how data is physically stored on a floppy disk › ~akali2 › et127 › lecture4.pdfhard drive size...

1A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining Your PC, Fifth Edition

How Data Is Physically Stored

on a Floppy Disk


How Data Is Logically Stored on

a Floppy Disk


The Data Cable


Hard Drive Subsystem


IDE Cabling Methods


IDE Cabling Methods (continued)


Tracks and Sectors on the Drive


Tracks and Sectors on the Drive

(continued)


Hard Drive Size Limitations

Operating system Maximum size supported

DOS and Windows 9x FAT16 2.1 GB; cannot be used on hard

drives that exceed 8.4 GB

Windows NT/2000/XP FAT16 4 GB

Windows 2000/XP FAT32 32 GB

Windows 9x FAT32 137 GB

Windows 2000/XP with Service

Pack

Larger than 137 GB


How a Hard Drive Is Logically

Organized to Hold Data

Steps for preparing a hard drive to hold files

Low-level format (usually done at the factory)

Partitioning the hard drive

High-level format


Hard Drive Partitions and

Logical Drives

Active partition

Primary partition

Extended partition

Logical partition


Partitions and Logical Drives


Choice of File Systems

FAT16

Supported by all Windows systems

FAT32 (and VFAT)

Supported by Windows 95 Second Edition,

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Windows XP

NTFS

Supported by Windows NT, Windows 2000,

Windows XP

Each logical drive has its own file system


Jumper Settings


Jumper Settings (continued)


Mounting the Drive in the Bay

(continued)


Use CMOS to Change Hard

Drive Settings


Using Fdisk to Partition a Drive


Examples of General-Purpose

Utility Software


Disk Cloning Software

Replicates hard drive to a different computer

or to another drive on the same computer

Examples

Drive Image by PowerQuest

ImageCast by Innovative Software

Norton Ghost by Symantec Corp


Examples of General-Purpose

Utility Software (continued)


Troubleshooting Hard Drive

InstallationsCheck CMOS setup to verify that system BIOS

recognizes large drives

Verify status of Fdisk

Verify that Format C:/S was done

Check configuration of CMOS setup

Confirm setting of DIP switches or jumpers

Check connection of power cord and data cable

Refer to Web site of manufacturer for suggestions


Troubleshooting Hard Drives

with Third-Party Software

Norton Utilities

SpinRite

PartitionMagic


Fundamental Rules of

Troubleshooting

Make backups before making changes

Approach problem systematically

Isolate problem

Remove memory-resident programs

Boot from disk to eliminate the OS and startup

files on the hard drive

Remove unnecessary hardware devices



Troubleshooting (continued)

Don’t overlook the obvious

Check simple things first

Make no assumptions

Become a researcher

Write things down



Troubleshooting (continued)

Reboot and start over

Establish priorities

Keep your cool and don’t rush

Don’t assume the worst

Know your starting point


Gathering Information

Interact with user

Investigate problem on computer

Isolate the problem


Interacting with the User

Use good manners and diplomacy

Don’t take drastic action before asking about

important data that may not be backed up

Provide alternatives before making decisions

for users

Protect confidentiality of data

Don’t disparage user’s choice of hardware or

software


Investigating the Problem

What OS is installed?

What physical components are installed –

processor, expansion cards, drives, peripheral

devices? PC connected to network?

What is the nature of the problem – before or

after boot, error message, etc?

Can you duplicate the problem? Intermittent or

consistent problem?


Isolating the Problem

Consider the possibilities

Eliminate simple things first

Eliminate the unnecessary

Trade good for suspected bad

Trade suspected bad for good


Intermittent Problems

Hardest to solve

Look for patterns or clues

Ask user to keep a log of when problems occur

and exactly what error messages appear


Goals of Preventive

Maintenance

Reduce likelihood that events that cause PC

failures will occur

Preventive maintenance plan

Lessen the damage if they do occur

Disaster recovery plan


When a PC Is Your Permanent

ResponsibilityOrganize hard drive boot directory

Create rescue disks

Document setup changes, problems, and

solutions

Record setup data

Take practical precautions to protect software

and data (eg, back up original software and

back up data on the hard drive)


Preventive Maintenance Plan

Guidelines (continued)


Preventive Maintenance Plan



Making Backups

Child, parent, grandparent method

Full, incremental, and differential backups

Scheduling backups

Backup software

Disk cloning software

Planning for disaster recovery


Full, Incremental, and

Differential BackupsFull

Backs up all data from hard drive

Incremental

Backs up only files that have changed or been

created since last backup

Differential

Backs up files that have changed or been created

since the last full backup


Guidelines for Moving

Equipment

Back up hard drive

Remove removable disks, tape cartridges, or

CDs from drives

Turn off power to PC and devices

Disconnect power cords and external devices

Label cable connections


Guidelines for Moving

Equipment (continued)

Coil all cords and secure them

Pack in original shipping cartons

Purchase insurance


Viruses and Other Computer

InfestationsVirus Has an incubation period

Is contagious; replicates by attaching to other programs;

infected program must be executed for a virus to run

Is destructive

Worm Spreads copies of itself without a host program,

overloading the network as it replicates

Does damage by its presence

Best defense is a firewall

Trojan horse Does not need a host program to work

Substitutes itself for a legitimate program

Most cannot replicate

Logic bomb Dormant code added to software; triggered at a

predetermined time or by a predetermined event


Protecting Against Computer

Infestations

Make backups

Use antivirus software regularly

Keep Windows current with updates and

patches

Implement a firewall


Protecting Against Computer

Infestations (continued)Be aware of virus symptoms

Know what to do when you suspect a virus

infestation

Run antivirus software

Check Web site of AV software manufacturer

Use antivirus software


General Troubleshooting

GuidelinesMake backups and keep them current

Run antivirus software regularly

Defragment files and scan the hard drive

occasionally

Don’t smoke around your hard drive

Don’t leave the PC turned off for weeks or

months at at time


General Troubleshooting


High humidity can be dangerous for hard

drives

Be gentle with a hard drive

Take precautions when moving a hard drive or

changing CMOS setup

how data is physically stored on a floppy disk › ~akali2 › et127 › lecture4.pdfhard drive size...

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