how the development of accelerators has...
TRANSCRIPT
Abstract Over the last 100 years science and technology have experienced a huge progressEngineering has a major role in that progress as it turns the theoretical knowledge into real-lifediscoveries An example of such discoveries is particle accelerators built and designed by modern-dayengineers A particle accelerator is a device for accelerating subatomic particles in high velocities suchthat those particles collide to produce high energy This device has been essential in significantscientific innovations such as vibration isolation systems cryogenic preservation and cancer therapyThis project studies those innovations and focuses on analyzing how particle accelerators significantlyimpact branches of engineering such as electrical mechanical civil chemical and biomedical
How The Development of Accelerators Has Shaped The Engineering and Science Around Us
Raphael Perci Santiago Moises Soares Kherolaine Costa Ribeiro Ali Alqaraghuli
Angie Quilla Tanahiry Escamilla Mattew Bosque Natran Lackraj
Research Mentor Peter Horvath
Chemical Engineering
Electrical engineering has been advantageous not only for the
implementation and maintenance of particle accelerators but also for
the development of new technologies that have helped directly in the
ongoing progress of producing science We can see electrical
engineering present in various particle acceleratorsrsquo fields of
application such as medical instrumentation aerospace deep sea
exploration and complex particle-physics facilities such as the Large
Hadron Collider which requires highly accurate stable and reliable
power energy in order to avoid any mishandling of delicate activities or
expensive experiments Among the greatest contributions of electrical
engineering for particle accelerators and consequently development of
science we can point out the following
Superconductivity
Superconducting Magnet Technology
bull Applications in power engineering and
power electrical systems
bull Improvement of power engineering
technology
bull Development of new materials based
on superconductivity theory
Power Electrical Engineering Power
Converters
bull Cleaning fuel gases from Thermal
Plants
bull DC powering converters
bull Powering Stability
bull Development of more stable and
reliable power supplies
Computational and Control systems
bull Beam diagnostics and
instrumentation
bull Radiofrequency systems
Technology developed from
accelerators
bullBio-fuel electron-beam pre-treatment
bullRoom temperature magnets and
superconducting magnets
bullMedical imaging techniques
bullWater Treatment
Electrical engineering
has been developed to
support science and a
continuous progress of
technology
Images taken from Myers Steve The engineering
needed for particle physics
References
Outeiro Maria Teresa R Visintini and G Buja Considerations in designing power supplies for particle
accelerators Industrial Electronics Society IECON 2013-39th Annual Conference of the IEEE IEEE 2013
Collings Edward W Normal and superconducting radio-frequency cavities for high energy particle
accelerators Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD) 2011 International
Conference on IEEE 2011
Wilson Martin N A century of superconducting technology ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC
ENGINEERING Transactions of the International Cryogenic Materials Conference-ICMC Volume 58 Vol
1435 No 1 AIP Publishing 2012
Myers Steve The engineering needed for particle physics Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 3701973 (2012) 3887-3923
Chemical Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with
manipulating the production and the manufacture of products through
chemical processes A lot of consideration is taken into account
regarding the design of equipment and the design of systems and the
processing chemicals to make valuable products
Chemical engineering had a great contribution on the development of the
new technologies for construction and operation of present-day
accelerators and detectors In this way we can mention a range of
cutting-edge technologies that developed from the particle accelerators
Nuclear energy
bull Particle accelerators are used as a source of high-energy protons
bull Spallation is a nuclear reaction in which high-energy light particles
produce many neutrons that are emitted from a nucleus
bull Accelerated Device Systems accelerate neutrons at the speed of
light causing the heavy neutrons to collide with protons
bull The nucleus then ejects a large number of neutrons proportional to
the energy of the original proton
bull However the number of neutrons for an effective transmutation
depends on the cross section of the waste elements
bull This causes radionuclides to emit several particles that will decay
at a faster rate and will be less hazardless for the environment
proposing less health risks
Cryogenics
bull Extreme cold temperatures
bull Temperature profiles
bull Reducing the cost
bull Simplifying the cryostat
bull Minimize the ambient heat leaks
bull Applications in superconductivity at
low temperatures Electric power
transmission Frozen food
Materials Hardening surfaces
Ion implantation (metals ceramics and
biomaterials)
Electron Beam Heat Treating
Hardening Materials
Electron Beam Material Irradiation - Cross-
linking polymers
Welding and Cutting Materials
Electron Beam Welding (EBW)
Electron Beam Machining (EBM)
Characterization
Ion Beam Analysis
Using Synchrotron Light
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)
References
The particle accelerator is one of the most versatile instruments
designed by physicists The construction of the machine is mostly done
by mechanical engineers but the infrastructure that surrounds the
particle accelerator is all done by civil engineers Before the particle
accelerator was built certain standards have to be fulfilled to insure
adequate results It is vitally important to have a designated
underground facility for arrangements of such complexity to take
place which in this case had to help accommodate the needs of such a
large particle accelerator like the LHC Reasons being
bull Protecting the environment from the radiation produced by the
nuclear physics experiments
bull A more stable base underground
- A very important aspect needed
for a particle accelerator is its
stability Particle accelerators are
used to analyze the reactions of
elementary particles and depend upon
a high level of stability between their
component parts If the vibration
isolation were to be ignored in this
device the experiment would fail
bull Temperature consistency
bull Helps in keeping precision machinery positioned over a few
parts per billion
bull Cheaper shielding from any stray particles that come from the
Sun space and activities on Earth
The LHC did not only break history in the branch of physics but in the
field of civil engineering as well Significant achievements were
accomplished because of the work done by civil engineers to house
the LHC machine Some examples are
bull A large circular tunnel with a circumference of 17 miles buried in
the ground under an average of 328 ft of dirt and rock
bull Taking two years to burrow a cavern large enough to hold a 12-
storey building for the installation of detectors
bull Atlas and CMS installations required the excavation of huge
caverns up to 114ft wide 138ft high and 269ft long These caverns
are of up to twice the size of any existing underground structures at
CERN
bull Particle accelerators as stated in the chemical engineering side can
change one element into another This is called particle
transmutation It allows us to create strongbettermore stable
materials for every-day construction and civil engineering projects
For example they could create heavier and denser material than
anything found in nature
Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
The effective Use of Particle Accelerators in the medical field has
revolutionized procedures such as imaging and therapy in various ways
resulting in noticeably more concise diagnosis and research of improved
treatments Medical physicists continue to present ideas in particle
physics into medicine opening doors to new paths of research in most
disorders that occur to the human body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a type of particle accelerator
that has been a crucial instrument for scanning the anatomy and
physiology of the human body without physical contact It creates
magnetic fields targeting the behavior of Hydrogen nuclei such that it
aligns the nuclear spin of the protons Abnormal behavior of the nuclei is
mathematically translated to visual images leading to the diagnosis and
prognosis of disorders within concern MRI is considered to be one of the
most impressive advances in the application of particle accelerators
Cancer Treatment is one of the most important applications of particle
accelerators Using techniques of radiotherapy such that the cancer is
targeted and destroyed through energy deposited by radiation Those
therapies fall into different categories
bull X-Ray Therapy consists of firing electors in form of radiation at the
DNA of the cancer cells killing the cells
bull Electron Beam Therapy uses a similar technique to X-ray except it
fires the electrons directly at the tumors without the use of producing
targets (such as tungsten)
bull Hadron Beam Therapy introduces particle therapy made of quarks
and subcategorizes into proton neutron and ion therapy
References
Schippers J M amp Lomax A J (2011) Emerging technologies in proton therapy Acta Oncologica 50(6) 838-850
Hirao Y (2011 May) Accelerator Developments and their Application to Cancer Therapy In INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM ON NEW FACES OF ATOMIC NUCLEI (Vol 1355 No 1 pp 240-246) AIP Publishing
References
Stanculescu Alexander Accelerator driven systems (ADSs) for nuclear transmutation Annals of Nuclear
Energy 62 (2013) 607-612
C Collette S Janssens K Artoos and C Hauviller (2011) ldquoActive vibration isolation of high precision
machinesrdquo Diamond Light Source Proceedings 1 e1 doi101017S2044820110000134
Wallis S (2001 August 1) ldquoSpectacular excavations for physics researchrdquo Retrieved April 6 2015
ldquoPhysics and Engineeringrdquo (nd) Retrieved April 6 2015
Electrical Engineering
Pengo R et al Cryogenic characteristics of the ATLAS Barrel Toroid superconducting magnet Applied Superconductivity
IEEE Transactions on 182 (2008) 379-382
Piekarz Henryk et al Design considerations for fast-cycling superconducting accelerator magnets of 2 T B-field generated by
a transmission line conductor of up to 100 kA current Applied Superconductivity IEEE Transactions on 182 (2008) 256-259
Rabehl Roger J Cold mass cooling design studies for an LHC inner triplet upgrade Applied Superconductivity IEEE
Transactions on 182 (2008) 163-166
Wilson Martin N A century of superconducting technology ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING Transactions of
the International Cryogenic Materials Conference-ICMC Volume 58 Vol 1435 No 1 AIP Publishing 2012
Lebrun Philippe Cryogenics for the large hadron collider Applied Superconductivity IEEE Transactions on 101 (2000)
1500-1506
Alex C Mueller ldquoAccelerator Studies for an ADS within the European Project EUROTRANSrdquo American Institute of Physics
CNRS-IN2P3Institut de Physique Nucleacuteaire 91406 Orsay France Retrieved on 28 March 2015
Xialing Guan J Wei Chun Loong ldquoHigh Intensity Accelerator and Neutron Source in Chinardquo American Institute of Physics
Tsinghua University 100084 Beijing China Published on 2011 Retrived on 28 March 2015
Massimo Salvatores ldquoNeutronics for critical fission reactors and sub- critical fission in hybridsrdquo American Institute of Physics
CEA-Cadarache DE1113091-Dir Bacirct 101St-Paul-Lez-Durance 13108 France Retrived on 28 March 2015
Mingzhi Guan Xingzhe Wang Lizhen Ma Youhe Zhou Hongwei Zhao Canjie Xin Linliang Yang Wei Wu Xiaoliang Yang
ldquoMagnetic Field and Strain Measurements of a Superconducting Solenoid Magnet for C-ADS Injector-II During Excitation and
Quench Testrdquo Springer Science+Business Published online 8 December 2012 Retrived on 28 March 2015