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Modern Technology of Printing &

Writing INKS(with Formulae & Processes)


Information about

the Book

Title: Modern Technology of Printing & Writing Inks (with Formulae & Processes) 2nd Revised Edition

Author: NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers

Form at: Paperback

ISBN: 9788178330822

Code: ENI75

Pages: 480

Published: 2015

Publisher: Asia Pacific Business Press Inc.




Ink is a liquid or paste that contains pigments or dyes and

is used to colour a surface to produce an image, text, or

design. Ink is used for drawing or writing with a pen,

brush, or quill. Thicker inks, in paste form, are used

extensively in letterpress and lithographic printing. Ink

can be a complex medium, composed of solvents,

pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers,

surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescents, and other

materials.

Introduction



The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s

carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and

thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.

India is among the fast growing printing & writing ink

markets globally spurred by the rapid expansion of the

domestic print markets.



Backed by a strong demand from key end user segments

such as package printing, newsprint, publishing and other

commercial printing, the printing ink market in India has

registered strong growth over the years. The printing ink

industry is fragmented with hundreds of

manufacturers and a large number of players in the

unorganised sector.



Printing ink sector in India witnessed a growth of

around 7.5% per annum during the Past years. Printed

packaging accounts for around 27% of the demand for

printing inks in India followed by newspapers at 20%.

Commercial printing/promotional and printed advertising

together account for around 19% of the demand.



Other key end user segments for printing inks

include books and stationery. With the print sector

forecast to grow at around 8% per annum, in coming

years, printing ink segment is expected to grow strongly.

This handbook is designed for use by everyone engaged in

the printing & writing ink industry and the associated

industries. It provides all the information required by the

ink technical for the day-to-day formulation of inks.



It supplies the details of the manufacturing methods,

including large-scale production, and gives guidance on

achieving quality assessment and total quality

management specifications. The book also describes

properties and uses of the raw materials used in the

formulation of printing & writing inks.



The major content of the book are the colour and colour

matching, raw materials, printing inks, ink formulations,

applications problems, writing inks, project profile, how to

estimate, order & handle ink, testing of writing &

miscellaneous inks, testing of printing inks, rollers,

waterborne inkjet inks. The book contains addresses of

raw material suppliers, plant & machinery suppliers with

their Photographs. This book will be a mile stone for the

entrepreneurs, existing units, libraries etc.


Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION

Visual Characteristics of Inks

The colour of Inks

The Transparency and opacity of printing inks

The gloss of printing inks

The nature of Printing Inks As Determined By

The printing Process

Flexographic and gravure inks

Lithographic and letterpress inks

Screen Inks



The drying characteristics Absorption drying Oxidation drying Evaporation drying Chemical drying Radiation induced dryingThe Adhesive Nature of Printing InksThe Resistance properties of Printing InksLightfactness Heat resistanceAbrasion resistance Product resistance Weathering



2. THE PRINTING PROCESSESThe Letterpress ProcessPress ConfigurationsThe Platen pressFlat-bed cylinder pressRotary pressesLetterpress forme productionOriginal platesLine PlatesHalftone platesDuplicate platesMake-ready:SubstratesApplications



Rotary InkQuickset InkHigh-gloss InkMoisture-set InkWater-Washable InkNew InkMiscellaneous Job InkThe Offset Lithographic ProcessThe Printing unitThe damping system,The offset blanketPress ConfigurationsThe small offset pressLarger sheet-fed presses



Web offset pressesBlanket-to-blanket pressCommon-Impression drum pressesThree-cylinder pressesOithographic platemakingPresensitised surface platesWipe-on PlatesDeep-etch platesMulti-metal platesElectrostatic imaged platesChemical diffusion transfer platesPhotodirect platesLaser exposed platesDirect image plates



The driographic plateProcess controlPlatemaking controlControl in colour printingInkduct pre-setting and controlSubstrates and inksUltra-violet (UV) euring inkds 25Infra-red radiation 25Inks for lithographyDry offset of LetterstFundamentals of LithographyLithographic ProblemsThe Gravure processThe printing unitThe inking system



Doctor bladesThe impression rollDrying systemPress ConfigurationsGravure cylinder preparationConventional etchingSingle bath etchingHalftone ProcessDouble positive system-halftone gravureHalftone gravureMechanical engravingLasergravurePress control systemsSubstrates and inksApplications



Gravure InksThe Flexographic ProcessThe printing unitPress configurationsFlexographic platemakingRubber platesPhotopolymer platesPlate mountingApplicationsFlexographic InksFlexographic Problems,The screen printing processPress configurationsScreen Stencil Manufacture



Mounting the ScreenApplication of the stencilAfter treatmentSubstrates and inksApplicationElectrostatic PrintingCopper Plate and Die StampingNon-Impact Printing processesInk-jet PrintingContinuous jetImpulse or drop on demandElectrophotographyPrint RecognitionLetterpress



FlexographyLithographyOffset LetterpressGravureScreen PrintingNon_Impact printingSubstrate SelectionGeneral Paper propertiesRunnabilityPrintability



3. COLOUR AND COLOUR MATCHINGThe Physical nature of ColourLight SourcesThe Perception of colourThe eyeDefective colour visionChromatic adaptation and colour constancyMetamerismDichrosimIllumination quality and levelsAdditive and Subtractive Colour MixingThe additive primariesThe subtractive primariesThe CIE SystemOrigins of colour in Printed Material



PigmentsDyesOrigins of colourTransparency and opacityColour StrenghtssSubstrate effectsColour Index ClassificatonGraphic ReproductionThree-colour printingFour-Colour printingUnder colour removalMaskingHalf-tone dotsDot gainDot Generation



The Measurement of ColourColorimetersDensitometerspectrophotometersOptical geometryThe Recording of Colour data And the Specification of colourColour DifferenceColour MatchingSelection of raw materialsMatching techniquesThe colour circleProceduresOil InksLiquid InksInstrumental Colour match Prediction



4. RAW MATERIALSPigmentsYellow PigmentsDiarylide YellowsIronoxide yellowsTartrazine yellow lakeChrome yellowsCadmium yellowsFluorescent yellowOrange PigmentsDNA OrangePyrazolone orangeDiarylide orangeFast Orange 52G



Benzimidazolone orange HLEthyl lake red CRed PigmentsPara RedNaphthol Red (Or Permanent Red Frre)Toluidine RedPermanent Red 'R' (Chlorinated Para Red)Carmine F.B.Naphthol F4RNaphtho Red LFPermanent Red FRLBordeaux FRR (F4R)Naphthol RedNaphthol Red LightNaphthol Red Dark



Lithol redsBon Red (Lack red C Bon)Lake Red CLithol Rubin 4BBON MaroonPMTA Pink, rhodamine 6 GMolybdate Orange, Chrome Scarlet, Orange ChromeCalmium RedBON Arylamide Red, Naphthol Red FGRQuinacridone MagentaYNaphthol Carmine FBBCopper Ferrocyanide PinkNaphthol Red F5RKBenzimidazolone Carmine HF3CNaphthol Rubine F6B



Benzimidazolone Carmine HF4CRubine Red 6BQuinacridone Magenta BBenzimidazolone Red HF2BNaphthol Red F6RKAzo Magenta GAnthraquinone ScarletQuinacridone VioletBenzimidazolone Bordeaux HF 3 RGreen PigmentsBlue PigmentsViolet PigmentsBrown PigmentsBlack Pigments



White Pigments and ExtendersPearlescent MaterialsMetallic PigmentsFluorescent PigmentsGeneral Properties of PigmentsAcid DyesBasic DyesSolvent DyesDisperse DyesDrying Vegetable OilsLinseed oilTung oil (China wood oil)Oiticica oilDehydrated castor oilOther oils



Marine oils Non -dryign oilsNews inkd oilsNon-drying vegetable oilsResinsNatural ResinsShellacManila copalAsphaltsStarch and dextrinGum arabicSynthetic resinsPure phenolic resinsRosin-modified phenolic resins



Pigment InteractionsHard resin interactionsFilm-forming propertiesHydrocarbon resinsPolystyrene resins and copolymersTerpene resinsSilicone resinsAlkylated urea formaldehyde resinsAlkylated melamine formaldehyde resinsPolyamide resinsPoly (amide imide) resinsChlorinated rubberCyclised rubber (isomerised rubber)Vinyl resins



Polyvinyl alcoholKetone resinsAcrylic resinsEpoxide resinsPolyisocyanates and polyurethanesNitrocellulose, N/C (Cellulose nitrateCN)Ethyle celluloseEthyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC)Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP)Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)Chemical constitutionSection V: SolventsHydrocarbon Solvents



Low boiling petroleum distillate-alipaticWhite spirtParaffin oil (kerosene0High boiling petroleum distillates-aliphaticHydrocarbon solvents- naphthenicAromatic hydrocarbonsHigh boiling aromatic solventsAlcoholsGlycolsKetonesEstersSection VI : PlasticisersSection VII: WaxesSynthetic waxesPolyethylene waxes



PolytetrafluoroethyleneHalogenated hydrocarbon waxesFatty acid amidesPetroleum waxesSlack waxScale waxFully refined paraffin waxPettrolatum or petroleum jellyMicrocrystalline waxeCeresin waxMontan waxMontan estersNatural waxes BeeswaxCarnauba wax



Miscellaneous natural waxesSection VIII : DriersLiquid DriersCobaltPaste DriersSection IX Miscellaneous AdditivesChelating AgentsAntioxidantsSurfactantsAnionic SurfactantsCationic surfactantsNon-Ionic surfactantsAmphoteric surfactantsDeodorants and Reodorants



Pure ChemicalsAlkalisDefoaming AgentsLaking AgentsTannic AcidTannic acid substitutesRaw Materials For Radiation Curing SystemsPigment SelectionPrepolymersEpoxy acrylatesPolyester acrylates and unsaturated polyestersUrethance acrylatesReactive DiluentsPhotoinitiatorsAdditives and Inhibitors



5. PRINTING INKSManufacture of Inks and varnishesGeneral RequirementsThe Manufacturig ProcessesThe manufacture of oleo-resinous systemsDeaeration and pottingThe manufacture fo polyer/solvent systemsVarnish manufactureCavitation mixerRotor/stator mixerManufacture of additivesLiquid ink manufactureBall millsBead MillsChips



Pigment chip manufactureManufacture of dye-based inksMixing EquipmentButterfly mixers (Change pan)Rotor and stator high speed mixers.The 'star' impeller typeThe high-speed disperserThe fixed or on-line mixerHigh-speed mixingMilling EquipmentThree-roll millsFloating-rolling systemDevelopment of single cst rollersBead mills



Open sieve millClosed sieve millGap separation millJohn millTex millDyno millSTS millElectronically controlled Copra millBoa 500 mill (Buhler Brothers Ltd)Co-ball millMicroflow millBall millingDisavantages of ball millsHandling, Storage and manufacture of uv Inks



Manufacture of newspaper InksModern production trendsComputerisationCosts of production and related subjectsMaintenance strategy in the printing ink industryOn failure maintenance'Fixed time' maintenance'Condition based maintenanceComputers and maintenanceThe futurePlant control systemFurther plant featuresManufacturing plant



6. INK FORMULATIONSLetterpress InkPlaten ink for absorbent papersCylinder press ink of uncoated papersQuick-set inks of cated paperLetterpress ink dryign by oxidationWater-reducible inksProcess inksNewspaper Coloured InksRotary black inks for newspapersFormula A: General-Purpose low mist blackFormula B : Ink railFormula C : Page-PakFormula D : Keyless Inking (Indirect flexo)



Lithoraphic InksTypical inks and VarnishersInks and varnishes for sheet-fed paper printingSheet-feed label inksSmall -offsetInks and varnishes for sheet-fed carbon board printingInk for sheet-fed impervious substrate printingInks for web-offset paper printingColdsetHeatsetGravure InksPublication InksInks for catalogue printingPackaging inks for paper and board lables



Metallic lable inksPaper wrapper inksCarton InksFoil inksFoil board laminatesInks for polyethylene filmInks for treated polypropylene filmsCoated polypropylene filmsCellulose filmsPolyester fimsWallcoveringsInks for paperVinyl coated wallcoveringsSpeciality systems



Metallic inksAluminium-based inksPearlescent inksflexographic InksSye-based inksPigmented inks for specific substratesPaper and boardNitrocellulose coated filmsPVdC Co-polymer coated filmPolyolefin filmsMetal and metallised substrates Almuminium foilMetallic inksScreen InksInks for paper and boardThin film screen inks



Ultra thin film screen inksOxidation drying gloss inksInks for Impervious surfacesMetal signsMetal containersInks for sheet plasticinks for glassInks for Plastic containersPolythene containersPVC containersTextile InksDaylight fluorescent InksProcess inksUv and Electron Beam curing InksInks for day offset application on plastics and metal



Ultraviolet curable silk screenUltraviolet curable varnish and coatingsNon-Mipact PrintingElectrostatic imagingInks for jet printingTypical ink formulationsInks for the Electronics Industry Printed circuit productsInks for WallcoveringsTextile Transfer InksSterilisation InksMetal Decorating Inks. Decorationof sheetsPrinting a pre-formed containerletterset Printing



7. APPLICATION PROBLEMSStocking in the Pile or RewindpickingFill InPoor Binding and RubSetoffPiling and CakingTrappingShow Through and Strike ThroughInk Not Following the FountainInk flying and MistingGhosting, Shadow, Streaks, and SlursInk Drying on rollersPlate WearCrystallization



8. WRITING INKSManufacture of Writing InksPacking Inks for writing and Fountain PensFerrogalo-tannate inksStandard Copying and Record InkStandard Writing inkIron gallate Inks : (Ink Powders and Tablets)Manufacture of Inks TabletsAction of Hydrochloric Acid and Sulphuric Acid in InksPormulae for Various Blue-Black InksManufacture fo iron gallo-tannate inksManufactureAging of writing



Dating a documentDye based Fountain Pen InksWashable InksQuick drying InksAlkaline Writing Inksblue Alkaline Writing InksPrussian Blue InksBall Point Pen Inks Stamp-Pad InksBasic dyesAcid dyesMethod of ManufactureInks for Recording InstrumentsDrawing Inks-Black and Coloured



Black Drawing InksColoured Drawing InksMarking InksPreparation of silver InksAniline black InksInks containing other metalsColoured marking Inks ;Ink for Multiple Copies purposesHectograph Inks;Method of PreparationStencil Duplicating InksInks of Hectograph Carbon Papers, Carbon Papers and Typewriter Ribbons Inks or Carbon Papers



Hectograph Carbon PapersStencil SheetsFelt, Pen, Sign Pen, Fibre Tip InksMothod of ManufactureAlcohol Based InksHydrocarbon Based InksInvisible or Sympathetic InksInks for Special MaterialsInks for PlasticsInk for Marking PhotographsInk for stamping oiled stencilsInks for Glass and PorcelainCeramic Inks



Ink for MetalsTime Card InkMeat Stamping InkShow Card InksEmbossing InksRuling InksArtist ColoursColour Combinationa) Water Pints



9. PROJECT PROFILE

10. HOW TO ESTIMATE, ORDER & HANDLE INKEstimating Ink RequirementsOrdering InkHandling Inks

11. TESTING OF WRITING & MISCELLANEOUS INKSWriting InksSedimentation TestHue and IntensityClogging Test



Stability TestTotal SolidsIron ContentGravimetric MethodDetermination of CorrosionBall Point Pen InksStamps pad InksDetermination of Glycerol ContentAssessing the performance of stamp-pad inkDrawing InksOpacity or TransparencyMold Growth



Marking InksStencil InksViscosityDrying timePresence of toxic and noxious materialsCautionPresence of Aniline OilMiscibility with thinnerStabilitySkinning propertyDuplicating InksTest for Lead



12. TESTING OF PRINTING INKSSpecific GravityViscosityPenetrationMolecular RefractionRefractive IndexCovering Power and GlossEvaporation RateAcid NumberSponification NumberIodine Number



Detection of Chinawood OilDetection of Rosins and ResinsTesting of PigmentsLight ResistanceThe Resistance of Pigments of BleedingResistance to Acids and AlkaliesParticle Size of Pigments 375Wettability and AbsorptionThe Testing of Finished Inks



13. ROLLERSInks and Rollers Used

14. DIRECTORYIndia Standards on Inks and Allied ProductsList of Suppliers fo Printing & Writing Ink MachineryList of Suppliers of Raw Materials to Ink IndustriesList of Major Manuracturers fo Printing Inks In IndiaDirectory of Ink % Allied Products Manufacturer's In India




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