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  • 8/2/2019 How to address the subnational actor threat and effective national participation in the biological non-proliferation re

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    gat` g52!55

    @ i h { e g d ` G ` r a g

    V`{`evkb C`iia|) Cagdethag ~apv

    ie V`kb`vkb` [tvetlhup`

    E g l ` i e \ a a d | e v d

    ^valvejj` Dhv`ktav) S@VTHK

    Ba| ta eddv`{{ tb` {pfgethagei ektav

    tbv`et egd `cc`kths` gethagei

    ~evthkh~ethag hg tb` fhaialhkei

    gag*~vaihc`vethag v`lhj`"50 Gas`jf`v 6>55(

    Ef{tvektTb` Fhaialhkei \`e~ag{ Kags`gthag "F\K( v`*jehg{ tb` kavg`v{tag` ac tb` fhaialhkei |`e~ag{gag~vaihc`vethag egd dh{evjej`gt v`lhj`) `j*fadxhgl tb` gavj elehg{t F\ ~vaihc`vethag egde kaj~v`b`g{hs` F\ dh{evjej`gt afihlethag'Ba|`s`v) tb` fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ tbv`et h{`saishgl dp` ta {kh`gthchk egd t`kbgaialhkei d`*s`ia~j`gt{ eiagl |htb hgkv`e{hgl {pfgethageiektav hgt`v`{t hg fhaialhkei jet`vhei{ cav p{` hgkvhjhgei egd t`vvavh{t ekthshth`{) v`uphvhgl ege{{`{{j`gt ac tb` kag{`up`gk`{ cav tb` F\Kegd ht{ cptpv`' [`s`vei t`vvavh{t lvap~{ av av*legh}ethag{ {pkb e{ Ei Ue`de egd ht{ ecchihet`{bes` dh{~iex`d e kajjhtj`gt ta ekuphv` |`e~*ag{ ac je{{ d`{tvpkthag) hgkipdhgl fhaialhkei

    |`e~ag{' \bhi` `r~v`{{hag{ ac hgt`gt) {pkb e{A{eje Fhg Ied`g{ d`kievethag hg 5882 tbet ek*uphvhgl |`e~ag{ ac je{{ d`{tvpkthag |e{ e v`ih*lhap{ dptx) e{ |`ii e{ ett`j~t{ ta aftehg fha*ialhkei el`gt{ egd kagdpkt `r~`vhj`gt{ cavkvhjhgei ~pv~a{`{ `shd`gk` e {p{tehg`d hgt`v`{thg fhaialhkei kvhj`{) ht v`jehg{ dhcchkpit ta e{*{`{{ tb` ektpei ke~ekhtx ac gag*{tet` ektav{ takagdpkt e fhaialhkei etteko) `{~`kheiix ag eievl` {kei`' Tb` 6>>5 egtbver i`tt`v{ ohii`d 0~`a~i` egd hgc`kt`d 6; atb`v{) fpt kep{`d |hd`*{~v`ed dh{vp~thag egd ~eghk) fipgtix bhlbihlbt*

    hgl tb` v`eihtx ac tb` tbv`et'

    Eddv`{{hgl tb` kbeii`gl`{ evh{hgl cvaj tb` {pf*gethagei ektav tbv`et be{ i`d ta up`{thag{ efapttb` {ka~` egd vai` ac tb` Kags`gthag' F\K

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    6

    [tet`{ ^evth`{ `ccavt{ tbvaplb tb` Kags`gthag ta{tv`gltb`g gethagei j`e{pv`{ ta ~vabhfht egd~v`s`gt fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ ev` lvedpeiix v`e~*hgl v`tpvg{) |bhi` v`iet`d hgt`vlas`vgj`gteiavlegh}ethag{ hg tb` ch`id{ ac bpjeg) eghjeiegd ~iegt b`eitb egd kp{taj{ bes` eg hgdhv`kt~a{hths` hj~ekt ag F\K hj~i`j`gtethag {hj~ix

    fx cpichiihgl tb`hv a|g jegdet`{' Eddhthagei)ievl`ix kaj~i`j`gtevx) hghtheths`{ bes` ei{af``g d`s`ia~`d ta cakp{ ag tb` {pfgethagei ek*tav tbv`et) ~evthkpievix fhat`vvavh{j' Tb` hg*sais`j`gt ac khshi {akh`tx hg ~v`s`gthag h{ ei{a eo`x h{{p`' Tb` F\K [`s`gtb V`sh`| Kagc`v`gk`cvaj 0*66 D`k`jf`v 6>55 h{ eg a~~avtpghtx tav`sh`| tb` {tet` ac tb` fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ v`*lhj`) ht{ gethagei hj~i`j`gtethag fx {tet`{egd) kvpkheiix) |bet vai` tb` F\K {bapid ~iexhg tb` g`ev*) jhd* egd iagl*t`vj hg dvhshgl tb`F\ gag~vaihc`vethag egd dh{evjej`gt el`gde'

    HgtvadpkthagTb` t`kbgaialhkei v`saipthag hg tb` ihc` {kh`gk`{be{ l`g`vet`d gas`i a~~avtpghth`{ cav fhaialhkei|`e~ag{ "F\( ~vaihc`vethag fx fatb {tet` egd{pfgethagei ektav{' Tb` tbv`et ac {pfgethageiektav{ `glelhgl hg ~vabhfht`d ekthshth`{ hgsaishglfhaialhkei el`gt{ egd tarhg{fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ekthshth`{h{ k`vtehgix gat g`|) x`t [tet`{ ^evth`{ta tb` 58"6>>4(jav` kaj~`thths`) av dp~ihkeths`) tbegkaj~i`j`gtevx1

    Tb` kagk`~t{ ac {pfgethagei av gag*{tet` ektavl`g`vet` d`chghthagei ~vafi`j{ |b`g e~~ih`d hgtb` F\ ch`id) e{ tb` evj{ kagtvai dh{kapv{` kaj*jagix edd{ e g`leths` kaggatethag e{ e kag{`*up`gk` ac ht{ cakp{ ag tb` tbv`et{ ac evjej`gt)~vaihc`vethag egd p{`' Ht vev`ix p{`{ tb`j hg tb`hvfvaed`v) g`ptvei j`eghgl ta hj~ix egx `gthtx hghgt`vgethagei v`iethag{ |bhkb h{ gat e {as`v`hlg{tet`5) hgkipdhgl eked`j`) gag*las`vgj`gteiavlegh}ethag{ egd cehtb lvap~{ |htbhg khshi {akh*`tx) tb` ~vhset` {`ktav av `kagajhk egd {akhei~evtg`v{' X`t jegx ac tb`{` `gthth`{ ~`vcavj shteicpgkthag{ hg p~baidhgl evj{ kagtvai) eiagl{hd`{tet` egd hgt`vlas`vgj`gtei ektav{) egd aplbt taf` f`tt`v hgt`lvet`d hgta tb` v`{~`kths` v`lhj`{)`{~`kheiix tb`hv hj~i`j`gtethag) jaghtavhgl egdas`v{hlbt cpgkthag{'

    Pghs`v{eiix v`kalgh}`d e{ tb` kavg`v{tag` ac tb`

    fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ v`lhj`) tb` Fhaialhkei \`e~*ag{ Kags`gthag be{ e uphgup`gghei a~~avtpghtxta dvhs` tb` F\ dh{evjej`gt egd gag~vaihc`ve*thag el`gde cav tb` g`rt chs`*x`ev ~`vhad egd f`*xagd) egd ta v`kag{hd`v ba| ht keg hj~vas` `c*c`kths` gethagei ~evthkh~ethag hg tb` Kags`gthagegd `cc`kths`ix v`{~agd ta tb` {pfgethagei ektavtbv`et) hgkipdhgl hgt`v eihe) fhat`vvavh{j) et ht{[`s`gtb V`sh`| Kagc`v`gk` cvaj 0 ta 66 D`k`j*f`v 6>55'

    Tb` v`saipthag hg tb` ihc` {kh`gk`{egd ht{ hj~ekt ag gethagei hj~i`*j`gtethag ac tb` F\K[kh`gthchk egd t`kbghkei d`s`ia~j`gt{ hg ihc` {kh*`gk`{ hg ev`e{ {pkb e{ fhahgcavjethk{) l`gajhk{)~vat`ajhk{) egd {xgtb`thk egd {x{t`j{ fhaialxkagtvhfpt` ta hggasethag{ egd acc`v lv`et ~`v*{~`kths`{) cav `rej~i` cav tb` ~vadpkthag ac~bevjek`pthkei ~vadpkt{ av ac v`g`|efi` `g`v*lx6' Ba|`s`v tb` vh{o ac jh{p{`) |bhi` dhcchkpit tae{{`{{) ~`v{h{t{;'

    DGE {bpccihgl) v`ixhgl ag hg shtva v`kajfhgethagac bajaialap{ l`g`{) h{ e ~a|`vcpi ~vak`{{ cavdhv`kt`d `saipthag tbet l`g`vet`{ ce{t`v gpj`v*ap{ v`kajfhgegt{) |bhkb keg tb`g f` tveg{iet`d

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    ;

    hgta ~vat`hg{' Ht kapid kagtvhfpt` ta tb` d`{hlg acbevjcpi el`gt{) `{~`kheiix hc kap~i`d |htb{kv``ghgl t`kbghup`{ `gefihgl tb` {`i`kthag acjai`kpi`{ |htb {~`khchk ~va~`vth`{' J`dhe kas`v*el` ei{a v`lpievix cakp{`{ ag tb` v`{pit{ aftehg`dhg tb` ch`id ac {xgtb`thk l`gajhk{ egd {xgtb`thkfhaialx) e{ tbv`et l`g`{ av `s`g l`gaj`{ kapid

    f` ~vadpk`d fx DGE {xgtb`{h{ cav jei`sai`gt~pv~a{`{' Ekbh`s`j`gt{ iho` {xgtb`{h{ ac e shvp{|htb tb` fhakb`jhkei egd ~etbal`ghk kbevekt`v*h{thk{ ac e ~aihashvp{) v`kag{tvpkthag ac tb` 5852[~egh{b hgcip`g}e ~egd`jhk shvp{ av {xgtb`{h{ aceJxka~ie{jel`ghteihpj l`gaj` bes` {~evo`dkagtvas`v{h`{' [xgtb`thk fhaialx keg f` d`{kvhf`de{ tb` `glhg``vhgl ac g`| kaj~ag`gt{ egd {x{*t`j{ tbet da gat `rh{t hg getpv`) e{ |`ii e{ tb`v`d`{hlg ac `rh{thgl getpvei fhaialhkei {x{t`j{' Hthgkav~avet`{ `i`j`gt{ cvaj atb`v dh{kh~ihg`{)`r~iaht{ t`kbgaialh`{ hg fhahgcavjethk{) v`s`v{`

    l`g`thk `glhg``vhgl egd DGE {xgtb`{h{' Ht bhlb*ihlbt{ {aj` ac tb` jehg kbeii`gl`{ tb` F\K be{ta cek`' Tb`{` g`| tv`gd{ hg ihc` {kh`gk`{) e{ |`iie{ hg v`iet`d t`kbgaialh`{ egd hgdp{tvhei e~~ihke*thag{) |htb tb`hv dpei*p{` ~at`gthei cav f`ghlgegd |`e~ag ~pv~a{ {) bes` dhv`kt hj~ihkethag{cav tb` F\K4'

    Ag` ac tb`j h{ tb` lva|hgl kags`vl`gk` f`t|``gsevhap{ dh{kh~ihg`{) egd `{~`kheiix f`t|``g fhai*alx egd kb`jh{tvx' Tbh{ keii{ cav hgkv`e{hgl ihgo*el`{ f`t|``g tb` F\K egd K\K v`lhj`{ egd

    tb` v`{~`kths` ekthshth`{ teo`g ta hj~i`j`gttb`j et tb` daj`{thk i`s`i' Tb`{` Kags`gthag{~a{` {hjhiev gethagei hj~i`j`gtethag kbei*i`gl`{) ~evthkpievix |htb v`{~`kt ta {pfgethageiektav{' ^vac`{{hagei{ cvaj sevhap{ dh{kh~ihg`{keg f` hgsais`d) j`eghgl ~`a~i` |ba jex f``s`g i`{{ e|ev` ac tb` ~at`gthei cav jh{p{` kegf` `glel`d hg dpei*p{` {kh`gk` v`i`segt ta tb`{`Kags`gthag{0'

    Jav`as`v) jh{p{` kapid akkpv hg sevhap{ tx~`{ accekhihth`{) hgkipdhgl ~bevjek`pthkei egd fhat`kb*gaialx kaj~egh`{) ~vhset` v`{`evkb iefavetavh`{)

    e{ |`ii e{ pghs`v{htx egd ba{~htei iefavetavh`{'Tb` ~bevjek`pthkei {`ktav h{ e bhlbix dxgejhkegd `r~egdhgl hgdp{tvx e{ e v`{pit ac tb` kaj~`*ththag |htb l`g`vhk jegpcektpv`v{) tb` d`s`ia~*j`gt ac fhat`kbgaialh`{) tb` ~at`gthei jevo`t{v`{pithgl cvaj gethagei egd hgt`vgethagei fhad`*c`g{` ~valvej{ av ~v`~ev`dg`{{ elehg{t `j`vl*hgl dh{`e{`{' E{ e kag{`up`gk`) jav` hgdhshdpei{ev` ekuphvhgl tb` {ohii{ egd `r~`vth{` ta begdi`bhlbix ~etbal`ghk jet`vhei{) egd tb` vh{o ac ejh{kv`egt {kh`gth{t av ~vac`{{hagei hgkv`e{`{ ek*kavdhglix'

    Tb` F\K kajjpghtx be{ iepgkb`d e d`fet`efapt {phtefi` las`vgegk` jad`i{ cav tb` dpei*p{` t`kbgaialh`{ egd e~~ihkethag{3= v`lpietavxcvej`|avo{? {`ic*las`vgegk` e~~vaekb`{ hgsais*

    hgl `dpkethag egd e|ev`g`{{*veh{hgl ejaglv`i`segt {kh`gthchk egd ~vac`{{hagei lvap~hgl{ takv`et` e kpitpv` ac v`{~ag{hfhihtx? egd bxfvhdjad`i{ kajfhghgl tb`{` dhcc`v`gt e~~vaekb`{'Tb`{` jad`i{ t`gd ta ~v`{pj` {aj` {tvpktpveiavlegh}ethag |htbhg tb` tevl`t lvap~{ |bhkb kegf` `r~iaht`d ta kb`ko tb`hv f`beshav'

    Fpt e g`| ket`lavx ac gag*{tet` ektav) kajjagixoga|g e{ fha*beko`v{) ~pv{p` l`g`thk `glh*g``vhgl apt{hd` tvedhthagei ~vac`{{hagei {`t*thgl{ tbet {p~~avt las`vgegk` egd as`v{hlbt'Tb`x ev` ejet`pv{ |ba {``o ta ~vekthk` fhaialx|htbapt jeihlgegt hgt`gt' Hg tb` Pght`d [tet`{)cav `rej~i`) tb` j`jf`v{ ac L`g{~ek` kag{hd`vtb`j{`is`{ tb` chv{t gag*ipkveths` kajjpghtxfhaialhkei iefavetavx egd |h{b ta ~vajat` {kh*`gk` e{ e i`h{pv` ekthshtx cav fatb edpit{ egd kbhi*dv`g' Tb` fha*beko`v{ keg chgd hgcavjethag agd`dhket`d |`f{ht`{ {pkb e{ A~`g\`t\ev`'avlegd dh{kp{{ tb`hv ekthshth`{ ag cavpj{ {pkb e{DHXfha'avl' D`{~ht` tb`hv {aj`thj`{ edsegk`doga|i`dl` ac fhaialx) ja{t j`jf`v{ ac tb` fha*bekohgl kajjpghtx ieko {pcchkh`gt e|ev`g`{{ actb` vh{o{ tb`x jex ~a{` ta tb`j{`is`{ av tb` `g*shvagj`gt) egd kag{`up`gtix ac tb` fha{ec`txegd fha{`kpvhtx hj~ihkethag{ ac tb`hv ekthshth`{'Tb`{` ekthshth`{ ~v`{`gtix v`jehg pgd`v*v`lpiet`d egd |htbapt ed`upet` as`v{hlbt hg shv*tpeiix eii kapgtvh`{' Cpvtb`vjav`) lhs`g tb`hv `{*{`gtheiix egevkbhk avlegh}ethagei {tvpktpv`) atb*

    `v{ |htb jeihlgegt hgt`gt kapid `e{hix `r~iahttb`hv g`t|avo) v`{pit{ egd j`tbad{' Tb`{` hghthe*ths`{ bes` tbp{ kep{`d pg`e{hg`{{ egd c`ev acekkhd`gtei v`i`e{` av jh{p{` ac ~etbal`ghkel`gt{ av tarhg{) eitbaplb `ccavt{ ev` pgd`v|exta jhthlet` {pkb vh{o{' Cav `rej~i`) tb` CFH{`h}`d tb` a~~avtpghtx ta d`s`ia~ kia{`v ihgo{f`t|``g {kh`gk` egd {`kpvhtx kajjpghth`{tbvaplb aptv`ekb ekthshth`{) avlegh}hgl j``thgl{letb`vhgl ~pfihk egd ~vhset` {`ktav v`{`evkb`v{|htb v`~v`{`gteths { cvaj tb` {`kpvhtx kajjp*ghtx' Ht h{ ba~`d tbet veh{hgl e|ev`g`{{ efapt tb`

    vh{o{ hgsais`d) |hii f`tt`v hgcavj ~evthkh~egt{ ac|bet ekthag ta teo` hc tb`x `gkapgt`v {p{~hkhap{ekthshth`{

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    vhag) Evthki` H ac tb` kags`gthag kas`v{ eii kpv*v`gt egd cptpv` tbv`et{ ~a{`d fx fhaialhkeiel`gt{ egd tarhg{) hvv`{~`kths` ac |b`tb`v tb`xakkpv getpveiix av ev` kv`et`d evthchkheiix hg iefa*vetavh`{' [tet`{ ^evth`{ ev` kalgh}egt ac tb` ve~hdedsegk`{ hg tb` ihc` {kh`gk`{ egd p~det` tb`hvpgd`v{tegdhgl ac tb` {ka~` ac tb` Evthki` H ~vabh*

    fhthag hg ihlbt ac tb`{` d`s`ia~j`gt{ et Kags`g*thag v`sh`| kagc`v`gk`{= tb` g`rt hgt`v{`{{hagei~vak`{{ h{ `r~`kt`d ta kag{hd`v {pkb d`s`ia~*j`gt{ jav` cv`up`gtix' Evthki` HHH cpvtb`v `sh*d`gk`{ tbet tb` F\K feg ag F\ ~vaihc`vethagkas`v{ {pfgethagei ektav{) fx ~vabhfhthgl [tet`{^evth`{ cvaj tveg{c`vvhgl fhaialhkei egd tarhgel`gt{) |`e~ag{ egd d`ihs`vx {x{t`j{ ta egxv`kh~h`gt |bet{a`s`v) e kiep{` pgd`v{taad ta`gkaj~e{{ gag*{tet` ektav{'

    Tb` fhat`vvavh{j dh{kapv{` ~a{ht{ tbet |bhi` tb`F\K kas`v{ tbh{ ~evthkpiev tbv`et) ht ieko{ ed`*upet` taai{ ta eddv`{{ ht hg e bhlb tbv`et `gshvag*j`gt egd da`{ gat d`jegd {pcchkh`gtix d`tehi`dgethagei hj~i`j`gtethag ta cc`kths`ix ~v`s`gt ht'Kag{`up`gtix) jpkb ~aihthkei `ccavt be{ f``g hg*s`{t`d hg ~eveii`i hg{tvpj`gt{ egd hghtheths { taf``c p~ tb` v`lhj` elehg{t F\) {pkb e{) cav `r*ej~i`) PG [`kpvhtx Kapgkhi V`{aipthag 504>'\bhi` {pkb eddhthagei iex`v{ pgdapft`dix kag*tvhfpt` ta tb` liafei kas`vel` ac k`vtehg F\ ~va*bhfhthag{ "tb` F\K {thii ieko{ pghs`v{eihtx() tb`up`{thag evh{`{ |b`tb`v tb`{` v`iet`d hghtheths`{

    da gat pgd`vjhg` tb` vai` ac tb` F\K e{ kavg`v*{tag` ac tb` fhaialhkei |`e~ag{ v`lhj` av|b`tb`v) ag tb` kagtvevx) tb`x ektpeiix v`hgcavk`tb` v`lhj` fx `r~ihkethgl {aj` afihlethag{ egdhgt`vgethagei `r~`ktethag{ ta ~v`s`gt fhaialhkei|`e~ag{' Tba{` ~eveii`i hghtheths`{ cakp{ eija{t`rkip{hs`ix ag {pfgethagei F\ tbv`et{) ~evthkp*ievix fhat`vvavh{j) {``jhglix ta tb` `rkip{hag acteglhfi` {tet`*fe{`d F\ tbv`et{'

    X`t tb` F\K{ {tv`gltb ih`{ hg ht{ {hj~ihkhtx egdkaj~v`b`g{hs` {ka~`' Evthki` H) |htb tb` {a*keii`d l`g`vei ~pv~a{` kvht`vhag) d`chg`{ tb`

    {ka~` ac ~vabhfhthag{? hg `{{`gk`) g`s`v pgd`vegx khvkpj{tegk`{ ta ekuphv` av v`tehg fhaialhkei|`e~ag{' E v`iet`d ~evelve~b hg tb` Chgei D`kie*vethag ac tb` [hrtb V`sh`| Kagc`v`gk` "6>>3({tet`{ tbet tb` Kagc`v`gk` v`ecchvj{ tbet Evthki`H e~~ih`{ ta eii {kh`gthchk egd t`kbgaialhkei d`s`i*a~j`gt{ hg tb` ihc` {kh`gk`{ egd hg atb`v ch`id{ ac{kh`gk` v`i`segt ta tb` Kags`gthag8'

    E{ gat`d `evih`v) Evthki` HHH eddv`{{`{ tb` tbv`etcvaj {pfgethagei ektav{' Tb` chgei d`kievethag ettb` Capvtb V`sh`| Kagc`v`gk` "5883( pvl`{{tet`{ ~evth`{ ta kag{hd`v |ex{ egd j`eg{ ta`g{pv` tbet hgdhshdpei av {pfgethagei lvap~{ ev``cc`kths`ix ~v`s`gt`d cvaj ekuphvhgl) tbvaplbtveg{c`v{) fhaialhkei el`gt{ egd tarhg{ cav atb`vtbeg ~`ek`cpi ~pv~a{`{5>'

    Evthki` HS afihl` {tet`{ ta teo` egx g`k`{{evxj`e{pv`{ ta ~vabhfht egd ~v`s`gt ~vaihc`vethagac fhaialhkei |`e~ag{) |htbhg _tb`hvZ t`vvhtavx)pgd`v _tb`hvZ mpvh{dhkthag av pgd`v _tb`hvZ kagtvaiegx|b`v`) |bhkb hj~ih`{ i`lh{iethag egd v`lpie*thag "ta lhs` `cc`kt ta ~vabhfhthag{() fpt ei{aatb`v j`e{pv`{ {pkb e{ gethagei ~aihkh`{) ~bx{h*

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    54' S`vhchkethag V`{`evkb) Tvehghgl egd Hgcavjethag K`g*tv` "S@VTHK() F\K Gethagei Hj~i`j`gthgl J`e{pv`{Detefe{`) |||'s`vthk'avl' S@VTHK ei{a ~vashd`{ i`lh{ie*

    Gat`{

    V`tvaps`} tapt` iektpeiht `t i`{ ~pfihkethag{ d` ie Cagdethag ~apv ie V`kb`vkb` [tvetlhup` {pv =

    \ \ \ ' C V [ T V E T @ L H @ ' A V L

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