how do domestic and reproductive work responsibilities
TRANSCRIPT
How do domestic and reproductive work responsibilities affect women’s access to and quality of work? Solutions for Women’s Empowerment Webinar Series
East Asia and Pacific Gender Innovation Lab (EAPGIL)
January 29, 2020
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What is EAPGIL?
Mission: Provide rigorous evidence on what works and what does not in reducing key gender gaps in EAP countries and use it to shape policy and development operations
3 MAIN LINES OF ACTIVITY: Generation of evidence through:
• Impact evaluation
• Inferential research using existing data
Promoting the uptake of knowledge through:
• continuous engagement with IE project teams
• sustained dissemination of research findings
Capacity building to the World Bank teams, counterparts, and other development partners on:
• improving projects through integrating gender perspective
• using evidence for project design
Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) is lower than men’s
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Timor-Leste
Philippines
Papua New Guinea
Pacific island small states
Myanmar
World
Indonesia
Malaysia
Mongolia
Korea, Rep.
East Asia & Pacific
High income
Thailand
China
Singapore
Japan
Cambodia
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Male LFP Female LFP Source: WDI 2018
Labor Force Participation Rates of Men and Women in EAP
Could lack of childcare hinder FLFP?
Women’s LFP dips during childbearing years in countries with lower FLFP
20
40
60
80
10
0
Pe
rce
nt
20 40 60 80Age
Males Females
Indonesia, 2014
020
40
60
80
10
0
Pe
rce
nt
20 40 60 80Age
Males Females
Vietnam, 2014
020
40
60
80
10
0
Pe
rce
nt
20 40 60 80Age
Males Females
Cambodia, 2014
020
40
60
80
10
0
Pe
rce
nt
20 40 60 80Age
Males Females
Laos, 2012/13
020
40
60
80
Pe
rce
nt
20 40 60 80Age
Males Females
Timor, 2014/15
By age and gender
Labor Force Participation Rates
Evidence from 3 studies
Informal childcare arrangements and women’s work in Indonesia
• Does the presence of grandparents in the household change the likelihood that women with young children work?
• Does the presence of grandparents in the household change the type of work that women do?
Preschool availability and FLFP in Indonesia
• Does the availability of preschools increase FLFP?
• Is the effect different by the type of preschool (public vs. private?)
• Does public provision of preschools crowd out private preschools?
Occupational segregation in Vietnam
• To what extent does occupational sorting explain the gender wage gap?
• Why do women sort into lower paid occupations?
The Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS)
• 5 rounds between 1993 – 2014
• Representative of 83% of Indonesian population
Indonesia Village Census (PODES)
• 9 rounds between 1990 and 2014
Vietnam Labor Force Surveys
• Data from 2011-2014
• Nationally representative
Vietnam Young Lives Project
• Data on younger cohort from 2013 (11-12 years old)
Vietnam Skills Towards Employability and Productivity (STEP) Surveys
• Data from 2012
• Representative of urban working-age population
Data
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Informal childcare arrangements and women’s work in Indonesia
Daniel Halim, Hillary C. Johnson, Elizaveta Perova
Informal childcare
When fertility peaks, more urban women work if there’s an elderly in the household
020
40
60
80
%
20 25 30 35 40 45Age
No elderly Any elderly
Has child under 2
Urban areas
Figure 1a: Percent of women who work / have a child under 2
Informal childcare accelerates the return to work after childbirth
Informal childcare → Urban women return to work 2 years sooner
Prolonged absence → Foregone earnings of approx. US$1,300
-.3
-.2
-.1
0.1
.2
Pro
bab
ility
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Years from childbirth
No elderly (N=27,383) Any elderly (N=9,205)
Note: Dashed lines show the 95% confidence interval (see footnote 6).
Compared to year before childbirth
Figure 2: Probability of working in past week, urban areas
Informal childcare mitigates a switch to less remunerative work
Women switch into unpaid family work after childbirth
Without informal childcare:
• Urban: remain in unpaid family work 8 years later
• Rural: remain in unpaid family work until child 6 years old
With informal childcare:
• Urban: do not switch into unpaid family work
• Rural: return to other work after 1 year
Without informal childcare, women switch into less remunerative sectors
Switch does not happen when elderly are in the
household
• Urban: Switch from manufacturing to sales
• Rural: Switch from manufacturing to agriculture
Persistent effects, as they remain in new sector
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Access to preschool and women’s labor force participation in Indonesia
Daniel Halim, Hillary C. Johnson, Elizaveta Perova
Large increase in availability of preschools
2003: pre-primary
education
recognized as part of
national education
system, 25%
enrollment
Government
introduced a
medium-term plan to
increase enrollment
between 2004 and
2009
2016: gross pre-
primary enrollment
rate reached 60.3%
(WDI)
Geographic differences in the availability of both public and private preschools
Public and private preschools have different characteristics
Private preschools are significantly more expensive to attend, and
are likely to vary in quality more than public preschools
Compare
pre-school eligible women and pre-school not eligible women in districts with low and high preschool growth before and after preschool expansion
Identification strategy:
DDD
graphical representation
Does access to preschool increase mother’s likelihood of working?
0.071***
0.002
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Public Private
Does access to preschool change the quality of jobs that mothers get into?
1. PUBLIC PRESCHOOLS
Unpaid family worker
Agricultural worker
2. PRIVATE PRESCHOOLS
Artisanal production worker
Are public and private preschools complements or substitutes?
• Substitutes to a very small degree
• They cater to different subpopulation
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Occupational segregation in Vietnam
Iffat Chowdhury, Hillary C. Johnson, Aneesh Mannava, Elizaveta Perova
Occupational segregation partially explains the gender wage gap
Women’s hourly wages are approximately 10-14% lower than men’s wages
This gap shrinks when controlling for industry and occupation
Why do women sort into lower paid occupations?
Three Hypotheses:
1. Social norms
2. Gender specific barriers in school to work transition
3. Sorting over non-monetary characteristics
Do adolescent girls aspire to lower paying occupations than
boys?
No – girls actually aspire to higher paying occupations
Are women more likely to work outside their field of study?
No – women are more likely to work in occupations
related to their studies
Women are more likely to have a formal contract, paid leave,
health insurance, and social insurance
These benefits may facilitate better balance of domestic and
market work
Women sort into occupations with better non-monetary characteristics
Sorting over non-monetary characteristics reduces gender wage gap
But this is largely explained by occupational segregation
Moreover, within occupation and industry cell, women actually face a wage penalty for better non-monetary characteristics
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Conclusions and policy implications
Domestic work influences women’s LFP and quality of work
Childcare poses a constraint to FLFP, at least for some women
The type of childcare matters
Childcare and domestic work influences type of work and occupation
These choices affect women’s earnings
Policy discussion
Preschool expansion• Policy tools have different implications for FLFP
• Harder to reach populations may benefit more
• Challenges for work quality – expansion of hours?
Need for other types of childcare services• Ages 0-3
• Existing services and informal arrangements not meeting the needs of all women
• Complementary hours to school
Other types of interventions• Social norms related to distribution of work in household
• Flexible working arrangements
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Thank you!
www.worldbank.org/eapgil