How old am I?

•Exam #1 F 2/13

•Bonuses posted

1.7 million-year-oldhuman ancestor

DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species.

Fig 34.40

How are we related to our ancestors, and where did we come from?

Fig34.42

More than 10,000 years ago:Hunter-Gatherer

~10,000 to 200 years ago:Farming-Ranching

Last 200 years: Industrialization

Hunter-Gatherer

Agricultural

Industrial

The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?

Human DNA is divided into 46 chromosomes(23 pairs)

X 23in humans X 23

in humans

X 23in humans

Each of us are a combination of DNA from mom and dad.

Mitochondria

an Animal Cell

mitochondria

Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.

Mom provides 50.000275% and Dad provides 49.999825% of DNA to offspring.

… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

mitochondria

Traits coded for by mtDNA are inherited only through mother

Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

Tsar’s Family

During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

Tsar’s Family

There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia

Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

For more info check out: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Anastasia_Nikolaevna_of_RussiaOr the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

When did these migrations take place?

Non-Coding DNA is used for comparisons between individuals

Fig 1

Only DNA that is successfully passed on can be used to trace the past.

Fig 1 and 4

As DNA is passed on mutations take place

Fig 4

Fig 4

By determining the average time between mutations, we can estimate the time of the last common ancestor.

Fig 4

The mutation rate in human mtDNA is one nucleotide change per 20,000 years.ORA difference of one nucleotide between two people indicates a common relative 10,000 years ago.

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 1

Relationships of different populations using mtDNA

~150,000ya

Multiregional hypothesis

“Out of Africa” hypothesis

Two hypotheses about the origin of H. sapiens

X

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

7 Daughters of Eve, fig. 2

From Science v298 12/20/02 pg 2381

•93-95% of genetic variation within population.

•3-5% of genetic variation occurs between populations.

Relationships of different people using mtDNA.

“Man’s Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race” by Ashley Montagu

Next: Are wegeneticallyProgramedto be racist?

•Exam #1 F 2/13

•Bonuses posted