how does modern archaeological or ecological evidence clarify the claims made by ancient writers

8/13/2019 How does Modern Archaeological or Ecological evidence clarify the claims made by Ancient Writers

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51 Notnhjr 8658 Vepjr GG ]jmrns Emmgsecjk Hecjke

5

Bnw mnjs Knmjr` Erobejncnigoec nr Joncnigoec jvgmjòj ocergay tbj ocegks kemj hy

Eògj`t Yrgtjrs

N`j na tbj ke`y – herherge`‛ pjnpcjs wbn reveijm tbj Xnke` Jkpgrj e`m hrnuibt gt tn gts

d`jjs, wjrj tbj Bu`s. E ]urdgo `nkemgo pjnpcj arnk oj`trec Esge4 tbjy stnnm nut arnk tbj

ntbjr – herherge`s‛ muj tn tbjgr Esgetgo nrgig`s e`m tbjgr bnrsjke`sbgp. Ybgob G kust sey gs

vjry sgkgcer tn tbj oevecry teotgos na cetjr stjppj pjnpcjs suob es tbj Knìncs e`m tbj _jclud

]urds. ]bjy reveijm tbj Xnke` Jkpgrj arnk ?96 O.J. tn =17 O.J. e`m rjeobjm tbjgr zj`gtb

u`mjr Ettgce arnk =?= O.J. tn =:? O.J. Mjspgtj tbjgr rjputetgn` anr hjgì e bnrmj na bnrsj-

rgmgì hrutjs, bnw aer wes tbgs eotueccy tbj oesj> Yjrj tbj Bu`s eotueccy tbet ajrnognus nr

wes tbjgr vgncj`t prjsjòj g` Jurnpj bgibcy gàcetjm g` nrmjr tn mjpgot tbjk es seveijs>

Cgdj ke`y – herherge`‛ pjnpcjs, tbj Bu`s bem `n wrgttj` ceìueij e`m es e rjsuct wj

bevj tn rjcy n` Xnke` rjonrms. Nur keg` snuroj na tbet tgkj pjrgnm na Ekkgeùs

Kerojccgùs wgcc bevj tn hj nur prgkery snuroj n` tbj èturj e`m behgts na tbj Bu`s.

Kerojccgùs igvjs us e` gkeij na Bu`s4 arnk tbjgr oustnks et tn tbjgr hettcj teotgos. _nkj na

bgs mjsorgptgn`s n`j wnucm sey erj vjry sj`setgnècgst4 tbj Bu`s wjrj mjsorghjm es

pjranrkgì rgtuecgstgo soerrgì tn gàe`ts< –gàe`t obgcmrj` erj mjjpcy kerdjm hy e` grn`‛5. Nr

bnw bj jkpbesgsjs bnw hgzerrj tbj Bu`s cnndjm cgdj< –tbjy erj na irjet sgzj, e`m hnw-

cjiijm , sn tbet ynu kgibt aeòy tbjk twn-cjiijm hjests‛.

N` tbj ntbjr be`m , wj bevj tn on`sgmjr tbet tbj Bu`s wjrj e kjèoj tn tbj Xnke`

Jkpgrj. Gt gs n`cy jxpjotjm tbet tbjrj wgcc hj snkj jxeiijretgn`s e`m jvj` prjlumgojs g` bgs

5 Kerojccgùs




8

wrgtgìs. ]bj knmjr`-mey bgstnrge` Xumg Veuc Cg`m`jr ‗s pepjr @nkemgsk , Bnrsjs e`m Bu`s

(eppcygì e mgvjrsj reìj na prgkery e`m erobejncnigoec snurojs) wgcc hj usjm tn hntb vjrgay

e`m mgsputj espjots na Kerojccgùs‗ wrgtgìs.

N`j na tbj keg` tbgìs tbet Kerojccgùs kj`tgn`s wes bnw cgaj rjvncvjm ernu`m tbj

bnrsj g` Bu``go snogjty. Bj stetjs tbet –...n` bnrsjheod tbjy huy e`m sjcc, tbjy tedj tbjgr

kjet e`m mrg`d , e`m tbjrj tbjy rjocg`j n` tbj èrrnw `jod na tbjgr stjjm , e`m ygjcm tn scjjp‛8

bj injs aurtbjr tn sey<

– @n`j na tbjk pcnuib, nr jvj` tnuob e pcnuib be`mcj4 anr tbjy bevj `n

sjttcjm ehnmj, hut erj bnkjcjss e`m cewcjss, pjrpjtueccy we`mjrgì wgtb tbjgr

wein`s‛?.

]bgs key sjjk cgdj e` jxtrjkj gkeij, sgòj gt‗s berm tn gkeig`j e`yn`j sgttgì n` e bnrsj anr

cnì pjrgnms na tgkj cjt ecn`j mngì ecc tbjgr megcy eaaegrs n` n`j. ]bgs mgaagoucty g`

onkprjbj`mgì suob e` gkeij ecsn gs sberjm hy Kerojccgùs, sgòj tbj Bu`s cgvjm e bersb

`nkemgo cgajstycj g` Esge, wbgob gs e buij on`trest tn e` urhe`gsjm , ogvgcgsjm Xnke`. Wjt

bnw aer gs tbgs kjrj jxeiijretgn`> Ga wj cnnd g` Cg`m`jr‗s tjxt gt wnucm sjjk tbet bj wnucm

eirjj wgtb tbj bnrsj-wein` hesjm cgajstycj, e`m et tbj sekj tgkj bj injs aurtbjr tn sey gt

wes`‗t u`gquj tn tbj Bu`s. Yj ijt vjrgagoetgn`s arnk Ygccgek na Xuhruod (e 5?tb oj`tury

8 Kerojccgùs

? Kerojccgùs




?

Areògsoe` kn`d) wbn wrntj e` jxtj`sgvj e agrstbe`m eoonu`t na tbj Knìncs, e`ntbjr

_tjppj `nkemgo irnup qugtj sgkgcer tn tbj Bu`s=. Bj (Ygccgek) tnn stetjs<

–]bj ]erters bevj `n ehgmgì ogty. . . Jeob oepteg`, eoonrmgì tn wbjtbjr bj

bes knrj nr ajwjr kj` u`mjr bgk, d`nws tbj cgkgts na bgs pestureij e`m

wbjrj tn ajjm bgs acnods g` wg`tjr , sukkjr , sprgì, e`m eutuk`, anr g` wg`tjr

tbjy onkj mnw` tn tbj werkjr mgstrgots g` tbj snutb4 g` sukkjr tbjy in up tn

tbj onncjr n`js g` tbj `nrtb.‛:

Ygtb Ygccgek‗s vjrgagoetgn` na _tjppj `nkemgsk, G ajjc tbet Kerojccgùs key `nt

bevj hjj` jxeiijretgì g` tjrks na tbj jxtj`t na tbjgr cgvjs n` tbj bnrsj. Bnwjvjr , tbj

stetjkj`t tbet tbjy‗rj –cewcjss‛ gs ocjercy e` jxeiijretgn`4 tbgs key bevj hjj` pert na tbj

sj`setgnècgst mjpgotgn` g` nrmjr tn bgibcgibt tbj mgaajrjòjs hjtwjj` tbj ogvgcgsjm Xnke` e`m

tbj seveij herherge`.

Yj d`nw bnw tbj Bu`s cgvjm g` tbj _tjppj hut bnw ehnut tbjgr cgvjs g` Yjstjr`

Jurnpj> Onucm tbjy djjp n` cgvgì es `nkems nòj tbjy‗vj pnurjm tbjksjcvjs g`tn Jurnpj>

Yj kust agrst on`sgmjr tbet Yjstjr` Jurnpj gs vjry joncnigoeccy mgaajrj`t tn tbj bersb pceg`s

na tbj Juresge` _tjppj. G wnucm sey tbet suob e cgajstycj wnucm hj jxtrjkjcy mgaagouct tn

keg`teg` sgòj tbjrj gs`‗t es kuob speoj anr `nkemgo bnrsj-rjergì g` Yjstjr` Jurnpj.

Cg`m`jr injs es aer es tn pg`-png`t tbj n`cy sgi`gagoe`tcy sgzjm iressce`ms g` Jurnpj tn tbj

Ecañcm (knmjr` mey Buìery) wbgob gs n`cy ehnut =8,=66 dk8, ehnut =% tbj sgmj na knmjr`

= 78, Cg`m`jr

: Xuhruod




=

mey Knìncge‗s _tjppj1. ]bj evjreij eknu`t e bnrsj irezjs (hesjm n` rjpnrts n` knmjr`-

mey Buìerge` bushe`mry) gs ehnut 8: eorjs na pesturj pjr e`ùk9. Wjt tbj Ecañcm ecsn

pnssjssjs aerks, snkj anrjsts e`m kersbjs e`m bnrsjs erj `nt tbj n`cy cgvjstnod hjgì rjerjm

g` tbj rjign`, tbgs kje`s ehnut 5:6,666 bnrsjs onucm hj suppnrtjm 2. Jvj` tbj`, tbgs jstgketj

gs vjry cerij on`sgmjrgì tbet tbjrj gs vgrtueccy `n gànrketgn` n` tbj eknu`t na iressce`m e`m

kersbjs g` tbj Ecañcm et tbj :tb oj`tury E.M. wj wnucm bevj tn tedj bgs jstgketgn` es gt gs7.

Cg`m`jr ecsn tnnd Keron Vncn‗s eoonu`t na tbj Knìncs pnssjssgì e strgì na 52

bnrsjs tn 5 rgmjr , Cg`m`jr kedjs tbj jstgketgn` (hesjm n` Vncn) na 56 bnrsjs pjr rgmjr 56. ]bgs

kje`s n`cy 5:,666 werrgnrs et knst onucm pnssghcy hj suppnrtjm , tbet‗s `nt jvj` jquec tn twn

Knìnc mgvgsgn`s (86,666 kj`)55. Ga tbj Ecañcm onucm`‗t jvj` suppnrt e suhste`tgeccy cerij

oevecry-hesjm bnrmj, tbj` gt‗s qugtj ocjer cnigstgoeccy tbet tbj Bu`s wbn j`mjm up g` Jurnpj

onucm `nt pnssghcy djjp tbj _tjppj cgajstycj e`m wnucm bevj tn emnpt tbj cgajstycjs na tbj

surrnu`mgì pjnpcjs.

]bgs png`t gs aurtbjr jànrojm hy Vrgsous‗ vgsgt tn Ettgce‗s Onurt g` ==2-==7 O.J,

Vrgsous wes e Irjjd kjssjìjr/mgpcnket sj`t tn Ettgce n` hjbeca na tbj Jkpgrj . Bgs

gkprjssgn`s na Bu`s sjjkjm tn hj tbet tbj Bu`s bem `n cnìjr vgjwjm tbjksjcvjs es `nkems

1 5=, Cg`m`jr

9 5=, Cg`m`jr

2 5=, Cg`m`jr

7 5:, Cg`m`jr

56 5:, Cg`m`jr

55 5:, Cg`m`jr




:

g` tbjgr sbnrt tgkj g` Jurnpj58. Vrgsous `ntjs tbet Ettgce cgvjm g` e wjcc on`struotjm tnw`, wgtb

e stn`j hetbbnusj, hugct ecnì Xnke` cg`js5?. ]bgs ocjercy sbnws tbj Bu`s `nt n`cy sjttcgì

mnw` muj tn tbjgr j`vgrn`kj`t e`m on`qujsts hut ecsn emeptgì tbj behgts na tbjgr kuob knrj

jstehcgsbjm ogvgcgsjm `jgibhnurs< tbj Xnke`s!

Bnwjvjr wj mn sjj tbet tbj Bu`s stgcc keg`teg`jm espjots na tbjgr `nkemgo weys4

Vrgsous `ntjs tbet wbj` tbjy jxobeìjm vecuehcj igats, Ettgce bem igvj` tbjk snkj bnrsjs.

Ybj` Vrgsous e`m bgs mjcjietgn` agèccy int tn tbj Xnke` hnrmjr (eatjr husg`jss wgtb Ettgce),

Ettgce‗s cgjutjè`ts mjke`mjm tbj bnrsjs heod 5=. ]bgs gs e` uùsuec tbgì tn esd anr e igat

heod , jspjogeccy g` mgpcnkeoy, hut gt wnucm eppjer tbet pjrbeps tbj Bu`s ajct tbet tbj bnrsjs

wjrj kuob tnn vecuehcj tn hj g` anrjgi` be`ms nr tbjrj wes sbnrteij na bnrsjs. Jgtbjr wey tbj

jkpbesgs n` tbj vecuj na tbj bnrsj gs prjsj`t, e` jkpbesgs tbet jxgsts muj tn tbj aeot tbet `nt

tnn cnì ein arnk tbj kjjtgì tbj Bu`s wjrj `nkems wbnsj cgvjs mjpj`mjm jxtj`sgvjcy n`

tbj bnrsj. Es e rjsuct hy ==7 O.J. tbj Bu`s bem knrj nr cjss hjonkj

Jurnpje`gsjm/Xnke`gsjm hut tbjrj wjrj stgcc cgìjrgì g`steòjs na `nkemgo obereotjr hut tbj

gkeij na tbj rnekgì _tjppj `nkem on`tgùgì tn hj e `nkem g` Jurnpj gs e` ehsurm `ntgn .̀

Ectbnuib tbj Bu`s bem jaajotgvjcy ehe`mn`jm tbj _tjppj g` jvjrymey cgaj, mgm tbjy

ehe`mn` tbj _tjppj weys na wer> Ybj` wj tbg`d na tbj Bu`s wj tj`m tn ijt tbj tjrrgaygì

gkeij na wgcm bnrsjkj` kjrogcjsscy pjctgì tbjgr Xnke` nr Ijrke`go anjs wgtb errnws wgtb

irjet spjjm e`m jesj. ]bgs gkeij gs jànrojm hy Kerojccgùs<

58 56, Cg`m`jr

5? 56, Cg`m`jr

5= 56, Cg`m`jr




1

–...wbj` tbjy in g`tn hettcj, tbjy anrk g` e sncgm hnmy, e`m

uttjr ecc dg`ms na tjrrgago yjccs. ]bjy erj vjry qugod g` tbjgr

npjretgn`s, na jxojjmgì spjjm , e`m an`m na surprgsgì tbjgr

j`jkgjs. Ygtb e vgjw tn tbgs, tbjy summj`cy mgspjrsj, tbj`

rju`gtj, e`m eieg`, eatjr bevgì gàcgotjm vest cnss upn` tbj

j`jky, soettjr tbjksjcvjs nvjr tbj wbncj pceg` g` grrjiucer

anrketgn`s< ecweys evngmgì tbj anrt nr e` j`trjòbkj`t‛5:.

]bj pereirepb ocjercy igvjs us e` gkeij na Bu``go hettcj tjob`gqujs. Gt gs hesgoeccy e qugod

bgt-e`m-ru` tjob`gquj wbjrj tbj nhljotgvj gs tn prnvndj tbj j`jky tn hrjed re`ds e`m qugodcy

pgod tbjk naa qugodcy e`m kjrogcjsscy wgtb errnws. ]bjsj teotgos ocjercy erj `nt agt anr

jxtj`mjm sgjijs e`m cjss npj` tjrreg`s sgòj _tjppj bnrmjs wjrj prjmnkgè`tcy oevecry

hesjm .

Yj onucm jvj` in aurtbjr tn sey tbet tbj Jurnpje` ceod na anreij wes mjtrgkj`tec tn

tbj bjectb na tbj _tjppj bnrsj e`m bjòj cnwjrjm tbj ùkhjr na knu`tjm werrgnrs agjcmjm hy

tbj bnrmj. ]bj hesgs na tbgs hgncnigoec stetjkj`t gs Qjijtgus‗ wrgtgì. ]bj :tb oj`tury wrgtjr

Qjijtgus bes hjj` d`nw` tn hj tbj n`cy eutbnr tn igvj e aucc vjtjrgèry mjsorgptgn` na tbj

Bu``go bnrsj hrjjm 51

. Bgs eècysgs na Bu``go bnrsj wes tbet tbjy wjrj –bermy orjeturjs,

eooustnkjm tn oncm e`m arnst, tbj bnrsjs na tbj herherge`s `jjm `jgtbjr stehcjs `nr kjmgoec

oerj.‛59 ]bgs eècysgs ocjercy sbnws tbet tbj Bu``go bnrsj pnssjssjs emve`teijs bnwjvjr

5: Kerojccgùs

51 86=, Qjijtgus

59 86=, Qjijtgus




9

Qjijtgus ecsn injs aurtbjr tn sey tbet jeob hrjjm na bnrsj gs hrjm anr spjogago on`mgtgn`s 52.

Anr e Bu``go bnrsj tn hj nut na _tjppj e`m put g` Jurnpj wbjrj anreigì nppnrtu`gtgjs erj

qugtj cnw, tbj Xnke` stecc-ajm bnrsj gs mjag`gtjcy aevnurjm .

Cg`m`jr ecsn rjgànrojs tbj png`t rjmuojm ùkhjr na bnrsjs g` tbj Bu``go bnrmj wgtb

erobejncnigoec jvgmjòj arnk Bu``go irevjsgtjs g` Buìery57. Bu`s, es e _tjppj pjnpcj, e`m

hesjm n` tbj rjkeg`s na tbj sdjcjtn`s djpt tbj tremgtgn` na hjgì hurgjm wgtb tbjgr bnrsjs86. G`

tbj irevjs jxoevetjm g` Jurnpj bnwjvjr tbjrj wjrj `n rjkeg`s na e`y –usehcj bnrsjs‛85, es

rjsuct gt wnucm hj mgaagouct tn kedj e`y ij`jrecgsetgn`s na tbj soecj na tbj usj bnrsjs .

Bnwjvjr wbet gs `ntgojehcj wes tbet tbjsj hurgec sgtjs na tbj Bu`s tbet rjojgvjm knrj

g`vjstgietgn` on`teg`jm ecknst jxocusgvjcy hjcnìjm tn kj` na bgib re`d nr wjectb884 tbjgr

–irevj-innms‛ key rjacjot tbj espgretgn`s na ke`y Bu`s, hut tbjy mn `nt, e`m ojrteg`cy

oe``nt, g` tbjgr prjsj`t ùkhjrs (et cjest), rjprjsj`t tbj cgaj na knst Bu`s g` Jurnpj.

Ga bnrsjs wjrj knst cgdjcy n`cy evegcehcj tn tbj jcgtjs na tbj Bu``go bnrmj, tbgs kje`s

tbet tbj Bu`s, anr tbj knst pert, kust bevj emeptjm Jurnpje` gàe`try teotgos anr tbj rjst na

Bu`s g` tbjgr werknìjrgì g` Yjstjr` Jurnpj. ]bgs png`t gs aurtbjr jkpbesgsjm g` tbj

Hettcj na Obècn`s na =:5, Lnrme`js igvjs us tbj n`cy aucc eoonu`t na tbj hettcj8?. G` sbnrt,

52 86=, Qjijtgus

57 58, Cg`m`jr

86 5?, Cg`m`jr

85 5?, Cg`m`jr

88 5?, Cg`m`jr

8?7, Cg`m`jr




2

Ettgce wes hruteccy mjajetjm hy Ejtgus, bj acjm e`m anrtgagjm bgksjca g` bgs oekp surrnu`mjm

hy wein`s e`m prjperjm tn –gkkncetj bgksjca n` e bjep na semmcjs‛8=.

_tjppj teotgos rjcy n` igvgì tbjgr rgmjrs tbj emve`teij, sn agibtgì g` wgmj npj`

speojs gs kuob aevnurjm . Anrtgaygì n`jsjca gs ocjercy e` gàe`try-hesjm teotgo. Et tbj sekj

tgkj, ga Ettgce bem e auccy knu`tjm bnrmj tbjrj sbnucm`‗t hj bjeps na semmcjs cygì ehnut g`

bgs oekp, tbj semmcjs wnucm bevj hjj` usjm g` tbj hettcjagjcm tn aur`gsb bgs knu`tjm

werrgnrs. ]bgs ocjer ceod na bnrsjkj` g` tbgs buijcy sgi`gagoe`t hettcj (anr tbj Bu`s) ocjercy

mjkn`stretjs tbet Ettgce‗s bnrmj bem e` gàe`try hesjm stretjiy, ocjercy hnrrnwjm arnk tbjgr

Jurnpje` anjs.

Gt‗s ecsn g`tjrjstgì tn `ntj tbet Kerojccgùs mnjs `nt kj`tgn` semmcjs e`ywbjrj g` bgs

wrgtgìs. Gt‗s qugtj nmm tbet Lnrme`js kj`tgn`s tbjk wbj` tbj Bu`s int g`tn Jurnpj wbgcj

Kerojccgùs mnjs`‗t wbj` bj wrgtjs ehnut tbjk g` tbjgr @nkemgo stetj. ]bgs key suiijst tbet

semmcjs wjrj `nt rjeccy wnrtby g`tjrjst tn Kerojccgùs muj tn tbjgr wgmjsprjem usj g` tbj

rjign` (eknì `nkems) bnwjvjr bnw aekgcger bj wes wgtb e semmcj gs qujstgnèhcj sgòj gt‗s

`nt tnn wjcc d`nw` wbj` semmcjs wjrj g`trnmuojm tn Jurnpj. Lnrme`js d`nwcjmij na tbj

semmcj kust bevj onkj arnk tbj aeot tbet bj cgvjm g` tbj 1tb

oj`tury, e ij`jretgn` eatjr tbj

Bu``go g`vesgn` e`m tbj aecc na Ettgce‗s bnrmj.

Hjsgmjs tbj bnrsjs e`m tbj bersb _tjppj cgajstycj, Kerojccgùs kj`tgn`s tbj ocntbgì

tbet tbj Bu`s wjer . ]bj ocntbjs n`j wjers tjccs ecnt ehnut e oucturj reìgì arnk cjvjc na

prnspjrgty tn tbj reìj na gàcujòjs g` tbjgr oucturj. Kerojccgùs seys tbet<

8= 55, Cg`m`jr




56

]bj Bu`s bevj e`m wgcc knst cgdjcy hj rjkjkhjrjm es Esgetgo bnrsjke` wbn reveijm

Jurnpj, hut gt‗s gkpnrte`t tn rjkjkhjr tbet ke`y na tbj stjrjntypgoec gkeijs na suob Esgetgo

`nkems hjgì eppcgjm g` Yjstjr` Jurnpj erj`‗t pnssghcj es wj bevj sjj` tbrnuibnut tbgs

pepjr e`m ke`y na tbj mjpgotgn`s na Ettgce‗s bnrmj bevj hjj` sbnw` tn hj gàcetjm (suob es

tbj ùkhjr na oevecry gkpcjkj`tjm) e`m sgkpcy gkpnssghcj. Gt‗s ecweys gkpnrte`t tn wjgib

up prgkery snurojs sgòj snkj key hj cjss gànrketgvj tbe` ntbjrs e`m kedj surj n`j

u`mjrste`ms tbj on`tjxt e`m heodirnu`m na tbj sgtuetgn` hjanrj hjgì on`vgòjm na wbet

jxeotcy wj`t mnw` et tbet tgkj.




55

Hghcgnirepby

¹ Cg`m`jr , Xumg V. – @nkemgsk, Bnrsjs e`m Bu`s.‛ Vest & Vrjsj`t . Qnc. 78. Nxanrm <

Nxanrm ZV, 5725. ?-57. Vrg`t.

¹ Ekkgeùs Kerojccgùs, O. M. Bgstnry na Xnkj arnk On`ste`tg`j tn Qecj`s. ]re`s. O.

M. Wnìj. Cn`mn`< Ijnrij Hjcc e`m _n`s, 522:. E Anurtb-Oj`tury Mjsorgptgn` na

tbj Bu`s. _ek Bnustn` _tetj Z`gvjrsgty. Yjh. 5: Not. 8658.

3bttp<//www.sbsu.jmu/~bgs^òp/EkkBu`s.btkc0.

¹ Ygccgek na Xuhruod . ‛Lnur`jy tn tbj Ce`m na tbj ]erters.‛ ]bj Buke` Xjonrm <

_nurojs na Icnhec Bgstnry. ?rm jm . Qnc. G. Hnstn`< Bnuibtn` Kgaacg`, 5772. =56-

5=. Ygccgek na Xuhruod . ]bj` Eieg`, 866:. Yjh. 8? Not. 8658.

3bttp<//www.tbjèieg`.gàn/Ocessjs/_nurojs/Xuhruod .btkc0.

¹ Xjètus, Qjijtgus. ]bj Ynrcm na tbj Bu`s< _tumgjs g` ]bjgr Bgstnry e`m Oucturj.

Onkp. Nttn Kejòbj`-Bjcaj`. Hjrdjcjy< Z`gvjrsgty na Oecganr`ge, 579?. 86=-62.

Vrg`t.

¹ Ve`guk, Vrgsous. –Vrgsous Mjsorghjs tbj Onurt na Ettgce Dgì na tbj Bu`s

(==2).‛ Xjemgìs g` Jurnpje` Bgstnry. ]re`s. L. B. Xnhg`sn`. Hnstn`< Ig``, 576:.

=1-=7. G`tjr`jt Bgstnry _nurojhnnds Vrnljot . Anrmbek Z`gvjrsgty, Le`. 5771. Yjh.

8? Not. 8658. 3bttp<//www.anrmbek.jmu/becsecc/snuroj/ettgce5.esp0.

how does modern archaeological or ecological evidence clarify the claims made by ancient writers

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