how many things have you learned from watching other people in
TRANSCRIPT
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Observational Learning: Monkey See, Monkey May Choose to Do
• How many things have you learned from watching other people in real life?
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Observational Learning• Observational Learning
– Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
• Accounts for most human learning
• Occurs when we, as children, watch our parents cook or clean
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Bandura: Observational Learning
• Preschool children (one at a time) were left alone in a room with an experimenter and a model (another child) who interacted with toys in the room in front of the preschool child
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Bandura: Observational Learning
• In one condition:
– The model played with the toys in a nonaggressive manner, completely ignoring “Bobo;” the punching bag clown doll.
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Bandura: Observational Learning
• In another condition:
– The model became very aggressive with the doll, kicking it and yelling at it, throwing it in the air and hitting it with a hammer
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Bandura: Observational Learning
• Each child was left alone in the room
– Camera filming through one way mirror caught the action….
– Children who were exposed to the aggressive model acted in exact imitation
– Children who were exposed to the nonaggressive model did not act negatively toward the doll
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Bandura: Observational Learning
• Bandura’a experiments show that we can acquire operants (behaviors) by observing the behavior of others without actually performing the behavior
– Called Learning Performance Distinction
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Four Elements of Observational Learning
• Attention
– Learner must pay attention to the model
– Example: If you don’t know what silverware to use at a fancy dinner party; …..watch someone else
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Four Elements of Observational Learning
• Memory
– Learner must be able to retain the memory of what was done
– Example: Watching someone else cook….you still must remember the steps to follow, ingredients, etc.
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Four Elements of Observational Learning
• Imitation
– Learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
– Example: A person with weak knees or ankles can watch (attention) and remember (memory) how some ballet move was accomplished, but will not be able to reproduce it
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Four Elements of Observational Learning
• Motivation
– Learner must have the desire, or motivation, to perform the action
– Example: The individual at the dinner party has to care which “fork” or “knife” is the proper one to use
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Observational Learning• Effects of Media Violence
– Television is one of our major sources of informal observational learning
– Children are exposed to scenes of murder, beating, and sexual assault
• Average child in the United States will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence on television before he or she has started elementary school