritual guidance from the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter inRome: +39 (0)6 698 83712.
Q: What do you dial?a) 0039 0698 83712 (Italian landline requires 0)b) 0039 698 83712
The appropriate forms are +49 421 21859275 +39 06 698 83712
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07?
Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€?
Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000
This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators?
ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Be Precise in What You Write (II)
Dates What is 04/02/07? Unambiguous forms are 2007-02-04 04 Feb 2007
Large Numbers What is 2 T€? Roughly DE’s national debt. in science and engineering (SI prefix Tera): 2 000 000 000 000 € in finance (thousand): 2000 € (not quite as much)
And what is a b,Billion? billion (English): 1 000 000 000 Billion (deutsch): 1 000 000 000 000This is not important, many politicians can’t tell the difference either.
Confusing Abbreviations If you are working for Industry and in Science(German: Industrie/Wirtschaft vs. Wissenschaft), how do you abbreviateone of your key performance indicators? ρWi of course!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Is This Tool Professional?
That depends on what it is used for!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Is This Tool Professional?
That depends on what it is used for!
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Use Tools Appropriate for the Problem
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Frequently Asked Questions
Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is b*ll!%t. Who wrote this?!?
Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it
back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What
other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the
backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???
So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix(well, besides the hardware issue)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Frequently Asked Questions
Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is brilliant. Who wrote this?!?
Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it
back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What
other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the
backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???
So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix(well, besides the hardware issue)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Frequently Asked Questions
Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is brilliant. Who wrote this?!?
Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it
back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What
other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the
backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???
So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix(well, besides the hardware issue)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Frequently Asked Questions
Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is brilliant. Who wrote this?!?
Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it
back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What
other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the
backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???
So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix
(well, besides the hardware issue)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Frequently Asked Questions
Typical scenario: multiple persons cooperatively writing one document. What is the latest version, including everyone’s input? What have my collaborators done since last week while I was away? This is brilliant. Who wrote this?!?
Other scenario: one person writing a longer document. I used to have better version of this figure around Easter. How do I get it
back? I changed “apple” to “pear” months ago, but I want to revert it. What
other changes did I make at that time? I’m almost done with my PhD thesis, but my laptop bag including the
backup on my USB stick was stolen!! What do I do???
So what? Shoudn’t take longer than a minute do answer/fix(well, besides the hardware issue)
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Example Application
was an early version of
Q: How long did it take me to recover it?
a) 1 to 5 minutes
b) 5 to 15 minutes
c) more than 15 minutes
None of the above. 13 seconds.
find out which previous version (May 13, 2010, 18:36:40) to use: 7 s pull up that version of the image: 6 s
and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated: 28 s
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Example Application
was an early version of
Q: How long did it take me to recover it?
a) 1 to 5 minutes
b) 5 to 15 minutes
c) more than 15 minutes
None of the above. 13 seconds.
find out which previous version (May 13, 2010, 18:36:40) to use: 7 s pull up that version of the image: 6 s
and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated: 28 s
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Example Application
was an early version of
Q: How long did it take me to recover it?
a) 1 to 5 minutes
b) 5 to 15 minutes
c) more than 15 minutes
None of the above. 13 seconds.
find out which previous version (May 13, 2010, 18:36:40) to use: 7 s pull up that version of the image: 6 s
and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated
: 28 s
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Example Application
was an early version of
Q: How long did it take me to recover it?
a) 1 to 5 minutes
b) 5 to 15 minutes
c) more than 15 minutes
None of the above. 13 seconds.
find out which previous version (May 13, 2010, 18:36:40) to use: 7 s pull up that version of the image: 6 s
and then the boring work: wait for pdf to be generated: 28 s
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Ever Seen This Type of Chaos?
(anonymized real example)
sent corrections on Tuesday, not contained in version circulated onThursday
everyone spamming everyone else with changes to different versions nobody has access to actual “current” versionKey Problem: Workflow relies on a person (human) to do merges.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Ever Seen This Type of Chaos?
sent corrections on Tuesday, not contained in version circulated onThursday
everyone spamming everyone else with changes to different versions nobody has access to actual “current” versionKey Problem: Workflow relies on a person (human) to do merges.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Tools for Cooperation
Tools suitable for cooperation (working together)
4 revision control systems (subversion, git, mercurial, …)
4 collaborative editors (google doc, etherpad, …)
4 wikis
Tools for working against each other
8 synchronizing online storage (dropbox, …)
8 shared network folder (on internal fileserver)
8 using shared USB stick
8 sending files back and forth by email
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Tools for Cooperation
Tools suitable for cooperation (working together)
4 revision control systems (subversion, git, mercurial, …)
4 collaborative editors (google doc, etherpad, …)
4 wikis
Tools for working against each other
8 synchronizing online storage (dropbox, …)
8 shared network folder (on internal fileserver)
8 using shared USB stick
8 sending files back and forth by email
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Use Revision Control
… unless you are willing to bet 1 T€ that it is only you working on this document, only today, and only on this computer.
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Questions not Answered Today
How to … use software tool X, Y, or Z make good presentations make good graphics
… but maybe someone else wants to give talks about that?
[http://xkcd.com/1014/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Questions not Answered Today
How to … use software tool X, Y, or Z make good presentations make good graphics
… but maybe someone else wants to give talks about that?
[http://xkcd.com/1014/, CC-NC-BY-2.5]
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography
6. Miscellaneous
Literature
J. Gulbins, C. Kahrmann: Mut zur Typographie, ISBN 978-3-540-67541-9 H. P.Willberg, F. Forssmann: Lesetypografie, ISBN 978-3-87439-800-8 F. Forssmann, R. de Jong: Detailtypografie, ISBN 978-3-87439-642-4
Contact: Ole Schwen ‹[email protected]›
© Fraunhofer MEVIS Ole Schwen: Introduction to Typography