how does mental energy develop? copyright © 2007 allyn & bacon mayers personality: a systems...
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Theme and Variation on
Topic 4. Motivation and Emotion
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Lecture and the Book…• Chapter 4: Motivation
and Emotion 1. What are Motives?*
2. How are Motives Expressed?
3. What Are Emotions and Why Are They Important?
4. What Are Emotional Traits and How Are They Expressed?
5. What Are Happy People Like?
• Lecture 4: How Does Mental Energy Develop?1. Key terms
2. Projective and other measures
3. Key motives
4. Motives and emotions together
5. Why emotions?
6. Emotions and personality
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
What Are Motives, Instincts, Needs? • Motives – Basic biologically-based needs of the
organism to behave in a particular way. • Henry Murray Developed a long list of 20 or so.
– Inanimate objects n Acquisition, n Order– Ambition n Achievement, n Recognition– Superiority: n Inviolacy, n Defendance– Sado-Masochism: n Aggression, n Abasement– Affection: n Affliation, n Rejection
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
The Issues of Honesty and Self Knowledge
• Issues of Self-Judgments… – How well do people know their motives?– Will they honestly report them?
• Even if true, would you feel comfortable saying…– …you are motivated by revenge? – …you are interested in having sexual
relations whenever you can?
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Thematic (Projective) Measures of Motives
• Thematic (Projective) Measures – The presence of an ambiguous stimulus to which an individual must respond.
• Example: The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)– A person constructs a story to the stimulus,– Portions of his or her style of thinking can be
measured.
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Projective Testing: The TAT
• Tell a story…• What happened to
bring this about?• What is going on
now?• What will happen
next?
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Projective Testing: The TAT
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
(Informally) Score Your Own TAT!
N. Achievement•Meeting standards of excellence•Unique attainments •Commitment to goals
N. Power•Controlling others•Attempts to heighten their influence•Protection of others
N. Affiliation•Maintaining positive relationships with others•Repairing relationships
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Motivation: What Does It Influence?N for Achievement N for Power N for Affiliation
Prefer tasks of moderate difficulty
Direct behavior of others: executives, psychologists, teachers, journalists, clergy
Spend more time with others; write more letters
Get higher grades only in courses relevant to goals
Express extreme opinions on matters to get visibility; obtain desired possessions
Sympathetic and accommodating
More involved in occupations and upwardly mobile
Build alliances; but not necessarily well-liked
If intimacy, more popular, better adjusted
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Self-Report of Motives
• Measure: Jackson Personality Inventory (based on 20 of Murray’s needs)
• Factor analyses identified needs for:– Achievement vs play– Social leadership– Dependence– Self-protection– Aesthetic & intellectual achievement
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Enhancing Self-Report• Can people be “forced” to be honest?• In forced choice, test-takers must choose two
alternatives matched for social desirability
Sample item (choose one):
A. Do you prefer to be lazy sometimes, and just do nothing?
B. Would you describe yourself as seeking revenge against those who injure you?
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Shift Focus to Emotions
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
From Motives to Emotion
• There can be direct connections: e.g., anger often accompanies aggression
• Happiness and joining others
• Emotion can amplify motives: e.g., happiness can amplify altruism. (Silvan Tomkins)
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
From Motives to Emotion
Robert Plutchik’s Emotion-Motive Connections
Motive Amplified or triggered by…
Emotion Function
Escaping Fear Protection
Attacking Anger Destruction
Mating Joy Reproduction
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Emotions as Evolved Signal System• Darwin & the evolution of
emotions• Saw commonalities in
facial and other emotional expressions across species
• Harbor Seals and Chimpanzees mouth feeding
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Emotions as Evolved Signal System• Darwin & the evolution of
emotions• Saw commonalities in
facial and other emotional expressions across species
• Anger in the cat and dog
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Emotions as Evolved Signal System
The brain is designed to connect basic emotions with basic facial expressions
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Universality of Facial ExpressionsPercent Agreement as to Facial Expression in Developed Nations
Japan Brazil Chile U.S.
Happiness 87 97 90 97
Fear 71 77 78 88
Surprise 87 82 88 91
Anger 63 82 76 69
Disgust 82 86 85 82
Sadness 74 82 90 73
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Universality of Facial Expressions
Emerging, pre-literate societies
• Tell a story: “She is sitting in a house with no axe, or bow. A pig is standing in the door looking at her and won’t move…”
• Agreement equally high as in Western nations
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Measuring Emotional States
• Self report is king!
• Psychophysiology secondary
• Mood and emotion are often used synonymously for emotional experience
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measurement
• Mood (or Emotion) scales often involve lists of emotion adjectives– Vincent Nowlis – drug company research
• Using a contemporary approach, there are two dimensions of mood/emotion
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measuring EmotionRussell’s Mood Circumplex
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measuring Emotions
• Emotions are momentary…or are they?
• Emotions and relation to personality…
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measuring Personality
• Hans Eysenck • Developed psychological scales• Was among the first to apply factor analysis• Sample questions
– “I prefer making friends to being alone”– “I often feel anxious.”
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measuring Personality
• Eysenck’s 2-dimensional model of personality is based on factor analysis
• Personality traits are arranged amidst the two dimensions
Active
Aggressive
Touchy
Pessimistic
Sober
Moody
Peaceful
Thoughtful
Reliable
Lively
Talkative
Sociable
ExtravertedIntroverted
Neurotic
Stable
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Background on Measuring Personality
• Remember the ancient division of personality into four types?– Sanguine– Choleric– Melancholic– Phlegmatic
…Is there a connection?
Active
Aggressive
Touchy
Pessimistic
Sober
Moody
Peaceful
Thoughtful
Reliable
Lively
Talkative
Sociable
ExtravertedIntroverted
Neurotic
Stable
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Comparison of States and Traits
Active
Aggressive
Touchy
Pessimistic
Sober
Moody
Peaceful
Thoughtful
Reliable
Lively
Talkative
Sociable
ExtravertedIntroverted
Neurotic
Stable
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Conclusions
• Many traditional “personality traits” reflect a two dimensional structure.
• Many moods reflect a two dimensional structure• The personality traits and the mood traits
correspond, when they are rotated– Extroversion = arousal– Introversion = calmness– Neuroticism = unpleasantness– Emotional Stability = pleasantness
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
A Study of the Happiest Students
• Diener and Seligman screened 222 college stduents
• Only the 24 happiest students were selected• They scored highest on measures of well-being• They had consistently happy moods over a 51
day period• They had low “negative” moods over the same
period
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
Results from the Study
The same as others...• Perceived money they
had• Their grades• Conscientiousness• Objective physical
appearance• Time spent in various
activities (TV, religious observance)
Different from others…• Highly satisfied with lives• Nearly never thought
about suicide• Recall many more happy
events• Experienced more happy
events every day• Had good quality
relationships with family and friends
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Part 2: Parts of Personality Chapter 4: Motivation and Emotion
How Does Mental Energy Develop?
Copyright © 2007 Allyn & Bacon Mayer’s Personality: A Systems Approach
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