how does the nature of african government limit development? politics of development in africa
TRANSCRIPT
How does the nature of African government limit development?
Politics of Development in Africa
Issues
• You should familiarise yourself with the following areas and be able to analyse the effect they have on a country’s development– Political instability– Domestic policies– Poor governance– Kleptocracy and corruption
Political instability
• In recent history many African countries have experienced drastic political changes
• Most African colonies only became independent around 1960 and have struggled to achieve healthy democracy
• From 1954-2005 there were 186 military coups and 15 African presidents were assassinated
What is a military coup?
• A military coup, or coup d’etat, is when the military uses force to get rid of the government
• Often, the military go on to take control of the country, leading to a military regime
• Political Situation in the Central African Republic since Independence
– 1960-1962 Restricted Democratic Practice– 1962-1966 One Party State (MESAN)– 1966-1976 Military Regime & One Party State – 1976-1979 One Party State (MESAN)– 1979-1980 Transitional Period– 1980-1981 One Party State (UDC)– 1981 Restricted Democratic Practice– 1981-1987 Military Regime– 1987-1991 One Party State (RDC)– 1991-1993 Multiparty Transition– 1993-2003 Democracy– 2003-2005 Military Regime– 2005- Democracy
Political instability hinders development
• Why?– Leaders focus on simply holding onto power– Expensive projects which would lead to long
term development (e.g. developing roads, telecommunications, health and education) are neglected
However…
• Stable government is not always good for development– Robert Mugabe has
been president of Zimbabwe since 1980 but the country is experiencing major problems
Domestic policies
• Many African governments are poor at creating and implementing policies for development– Many spend more on military than on
essential services • E.g. Eritrea spend 19% of GDP on
military but only 4% on education)– Tariffs and minimum prices which
prevent them increasing their share of international trade
• Cotton trade has frozen in Malawi due to high minimum prices imposed by the government
Eritrea
Life Expectancy: 53.73 male, 58.71 female
Infant mortality: 44.34 deaths/1000 live births
Where is Eritrea?
Poor governance
• This is a factor in a lot of Africa’s problems• Features of bad governments:
– ‘amateur’ politicians in place who got their jobs through nepotism and/or military coups
• 32 African countries experienced military rule during the 20th century – soldiers are not trained politicians
– Police cannot be trusted– Taxes are not collected effectively– Government cannot be counted on to deliver key
services– Human rights are abused
Kleptocracy
• Many African states are kleptocracies– A kleptocracy is a system in which leaders
use their power to benefit themselves – Stealing public funds and/or aid money,
accepting bribes or getting advantages in business
• Those who go along with the system get to share the rewards, while those who speak out suffer
How big is the problem?
• Of course, not all African politicians are corrupt
• However, late Nigerian Dictator Sani Abacha stole between $1 billion and $3 billion in the space of 5 years
• All this corruption diverts money away from aid projects and essential services
• Corruption in the Niger Delta
Addicted to aidA percentage of AID given to African countries is stolen by corrupt officials.The Ugandan Health Minister is suspected of stealing $1 million of AID money that was intended to fund development projects
Remember…• not all African
governments are inept and dishonest
• The Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership is awarded to leaders for not being corrupt– 2007 winner: Joaquim
Chissano (former president of Mozambique)
– 2008 winner: Festus Mogae, President of Botswana
Chissano received the Mo Ibrahim Prize from UN
Secretary General Kofi Annan
Analysis: Despite its good leadership, Botswana is still a struggling country with an average life expectancy of 35 years and the second highest HIV/AIDS infection rate in the world
Case study: good domestic policy Uganda: The Poverty Eradication Action Plan
• Aim: to reduce poverty• Features:
– modernisation of agriculture– expansion and diversification of exports– reducing corruption– improving electric power supplies
• Successes: 6% economic growth rate• Challenges: many Ugandans still feel that
they are becoming poorer