How do you set up a new government for How do you set up a new government for a nation with such diverse interests and a nation with such diverse interests and concerns?concerns?

How does the new government gain the How does the new government gain the trust of the people?trust of the people?

The PresidentsThe Presidents

#1 George Washington#1 George Washington

As a result of the election of 1789, George As a result of the election of 1789, George Washington was unanimously chosen to Washington was unanimously chosen to be the first president, and John Adams be the first president, and John Adams becomes Vice President.becomes Vice President.

From dvd “The Presidents”From dvd “The Presidents”

Presidential precedents (examples)Presidential precedents (examples)

Washington’ s first precedent was that he Washington’ s first precedent was that he added “so help me God” to the oath of added “so help me God” to the oath of officeoffice

He also asked to be called Mr. PresidentHe also asked to be called Mr. President

Another important precedent was that he Another important precedent was that he left office after two termsleft office after two terms

From the textbookFrom the textbook

Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789

The Constitution included Article III on the The Constitution included Article III on the Judiciary, but did not have many details.Judiciary, but did not have many details.

Washington and Congress made this law Washington and Congress made this law that established the Supreme Court and that established the Supreme Court and federal courtsfederal courts

To the executive branch To the executive branch Washington added…Washington added…

3 executive departments or advisers 3 executive departments or advisers known as the Cabinet.known as the Cabinet.Thomas Jefferson – secretary of stateThomas Jefferson – secretary of stateAlexander Hamilton – secretary of the Alexander Hamilton – secretary of the treasurytreasuryHenry Knox – secretary of warHenry Knox – secretary of warEdmund Randolph was the attorney Edmund Randolph was the attorney general or chief lawyer of the federal general or chief lawyer of the federal governmentgovernment

Whiskey Rebellion

To pay off the national debt, Hamilton pushes Congress to pass a protective tariff and an excise tax on whiskey.

Pennsylvania farmers rebel, Washington and a militia put down the rebellion and show that the new government is ready to enforce the laws.

Divisions in the new nationHamilton v. Jefferson

Hamilton believed in… a strong central government led by wealthy, educated eliteLoose interpretation of the Constitution that would allow him to set up the controversial Bank of the United StatesHamilton wants to pay off nation’s debt, including state debts, which accumulated from Rev. War.To win support for the debt plan from

the southern states, Hamilton proposes a plan to move capital to south in Districtof Columbia

Jefferson believed in…

Limited national government

Strict interpretation of the constitution, no national bank

A society of farmer-citizens, “plain people”

results

Hamilton convinces President Washington and Congress that because of the elastic clause, “necessary and proper”, the bank is constitutional

The Bank of the United States is established to issue paper money and handle government funds

Construction on a new capital at Washington D.C. (old one was in NYC) begins

A 2 party political system forms

The Federalists v. the Democratic-Republicans

Foreign Policy

In 1789, the French Revolution beginsBy 1793, the Revolution has grown radical and war spreads throughout Europe.Some Americans want to support the French, and some want to support the British.In 1793, Washington issues a proclamation of neutrality saying that the U.S. will stay out of European affairs 1795 Pinckney’s Treaty gives U.S. any Spanish land claims east of Mississippi R. (except Florida) and use of Mississippi R. and port of New OrleansJay’s Treaty avoided a war with British, but many Americans unhappy with terms.

Washington bids farewell…Goodbye G.W!

In his farewell address Washington warns the nation:

to “steer clear of permanent alliances” with other nations

Against “spirit of the party” (political parties)

#2 John Adams

From the dvd

The Presidents

List his experiences prior to being president.

1. Signer of the Declaration of Independence

2. Member of the Continental Congress

3. Minister to France and England

4. 1st Vice President

Which incident and act of legislation defined Which incident and act of legislation defined the Adams presidency?the Adams presidency?

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

Adams is considered the father of the navy.Adams is considered the father of the navy.

The election of 1800 is significant because it The election of 1800 is significant because it was the first time that political power shifted was the first time that political power shifted from one political party to anotherfrom one political party to another

1796 Election

Federalist John Adams becomes presidentDemocratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson becomes vice-presidentAlmost all of the electors from the southern states voted for Jefferson and the northern electors voted for AdamsThis showed sectionalism – placing the interests of region ahead of the whole nation

More trouble with England and More trouble with England and France… France…

France doesn’t like Jay’s Treaty with France doesn’t like Jay’s Treaty with Britain and Adams sends diplomats there Britain and Adams sends diplomats there to try to avoid war.to try to avoid war.

They are met by officials known as X, Y, They are met by officials known as X, Y, and Z who demand a bribe to see and Z who demand a bribe to see Talleyrand. War never happened, but Talleyrand. War never happened, but Americans were outraged over the XYZ Americans were outraged over the XYZ Affair. Affair.

The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts

Many people continued to criticize the government, so Adams pushed through a series of laws that made it harder to become a citizen or criticize the government.

Why were people against these laws?

Violation of the 1st Amendment!

Jefferson and Madison counter with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions saying that states could nullify a federal law that is unconstitutional.Can states do this? NOWho gets rid of unconstitutional laws? Supreme Court since 1803 and Marbury v. Madison

George Washington dies in 1799.

Napoleon is France’s new leader and he wants to renew the friendship between the U.S. and France.

#3 Thomas Jefferson#3 Thomas Jefferson

From dvdThe election of 1800 is

significant because it was the first time that politicalpower shifted from one political party to another.

Believed the federalistsput too much power in federal gov’t

Jefferson had a major dilemma when the Louisiana Territory presents itself for sale wondering if…Was the purchase constitutional?Remember, Jefferson was a strict constructionist (strictly interpreting Constitution).Was the expedition of Lewis and Clark to explore the new territory constitutional?More fighting between the European nations of England and France caused more trouble for this administration too.

From the textbook

Jefferson tried to make peace with both political parties saying he would wage a “peaceful revolution” between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Jefferson wanted to simplify the gov’t and cut costs. He favored free trade instead of gov’t controlled trade and tariffs.

Marbury v. Madison 1803

Supreme Court established judicial review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

The Louisiana Purchase 1803

The Louisiana Territory is for sale by the French.

For $15 million, Jefferson can double the size of the U.S. but why is he unsure about it?

He is a strict constructionist and is unsure if the Constitution gives the gov’t power to acquire new territory.

Does he buy it? YES!

Lewis and Clark explore the new territory with Sacajawea for 2 years and 4 months.

Jefferson is reelected in 1804

The British and French are fighting again, and our ships are caught in the middle.We are especially angry at the British because of their policy of impressment – which seized American sailors at sea and drafted them into the British navy. Jefferson convinces Congress to pass the Embargo Act of 1807 to stop exporting products to other countries. It hurts us more than it hurts them and is lifted in 1809.

As American settlers push west…

Native American tribes are divided on how to deal with intruding white settlers. Some tribes are persuaded to sign and sell away their land to the gov’t.Tecumseh pushes for a Confederacy, or united Native American nation. William Henry Harrison attacks Shawnee (tribe of Tecumseh) capital and discovers they are using arms from British Canada. Senators like Clay and Calhoun who push for war against the British are called war hawks.