How the Internet will Empower Physics Research and

How Physics Research will Empower the Internet

Physics Colloquium

University of California, San Diego

May 24, 2001

Numerical General Relativity Was Begun Using Computing Resources of LLNL (1976)

NCSA Was an Explicit Clone of the LLNL Computational Environment

Hardware, System Software, and the Computational Science and Engineering Methodology

MPS Directorate Dominates Large Project Usage on PACI Supercomputers

MPS Directorate

PHY

AST

CHE

MAT

GEO

BIO

ENG28 Projects Using

>100,000 NUs in FY99

Mass of the Rho Meson Computed Using Various QCD Formulations

• Quenched Approximation, Neglecting Quark Pairs• Computational Resources Grow as a-7 as a0• Goal is Algorithm that is Flat as a0

Source: Bob Sugar, UCSB Physics

From Supercomputer Centers to the NSFnet to Today’s Commercial Internet

Image: Cox, Patterson, NCSA

The World Wide Web was Inventedat CERN to Organize Physics Preprints

100 Commercial Licensees

NCSA Programmers

CERNTim Berners-Lee

Why the Grid is the Future

Scientific American, January 2001

The Grid Physics Network Is Driving the Creation of an International Grid

• Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs– Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant– 20 Institutions Involved– Enabled by the LambdaGrid and Internet2

CMS

ATLAS

Sloan Digital Sky Survey

LHC

Teraflop Computation, AMR, Elliptic-Hyperbolic,

Numerical Relativity

Computing Waveforms from Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars

LIGO

Suen, Seidel-Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars

WashU

NCSA

Hong Kong

AEI

ZIB

Thessaloniki

How Do We:• Maintain/Develop Open Source Code?• Manage Multiple Computer Resources?• Carry Out/Monitor Simulation?

NCSA’s Largest Supercomputer Team Requires Grid Technologies to Enable Big Runs

Paris

Source: Ed Seidel, Wai-Mo Suen

The Next Wave of the Internet Will Extend IP Throughout the Physical World

UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer

electronics;Biochips

Magnetic, optical data storage

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components

Spintronics/quantum encryption

Ultralow powerelectronics

Nonvolatile data storage

Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors

telemedicine

environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems

optical network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage

UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer

electronics;Biochips

Magnetic, optical data storage

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components

Spintronics/quantum encryption

Ultralow powerelectronics

Nonvolatile data storage

Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors

telemedicine

environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems

optical network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage

Materials and Devices Team, UCSD

This is the Research Context for the California Institute for Telecommunications

and Information Technology

A Integrated Approach tothe New Internet

www.calit2.net

220 UCSD & UCI FacultyWorking in Multidisciplinary Teams

With Students, Industry, and the Community

The State’s $100 M Creates Unique Buildings, Equipment, and Laboratories

18 UCSD Faculty

Graduate/postdoctoral FellowsUndergraduate ScholarsTechnical Support Staff

Advanced fabrication and characterization facility:

State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis

GaAs-based low-power

MOS

GaN-based

microwave transistors

Chemical/biological sensors

Spintronics

Nanophotonic components

High-speed optical

switches

Materials theory/

simulation Novel electronic materials

Advanced display

materials

Molecular materials/devices

Nanoscale ultralow power

electronics

•Lectures•Federal Grants•Workshops

Cal-(IT)2 M&D Layer

Program Elements of the Materials and Devices Layer

Materials and Device LayerEmerging Initial Research Clusters

• Opto-electronics• Quantum Computing• Non-volatile Memories• Materials Research

– Semiconductorrs, – Superconductors – Magnetic Materials

• All These Will Greatly Benefit From the New Facilities

Source: Ivan Schuller, UCSD M&D Layer Leader

The Cal-(IT)2 Building in 2004 Will Add a Major Suite of Clean Rooms to the Campus

½ Mile

•Commodity Internet, Internet2•CENIC’s ONI, Cal-REN2, Dig. Cal.•PACI Distributed Terascale Facility

• Wireless LANs

The UCSD “Living Grid Laboratory”—Fiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software

SIO

SDSC

CS

ChemMed

Eng. / Cal-(IT)2

Hosp

• High-speed optical core

Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC

Wireless WAN

Wireless Internet Can Put a Supercomputer in the Palm of Your Hand!

802.11b Wireless

Interactive Access to:• State of Computer• Job Status• Application Codes

Optically Linked High Resolution Data Analysis and Crisis Management Facilities

• Large-Scale Immersive Displays– Panoram Technology

• Fiber Links Between SIO, SDSC, SDSU– Cox Communication

• Optical Switching – TeraBurst Networks

• Driven by Data-Intensive Applications– Seismic and Civil Infrastructure– Water Environmental System

• Integrate Access Grid for Collaboration

SDSCSIO

The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network

NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver

Creating Tiny and Inexpensive Wireless Internet Sensors Combining…

Fluids

Stresses and Strains

Optics and Lasers

UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility

0.1 mm

Design of MEMS to Nano Embedded Sensing/Computing/Communicating Devices

ProtocolStacks

SoC DesignMethodologies

SW/Silicon/MEMSImplementation

Memory

Protocol Processors

ProcessorsProcessors DSP

RFRFReconf.Logic

WirelessRTOS Network

Physical

Data Link

TransportApplications

sensors

ProtocolsSW/HW/Sensor/RF

Co-design Reconfiguration

Internet

Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE

The Perfect Storm: Convergence of Engineering with BioMed, Physics, & IT

5 nanometersHuman Rhinovirus

IBM Quantum CorralIron Atoms on Copper

Requires New Clean Room Facilities

VCSELaser

2 mm

Nanogen MicroArray

500x Magnification

400x Magnification

A New Generation of Computational Science Applications Are Needed

• Three Interacting Systems in Semiconductor Laser Diodes– Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)– Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)– Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)

• Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers– Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction– Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)– Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers

Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register

National Center for Computational Electronics

Nanolithography Has Been Possible for Over a Decade

Source: Lyding, Brady

BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope

VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management

Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling

Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)

FBCGH possesses dual-functionalitysuch as focusing and beam steering

Wavelength (m)1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Ref

lect

ivit

y

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0TETM

Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge andsurface coupling

Near-field E-Omodulator controlsoptical propertiesand near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect

+V -V

Angle (degree)20 30 40

TM

Eff

icie

ncy

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Near-field E-O Modulator+ micro-cavity

FBCGH

VCSEL

Near-field E-O coupler

Micro polarizer

Fiber tip

Grating coupler

Thickness (m)0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

TM

0th

ord

er e

ffic

ienc

y

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

RCWATransparency Theory

Near-field coupling

Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics

Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances

• The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation

• The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols

• The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission

DARPA

Theory of Ultrafast Light Manipulation of Spin-Excitons in Nanodots for Quantum Computing

• How to Build a Two-bit Quantum Computer– Interacting Spin-polarized Excitons

– Quantum Bit of Information: Exciton – (Presence = 1; Absence = 0).

– Set the Value of a Qubit

– Logic Gate: Two-Exciton Conditional Dynamics

• Simulation of a Quantum Computation

Pochung Chen, C. Piermarocchi, and L.J. ShamUniversity of California, San Diego

Supported by NSF, Swiss NSF, and DARPA/ONR

Semiconductor Quantum Dots

GaAs

InAs lattice mismatch

GaAs

AlGaAs

AlGaAs

Strain-induced quantum dots

(3 nm)

Interface fluctuation quantum dots

(30 nm)

Source: Lu Sham, UCSD

Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer

• SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility – PI John Goodkind (UCSD

Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF

• Electrons Floating over Liquid He

• One Electron per Gold Post

500 nm

ground plane

voltage leads

insulator

insulator

NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE

• Background: FFT speeds up Fourier transform from N2 to N log N operations

• Idea: Apply QFT to speed up algorithms for feature extraction– Develop quantum versions of other localizable

transforms, like wavelets.

Quantum Fourier Transform uses the multiparticle tensor product structure of Hilbert space to improve to (log N )2, an exponential speedup.

Quantum Image Processing?

D. A. Meyer (UCSD/math)

Distributed Quantum Algorithms

• Background: Feynman’s original motivation for considering quantum computation was efficient simulation of multi-particle quantum systems which are hard to simulate classically, in part because of entanglement.

• Results: Quantum strategies can be superior to corresponding classical strategies. – Quantum lattice gas automata can efficiently simulate Dirac and

Schroedinger equations– Q gate arrays can efficiently simulate topological quantum field

theories

M. H. Freedman, D. A. Meyer, N. R. Wallach (UCSD/math)