How do humans get the energy they need to do cellular work!

Examples of Cellular Work

An analogy of energy in living things

• Which is glycogen? Glucose? ATP?• Which one is most useful if you want to get a

gumball?

A word about ATP

• You cannot eat ATP!!!• ATP is not found in

your blood (at least not in any large amount)

• ATP must be made by individual cell’s where it is needed!

ATP vs. ADP

So how do your individual cells get what they need?

• They need: Glucose & Oxygen• They need to get rid of: Water and Carbon

Dioxide

• They need:– Respiratory System– Circulatory System

Respiratory Systems

• Help organisms get gases into their bodies• Must be moist—take O2 from either water or

air.

Human Respiratory System Organization

Negative Pressure Breathing• Inhalation– Think band or chorus—sit up straight!

• Exhalation– Think of Heimlich maneuverWhat would happen if there was a hole in your lungs?

Why do you breathe?

• Brain stem—pons• Receptors

respond to increase in CO2 concentration

• Tell diaphragm to contract.

Structure Meets Function

Circulatory System• Transport of materials to and from cells.

Organization of the Heart

• Left vs. Right• Atria vs. Ventricle• Role of Valves

Organization of Blood

• Red Blood Cells• White Blood Cells• Platelets

Organization of Blood

• Thymus-Maturation ofT-cells. A “lymph node”

• Spleen-Breakdown of old RBC’s

What controls your heartbeat?• Pacemaker• Systole—Contraction of heart chambers

(higher pressure• Diastole—Filling of heart chambers (lower

pressure)

Structure Meets Function

Structure Meets Function

• Hemoglobin– 4 “hemes” (iron)

bind O2

– Changes shape when pH is lowered

– Does not bind CO2 well; binds CO very strongly.

How does CO2 travel?

• CO2 combines with water and forms carbonic acid.

• Lots of CO2 formed in exercise can lower blood pH from 7.4 to 7.2.

• Helps hemoglobin release O2 at body’s tissues.

Formative Assessments

• Structure Meets Function

• Organization—what links the two systems!!!

Cellular Respiration

• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/29543-assignment-discovery-cellular-respiration-video.htm

• From the video you should determine:– Where does cellular respiration happen?– What are the main steps in the process?

What do the materials do when they get to the body’s cells?

Aerobic Cellular RespirationPart Where? Reactants Products Amount of

ATP Produced

Key Role in the Process

Glycolysis

Krebs

Electron Transport Chain

Glycolysis

• What is happening to glucose?

• Why is energy needed to make energy?

Krebs Cycle

• How many times per glucose?

• How many ATP per glucose?

• What waste product is given off?

• What happens to FAD and NAD+?

Electron carriers are the link

• Reduced by gaining electons from hydrogen.

• Bring electrons from Krebs to the Electron transport chain

Electron Transport Chain• Electron transport chain:

– NADH and FADH2 source of electrons.– Electrons passed from protein to protein.– H+ (protons) build up on one side of the membrane– When H+ fall through ATP synthase, ATP is produced– Must have O2 to flow.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning How does carbon monoxide poisoning cause you

to pass out and eventually die? 1. Colorless odor less gas breathed in.

2. Enters alveoli and binds hemoglobin 200X stronger than oxygen

3. Makes it to the cells. 4. Electron transport chain shuts down.

5. ATP production ceases. 6. If CO is not replaced with O2 over time

mitochondria will self-destruct.

Prevention and Treatment

• Hyperbaric oxygen chamber

What if there is no oxygen?

• Glycolysis ONLY produces ATP!• “anaerobic” respiration– To return NADH to NAD+:• Alcoholic fermentation

– Pyruvate Ethyl alcohol and CO2

• Lactic acid fermentation– PyruvateLactic Acid

Unity and Diversity

• Which is more efficient at getting ATP from glucose? Aerobic Respiration or Fermentation

• What types of organisms can get enough energy from fermentation?

• What type of fermentation can humans do? When do you think this happens? Does it work long term?

Lactic Acid Fermentation• When would Michael Phelps use lactic acid

fermentation? When would his muscles need to rely on aerobic respiration?

• Why would most runners/swimmers be better at either endurance or sprinting and not both?

Formative Assessment• Respiration is a misleading term. Respiration

could mean:– Anaerobic Respiration– Aerobic Respiration– Human Respiration

Explain how even though these are different things, they are all happening in the body of a world-class sprinter as he/she races for the finish line.

Use these ideas to help form the intro to your lab!