how ecosystems work for us: a view on cultural …...how ecosystems work for us: a view on cultural...
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How ecosystems work for us:
A view on cultural ecosystem services
in the Biosphere Reserve Swabian Alb
EUROPARC Conference 2011, Sept. 24, Bad Urach
Dr. Claudia Bieling, University of Freiburg
Bettina Ohnesorge, Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
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2005:
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
Assessment of consequences of ecosystem change
for human well-being
Addressing linkages and interdependencies
between different ecosystem services and
society
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Categories of ecosystem services
“Ecosystem Services are the benefits people
obtain from ecosystems.“ (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
Cultural Services
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Supporting Services
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Ecosystem services and human
well-being
Degradation of ecosystem services often causes
significant harm to human well-being and represents a
loss of a natural asset or wealth of a country(Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005)
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Ecosystem services and human
well-being
Tabelle MA
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Ecosystem services and human
well-being
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2010: The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity (TEEB)
Aim:
– Estimating the economic value of global ecosystem
services
– Calculating the economic cost of ecosystem
degradation
– Calculating the cost of inactivity or „business-as-
usual“
www.teebweb.org
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2010: The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity (TEEB)
Analytical framework:
TEEB (2010): The
Economics of
Ecosystems and
Biodiversity: Ecological
and Economic
Foundations
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2010: The Economics of Ecosystems
and Biodiversity (TEEB)
Protected areas in TEEB:
– Over 120000 protected areas worldwide produce ES
worth between 4,4 and 5,2 billion US$ per year.
– Necessary investments: ~ 45 billion US$,
– value of such a system would sum up to ~ 5.000
billion US$
– Cost-benefit ratio about 1:100
www.teebweb.org
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Cultural ecosystem services
culturalecosystem
services
= nonmaterialbenefits
identity
heritage
spiritual and
religiousvaluesinspiration
aestheticvalues
recreation
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sitting benches
Signs of non-material benefits
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hiking and cycling guides and trails
Signs of non-material benefits
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recreational
facilities
Signs of non-material benefits
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gardening for subsistence, hunting
Signs of non-material benefits
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memories, commemoration, history
Signs of non-material benefits
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Short story contest Swabian Alb:
„BIOSPHERE. Describe your Alb!“
questions:
• What is special about the
Swabian Alb (yesterday, today
and tomorrow)?
• Which places are special?
• How are the people of the
Swabian Alb?
• How will life be in the Swabian
Alb region in the year 2020?
initiated by the biosphere
reserve management team
Swabian Alb, winter 2010/11
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Short story contest: results
• 42 stories were submitted
• all except 3 address cultural ecosystem services,
most of them exclusively
78,6
42,9
9,5
9,5
47,6
54,8
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0
identity
heritage
spirtual and religious values
inspiration
aesthetics
recreation
percent N = 42
Cultural ecosystem services addressed by stories
(in % of total number of stories)
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J. Stockmayer:
Der Weg nach oben / The way up
„At this stage my thoughts are still muddled. While walking they
arrange themselves and find their meaning.”
“When looking at the world from above, I see the land below me
from a different perspective. The places I left, everything that
lies behind me is dwarfed and multifaceted. What is mine is
only a small part of a larger whole.”
“I have to get back down. But I will take the silence along with
me.”
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Other examples
• sitting bench as a meeting point for three generations
of the family and their friends (M. Heller: Rietheimer
Bänkle)
• beauty of the rural landscape as a source of creative
power (I. Jaiser: Ode an mein Dorf)
• homeland / „Heimat“ as a prerequisite for happiness
and mental health (T. Pappelau: Heimat)
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Conclusions
• ecosystems provide a broad array of different services to us
• acknowledgement, assessement and economic valuation
only for some of these ecosystem services
• especially cultural ecosystem services tend to be
overlooked, but are of great importance particularly in
cultural landscapes
• ‚measuring‘ and calculating the value of some ecosystem
services will always remain unsatisfactory
→ important to raise public awareness for less visible services
and call attention to synergies and trade-offs with other
services
→ biosphere reserves and other parks as advocates and
drivers of this integrated perspective on ecosystems
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Thank you!
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Ecosystem services in a biosphere
reserve (Example)
Ecosystem service Forestry Arable (intensive) Aquaculture Open Cast Mining
Use Effect Use Effect Use Effect Use Effect
Provisioning Services
Food and Fibre 0 Medium ++ High ++ 0
Wood (material prod.) High ++ 0 0 0
Biomass (energy prod.) High ++ High ++ 0 High --
Drinking Water - -- - --
Genetic Resources Medium - Medium - + -
Regulation Services
Climate Regulation Medium ++ Medium - + --
Soil Erosion Regulation - Medium -- 0 Medium --
Water regulation + Medium 0 High + High --
Water Purification 0 -- High - --
Pollination Medium 0 High - 0 --
Cultural Services
Recreation - -- ++ --
Education + 0 + 0
Social Relations + Medium + Medium + --
“Heimat” Medium 0 0 High ++ High --
Cultural Heritage Medium 0 Medium - High ++ High --
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Risks of economic valuation of
ecosystem services
• Trade-offs: Maximizing one ES can lead to the degradation of others
• Conservation and development of ES does not necessarily help conserve cultural landscapes or biodiversity
• Not all ES are marketable
• Dependency on demand
• Short-term vs. long-term services
• Ethical issues:– Non-economic reasons for conservation?
– Ownership issues?
– Justice: “paying off the bad actors”?
• s
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Scientific Agenda
• How to translate landscape characteristics into ecosystem
services?
• How to define, classify, quantify and evaluate ecosystem
services?
• How to identify and analyse trade-offs in ecosystem service
consumption over space and time?
• How to visualize and communicate ecosystem services?
• How to integrate ecosystem services in landscape planning
and management?
• Which instruments can be used to foster the provision of
ecosystem services?
• v (De Groot, 2008)