How did Islam alter the history of the world?

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Rise of Islam

7th century: Muhammad received revelations in Arabic –gathered together into a book Quran (Koran)- became the basis of a new religion that we know as Islam

The Muslim community quickly expanded, uniting many tribes of Arabia

These tribes, united by the faith of Islam, swept out of Arabia to conquer the Persian and Byzantine empires

Islam

The advance of Islam

Within a century, the new empire stretched from southern Spain to northern India, and from the Caucasus to the Indian Ocean.

The empire was ruled by Khalifa (caliphs). The first four were known by the Rightly Guided Khalifas. They were: Abu Bakr Omar Uthman, and Ali

Then the Umayya Dynasty Then the Abbasi Dynasty

Islamic civilization

A synthesis of the religion and culture of Arabia with the great imperial traditions of the eastern Mediterranean and the Persian empire.

This synthesis molded the politics, science, literature, and arts of the people who adopted Islam

As a dominant culture of the region, it had a shaping influence on the Armenians and the Jews

The history of Islam

Islamic faith was linked to the expansion of Islamic rule

Muslim rulers were tolerant of those religions who faith was based on revelation, such as Judaism and Christianity, but forbade them to increase their numbers by conversion

The history of Islam is turbulent and violent: Umayya were overthrown Abassi founded Baghdad, Islam’s imperial city

Baghdad

Baghdad

Baghdad

History of Islam

Religious factionalism threatened the caliphate

The Muslim community divided between those who believed that the caliphate should remain in the prophet’s bloodlines (Shi'i) and those who insisted only that it remain within his clan, the Quraish (Sunni)

History of Islam

1210-1220- the Islamic empire was shattered The Mongol Chinghis Khan’s armies, which had

already subjugated all of China, swept through Central Asia, and Iraq, leveling cities.

1260- Mamluk rulers of Egypt defeated the Mongols in Palestine and ended the myth of their invincibility

Baghdad lost its eminence as the chief city of Islam

History of Islam

The Mongol dynasties that succeeded to rule in the Islamic world converted to Islam, and accommodated themselves to Islamic norms of rule

1336-1405-Tamerlane, who claimed descent from the khans, led his armies from Samarkand into Iran, Turkey and Russia

The Timurids were the last powerful dynasty to originate in the steppes

Islam in the 15th century

Detail of intricate tile work on mosque dome, Yazd, Iran.

History of Islam

The world of Islam came to be divided between the Ottomans in the west, the Safawi in Iran, and the Moghuls in India

The Ottomans launched the last great conquest, begun in the 14th c., when they expanded across the Bosphorus into the Balkans, threatening Vienna in 1683

Islamic literature

Islam established Arabic as the dominant language of religion, trade, and learning throughout the empire

9th century: Center of translation in Baghdad Greek science and philosophy, Indian mathematics,

Chinese medicine, and Persian literature were all translated into Arabic

Arabic had become the lingua franca of all the communities of Islam

Islam had become a cosmopolitan, international culture

Prose vs. poetry

Prose, which had next to no role in pre-Islamic literature of Arabia, came to enjoy exceptional currency because it was a better vehicle than poetry both for religious learning and for the new secular, humanistic learning that was flooding Islam from all sides

Though poetry enjoyed precedence over prose in the classical period, as it continued to do until the present day, prose was the accepted vehicle for narrative

What are the characteristics of Islamic literature? Quranic intolerance of fiction, which it categorized as

‘lying’ Prose narratives were strongly didactic or informative

–moralistic beast fables The Thousand and One Nights –popular

entertainment –not welcomed into the canon Imaginative literature was excluded from religion 10th c. with the rise of mysticism poetry became a

vehicle for spirituality in Islam

The languages of Islam

Islamic literature began in Arabic 9th century: Islamic poetry and prose began to be

written in Persian as well Persian poets drew on the pre-Islamic Iranian stories

from its national epic tradition to create an extremely rich literature – sufi mysticism

The origins of Islamic literature in Turkish can be traced to the 11th c.

14th c Islamic poetry in the regional languages of India – Kashmiri, Punjabi etc.

Islam

The Islamic cultural tradition made no effort to accept the pre-Islamic cultural traditions as its own (Greece, Mesopotamia, Palestine)

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